1. KKU_Biomech_M1_L1
Musculoskeletal system
Lesson (1)
Dr / Shimaa Essa
Lecturer of physical therapy , faculty of community,
King Khalid university

2. Upon successful completion of this lesson you
would be able to:
1- Identify functions of bones.
2- Distinguish between different
Classifications of bones.
3- Name all bones of the human skeleton.

3. Introduction
Bone is a calcified osteoid [os = bone
+ oid = form or resemblance] tissue.
Bones function as levers, mineral salts store,
supporters and protectors of the vital organs
of the human body. Bones have several
classifications along with its sub-
classifications, that you need to know all
about it.

4. Functions of Bones
1) Support of the body
2) Protection of soft organs
3) Movement due to attached
skeletal muscles
4) Storage of minerals and fats
5) Blood cell formation

6. Long
Short
Shape Irregular
Pneumatic
Skull
Flat
Bone Rib cage
classifications (Ribs + Sternum)
Axial skeleton
Vertebral
column
Location
Shoulder girdle
+
Appendicular Upper limb
skeleton
Pelvic girdle
Dynamic
Compact +
structure
Spongy Lower limb

7. Classification of bone
according to location

8. Appendicular
Axial skeleton skeleton

9. Forms the longitudinal part of
the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral Column
Rib Cage

11. Skull

12. The Vertebral Column
Consists of 33 Consists of 5 regions:
vertebrae 1. Cervical region
Vertebrae separated (7 vertebrae).
by intervertebral discs 2. Thoracic region
(12 vertebrae).
The spine has 4
normal curvatures 3. Lumber region
(5 vertebrae).
4. Sacral region
(5vertebrae).
5. Coccygeal region
(4 vertebrae).

14.  Ribs
 Thoracic Vertebrae
 Sternum
 Costal cartilages
•7 True ribs are directly
attached to the sternum
(first 7 pairs)
•3 false ribs are joined to
the 7th rib
•2 floating ribs

16. Divided into 2 parts
1- Upper appendicular skeleton
( shoulder girdle + upper limb)
2- Lower appendicular skeleton
(pelvic girdle + lower limb)

17. Upper
oShoulder (pectoral) girdle:
Scapula + Clavicle
o Upper limb:
1- Proximal segment
bone ( )
2- Intermediate segment
bones ( )
3- Distal segment
of bones (8 Carpals,
5 Metacarpals, 14 phalanges).

18. Upper
Distal segment
Three sets of bones
(8 Carpals,
5 Metacarpals, 14
phalanges).

19. Lower
o Pelvic girdle:
2 Hip bones + Sacrum
o Lower limb:
1- Proximal segment
bone (Femure)
2- Intermediate segment
bones ( , )
3- Distal segment
of bones (7 Tarsals,
5 Metatarsals, 14 phalanges).

20. Lower
Three sets of bones
(7 Tarsals, 5 Metatarsals,
14 phalanges).

21. Classification of bone
according to shape

22. 1. Long- bones are longer than they are
wide, and have a shaft and 2
condyles.(Humerus, metacarpals)
2. Short- usually square in shape, cube like
(carpals, tarsals)
3. Flat- flat , curved (cranial bones, Sternum)
4. Irregular- odd shapes (vertebrae, pelvis)
5. Pneumatic - has air filled spaces
e.g. cranial bones.

23. Structure of a long bone
1. Shaft
a. Hollow cylinder of compact bone.
b. Central cavity contains bone
marrow -- production of blood cells.
2. Epiphyses.
a. Surface of compact bone.
b. Central areas are spongy
bone -- contain bone marrow.

24. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25. Two basic types
Compact bone
• Homogeneous, hard
Spongy bone
Small spong-like
pieces of bone
Many open spaces

26. In this lesson we discussed functions of
bones, Learned how bones are classified,
and also knew names of each bone in the
human skeleton.