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معمار المعلومات
- 2. ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ
"ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ“ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ – ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ – ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﺔ –
ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ – ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ – ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻴﺔ.
ﻭﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ
ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ.
- 4. ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
1. ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ,Information Usage Patternﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ
ﺳﻴﺎﻕ "ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ", ﻭﺗﺼﻒ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
ﻭﺗﺪﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ. ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ.
ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬﺮﺳﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ. •
ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ. •
ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ. •
ﻓﻬﺮﺱ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ. •
ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ. •
- 5. ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
2. ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ Information Access Pointsﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ
ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ
ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ. ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ:
ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ. •
ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ. •
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ. •
ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﲑﺓ . •
ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ. •
- 6. ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
3. ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ Taxonomyﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ
ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ. ﻭﻳﺸﺘﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ
ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ. ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ ﺃﺳـﻠﻮﺏ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺎ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ. ﻭﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻨﻴﻒ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
- 7. ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
4. ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ Administration structureﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺋـﻲ
ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ, ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ
ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﺎﺡ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ.
ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ. •
ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳍﺎ. •
- 8. ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
5. ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ Information Flowﺗﺼﻒ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ
ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ.
ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ. •
ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺗﺎﺣﺔ. •
- 9. ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
6. ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﻳﺔ Standards and Guidelinesﻭﻫﻲ ﲢﻜﻢ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ
ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ, ﻭﲢﺪﺩ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ.
ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ )ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ + ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺃﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ + ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ •
ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ...ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ(
ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ. ﻣﺜﻼ 2-AACR
ﹰ •
ﺧﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ. •
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ. •
ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ. •
ﺃﺧﺮﻯ •
- 10. ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
ﺎﺍﳌﻌ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮ ﺍﺭﻳﺔ
ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﲑ ﻭﺍ ﺍﻹﺩ
ﺒﻨﻴﺔ
ﺷﺎﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟ
ﺔ
ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
- 11. ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻮﳒﺮﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ
http://www.loc.gov/index.html
- 12. ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ
ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
ﻳﻌﺪ "ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ" ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ
ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ:
Content )1( ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ
ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﺘﺪﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ. •
ﻛﺘﺐ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ. •
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻲ ﻭﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ. •
ﺻﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﲏ. •
Context )2( ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ
ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ. •
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﲟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﻬﺮﺱ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ. •
ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟ
ﻭ ﻜﺘﺐ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ. •
ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﲥ
ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ. •
ﺎ
ﻣﻴﻬﺎ
Consumers/Users )3( ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ
ﻋﺎﻣﺔ...ﲣ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎ
ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ.
ﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻕ ﻣﻜﺘﺒ
•
ﺔ ﻧﺸﺮ
ﲨﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﺩ. •
ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ؟
ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ. •
ﺩﺍﺭ
ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻼﺏ ﻭﻓﻨﺎﻧﲔ. •
- 14. ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ
ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﲝﺜﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ.
ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﰐ:
ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ
ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻳﺼﺎﻟﻪ ﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺮﻕ
ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻪ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ.
