Vaginal fistulas are abnormal passages connecting the vagina to other organs like the bladder or rectum, causing leakage of urine or feces into the vagina. The main types are vesicovaginal (bladder), ureterovaginal, urethrovaginal, and rectovaginal fistulas. Symptoms include leakage through the vagina and irritation. Diagnosis involves tests like cystoscopy, and treatment aims to surgically repair the fistula. Nursing care focuses on hygiene, comfort, and prevention/treatment of infections.

32. The symptoms of PMDD are: • Sadness and crying • Feeling nervous, anxious, and irritable • Strong cravings for certain foods • Problems paying attention and concentrating • Physical problems such as breast tenderness, headaches, joint or muscle pain and swelling or bloating • Trouble sleeping