Korea ppt-korea and silk road

1. Bringing Korea to the K-12 ClassroomsBringing Korea to the K-12 Classrooms
Silla and the Silk Road:Silla and the Silk Road:
An Early Period of GlobalizationAn Early Period of Globalization
National Korean Studies SeminarNational Korean Studies Seminar
Copyright 2014Copyright 2014
Mary Connor and Sung KimMary Connor and Sung Kim

2. Objectives of the LectureObjectives of the Lecture
 Expand the view of the Silk Road and ofExpand the view of the Silk Road and of
international trade and cultural exchangeinternational trade and cultural exchange
found in history books.found in history books.
 Demonstrate Korea’s integral involvementDemonstrate Korea’s integral involvement
in Silk Road trade and the transmission ofin Silk Road trade and the transmission of
Silk Road ideas and goods from Korea toSilk Road ideas and goods from Korea to
Japan.Japan.

3. ObjectivesObjectives
 Show that Silla can provide us with anShow that Silla can provide us with an
Eastern instead of a Western view of theEastern instead of a Western view of the
Silk Road trade and allows us to learn thatSilk Road trade and allows us to learn that
it was a time period that produced one ofit was a time period that produced one of
the world’s golden ages.the world’s golden ages.
 Inform the audience of the culturalInform the audience of the cultural
transmission along the Silk Road duringtransmission along the Silk Road during
early Silla (57 BCE-668 C.E.) and Unifiedearly Silla (57 BCE-668 C.E.) and Unified
Silla (668-935 CE) during a Golden Age.Silla (668-935 CE) during a Golden Age.

4. ObjectivesObjectives
 And finally, to consider the benefitsAnd finally, to consider the benefits
and challenges posed by globalizationand challenges posed by globalization
in a much earlier age and now.in a much earlier age and now.

5. The Silk RoadThe Silk Road
 The Silk Road was not really a single interstateThe Silk Road was not really a single interstate
highway, but essentially a group of ancient tradehighway, but essentially a group of ancient trade
routes stretched over 6,000 miles from theroutes stretched over 6,000 miles from the
Mediterranean Sea across Central Asia to EastMediterranean Sea across Central Asia to East
Asia and flourished from 100 BCE to 1500 CE.Asia and flourished from 100 BCE to 1500 CE.
 In terms of commerce and culture the Silk RoadIn terms of commerce and culture the Silk Road
was essentially the center of the world.was essentially the center of the world.
 Towns along the Silk Road provided food, waterTowns along the Silk Road provided food, water
and rest as well as an exchange of ideas andand rest as well as an exchange of ideas and
goods.goods.

6. The Silk RoadThe Silk Road
 Camel caravans and pack horses carried mostCamel caravans and pack horses carried most
goods across dry, harsh regions. Spectaculargoods across dry, harsh regions. Spectacular
mountain ranges, huge wind-blown deserts withmountain ranges, huge wind-blown deserts with
1,000 foot dunes, and vast stony waterless tracts1,000 foot dunes, and vast stony waterless tracts
posed great obstacles for the traveler.posed great obstacles for the traveler.
 In the market towns traders experienced a richIn the market towns traders experienced a rich
mixture of languages, foods, dress, customs andmixture of languages, foods, dress, customs and
religious ideas.religious ideas.

7. The Silk RoadThe Silk Road
 By 800 CE traffic on the Silk Road began toBy 800 CE traffic on the Silk Road began to
decrease as traders started to travel by safer seadecrease as traders started to travel by safer sea
routes.routes.
 A final period of heavy traffic occurred duringA final period of heavy traffic occurred during
the 13the 13thth
and 14and 14thth
centuries when the Mongolscenturies when the Mongols
ruled Central Asia and China. During this timeruled Central Asia and China. During this time
Korea was forced to accept Yuan suzerainty, butKorea was forced to accept Yuan suzerainty, but
because of the vastness of the Mongolianbecause of the vastness of the Mongolian
Empire, Korea became even more open toEmpire, Korea became even more open to
cultural and technological influencescultural and technological influences..

8. Traditional Map of the Silk Road:Traditional Map of the Silk Road:
Routes do not Include Korea orRoutes do not Include Korea or
Japan ConnectionsJapan Connections

9. Northern and Southern Silk RoadNorthern and Southern Silk Road
Routes with Korea, Japan andRoutes with Korea, Japan and
Maritime ConnectionsMaritime Connections

10. SillaSilla
 The Korean peninsula was divided into ThreeThe Korean peninsula was divided into Three
Kingdoms: Goguryeo (37 BCE-668 CE), BaekJeKingdoms: Goguryeo (37 BCE-668 CE), BaekJe
(18 BCE-660 CE) and Silla (57 BCE-668 CE)(18 BCE-660 CE) and Silla (57 BCE-668 CE)
and they frequently fought with one another.and they frequently fought with one another.
 Eventually, Silla united the Three Kingdoms toEventually, Silla united the Three Kingdoms to
form the Unified Silla Kingdom (668 CE-935form the Unified Silla Kingdom (668 CE-935
CE) which laid the foundation for the historicalCE) which laid the foundation for the historical
development of the Korean people.development of the Korean people.

11. The Silk Road and Impact on SillaThe Silk Road and Impact on Silla
The Silk Road contributed to Silla’s GoldenThe Silk Road contributed to Silla’s Golden
Age, a fascinating period that includedAge, a fascinating period that included
great architecture and sculpture, lofty ideas,great architecture and sculpture, lofty ideas,
new trade routes and a unique politicalnew trade routes and a unique political
system that allowed women to rule.system that allowed women to rule.

12. Three Kingdoms(4Three Kingdoms(4thth
-mid 7-mid 7thth
) and) and
Unified Silla (late 7Unified Silla (late 7thth
-early 10-early 10thth
))

13. Queen Sondok Golden Age RulerQueen Sondok Golden Age Ruler
(reigned 632-647)(reigned 632-647)
 Queen Sondok was the first woman ever toQueen Sondok was the first woman ever to
ascend the throne in Korea. Known as a kind,ascend the throne in Korea. Known as a kind,
respectful, wise, and farsighted leader, she ruledrespectful, wise, and farsighted leader, she ruled
at a time when there was intense rivalry betweenat a time when there was intense rivalry between
Silla and the kingdoms of Goguryeo and Baekje.Silla and the kingdoms of Goguryeo and Baekje.
By initiating a policy with Tang China, the queenBy initiating a policy with Tang China, the queen
paved the way for the eventual reunification ofpaved the way for the eventual reunification of
the Korean peninsula (Unified Silla in 668). Shethe Korean peninsula (Unified Silla in 668). She
also improved conditions for her people andalso improved conditions for her people and
supported cultural advancement.supported cultural advancement.

14. Queen Sondok Golden Age RulerQueen Sondok Golden Age Ruler
(reigned 632-647) – Achievements(reigned 632-647) – Achievements
 Building the Nine-Story pagoda at HwangnyongBuilding the Nine-Story pagoda at Hwangnyong
TempleTemple
 Building the oldest existing astronomical observatory inBuilding the oldest existing astronomical observatory in
AsiaAsia
 Founding Buddhist monasteries, such as the PunhwangFounding Buddhist monasteries, such as the Punhwang
TempleTemple
 Encouraging sculptures like the Buddhist images in theEncouraging sculptures like the Buddhist images in the
Sokkuram Grotto.Sokkuram Grotto.
 Sending promising students and monks to study inSending promising students and monks to study in
ChinaChina

15. Pagoda at Punhwang Temple (634Pagoda at Punhwang Temple (634
C.E.)C.E.)
 Built during the reign ofBuilt during the reign of
Queen Sondok, it is theQueen Sondok, it is the
oldest pagoda in Koreaoldest pagoda in Korea
that can be dated. Itthat can be dated. It
originally had nineoriginally had nine
stories, but only threestories, but only three
exist today. Theexist today. The
magnificently carvedmagnificently carved
Buddhist guardians andBuddhist guardians and
stone lions are majorstone lions are major
features of the pagoda.features of the pagoda.

16. Ch’omsong-dae, Kyongju (634 CE)Ch’omsong-dae, Kyongju (634 CE)
 It is the oldest extantIt is the oldest extant
observatory in Asiaobservatory in Asia
 It was built during theIt was built during the
reign of Queen Sondokreign of Queen Sondok
and part of the royaland part of the royal
palace groundspalace grounds
 There are 29 layers ofThere are 29 layers of
stone, corresponding tostone, corresponding to
the 29.5 days in a lunarthe 29.5 days in a lunar
month.month.

17. Queen Sondok’s TombQueen Sondok’s Tomb

18. Inner Container of the KamunsaInner Container of the Kamunsa
Temple Sarira Reliquary(7Temple Sarira Reliquary(7thth
century)century)
 The Kamunsa Temple inThe Kamunsa Temple in
Kyongju was completedKyongju was completed
in 682. This sarirain 682. This sarira
reliquary is a work of artreliquary is a work of art
that is made for thethat is made for the
purpose of holding thepurpose of holding the
relics of a Buddha orrelics of a Buddha or
Buddhist master. ThisBuddhist master. This
work has receivedwork has received
particular attentionparticular attention
because of it beauty andbecause of it beauty and
craftsmanship.craftsmanship.

19. The Inner ContainerThe Inner Container
 It is intricately detailed, but it is only 18.8 cm tall (7.4It is intricately detailed, but it is only 18.8 cm tall (7.4
inches), no more than the span of a palm.inches), no more than the span of a palm.
 In the center of the enclosure there is an urn in theIn the center of the enclosure there is an urn in the
shape of a lotus flower with eight figures with facesshape of a lotus flower with eight figures with faces
(each the size of a grain of rice) with distinct(each the size of a grain of rice) with distinct
expressions.expressions.
 The roof is decorated with many ornaments, the mostThe roof is decorated with many ornaments, the most
amazing is a wind chime that includes 0.3 mm (1/85amazing is a wind chime that includes 0.3 mm (1/85thth
ofof
an inch) gold granuals, which can hardly be seen withan inch) gold granuals, which can hardly be seen with
the naked eye. Modern artisans have tried to replicatethe naked eye. Modern artisans have tried to replicate
this achievement, however, the original is more elegantthis achievement, however, the original is more elegant
and better made.and better made.

20. Early Cultural/TechnologicalEarly Cultural/Technological
ExchangeExchange
 Early in the first millennium BCE, distinctive bronzeEarly in the first millennium BCE, distinctive bronze
objects that incorporated animal motifs were found allobjects that incorporated animal motifs were found all
across the northern frontier of Northeast Asia.across the northern frontier of Northeast Asia.
 In the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern areas,In the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern areas,
technicians smelted ore in small furnaces and formedtechnicians smelted ore in small furnaces and formed
animal-shaped objects with smithing methods on ananimal-shaped objects with smithing methods on an
anvil.anvil.
 Nomadic Scythians carried their knowledge into easternNomadic Scythians carried their knowledge into eastern
Siberia by 700 BCE. The Chinese invented smeltingSiberia by 700 BCE. The Chinese invented smelting
techniques on their own and made iron tools by 500techniques on their own and made iron tools by 500
BCE. By 400 BCE both Scythian and Chinese methodsBCE. By 400 BCE both Scythian and Chinese methods
were available to residents of the Korean peninsula.were available to residents of the Korean peninsula.

21. Tiger & Horse-Shaped Bronze BeltTiger & Horse-Shaped Bronze Belt
Buckles from Oun-dong, Yongch’onBuckles from Oun-dong, Yongch’on
Early lst Century – Belt buckles unearthed in KoreaEarly lst Century – Belt buckles unearthed in Korea
reflect Scythian modeling and vitality.reflect Scythian modeling and vitality.

22. Scytho-Siberian Influences on EarlyScytho-Siberian Influences on Early
Silla, 4Silla, 4thth
-6-6thth
CenturiesCenturies
 The number of metal relics and personal ornaments,The number of metal relics and personal ornaments,
excavated from the Silla royal tombs, indicate culturalexcavated from the Silla royal tombs, indicate cultural
elements transmitted from the northern Scytho-elements transmitted from the northern Scytho-
Siberian culture that became part of the indigenousSiberian culture that became part of the indigenous
society of Silla.society of Silla.
 A rhyton is a Hellenistic horn-shaped drinking cupA rhyton is a Hellenistic horn-shaped drinking cup
made from tusk, horn or silver. Iranians of themade from tusk, horn or silver. Iranians of the
Sassanian Dynasty made pottery rhytons in the shape ofSassanian Dynasty made pottery rhytons in the shape of
an animal’s head. Rhtyons with these Iranianan animal’s head. Rhtyons with these Iranian
adaptations were brought to China and Korea throughadaptations were brought to China and Korea through
Central Asia.Central Asia.

23. Animal Head-shaped PotteryAnimal Head-shaped Pottery
 Horse Head-shapedHorse Head-shaped
pottery rhyton frompottery rhyton from
Pusan, 4Pusan, 4thth
century CE.century CE.
 Sheep-headed rhyton,Sheep-headed rhyton,
Iran, 6Iran, 6thth
century BCE.century BCE.

24. Siberian and Manchurian InfluencesSiberian and Manchurian Influences
on Sillaon Silla
 Objects from burial sites include mandolin-shapedObjects from burial sites include mandolin-shaped
Manchurian-style bronze daggers, polished stoneManchurian-style bronze daggers, polished stone
arrowheads, cylindrical beads made of jasper andarrowheads, cylindrical beads made of jasper and
exquisitely polished comma-shaped ornaments made ofexquisitely polished comma-shaped ornaments made of
precious stone.precious stone.
 Early Siberian (1500 BCE) and Manchurian (100 BCE)Early Siberian (1500 BCE) and Manchurian (100 BCE)
artifacts continued to influence objects on the Koreanartifacts continued to influence objects on the Korean
peninsula and were found in the imposing moundpeninsula and were found in the imposing mound
tombs in Kyongju, the capital of Silla.tombs in Kyongju, the capital of Silla.

25. ShamanismShamanism
Shamans were common in the ancient culturesShamans were common in the ancient cultures
of Siberia and northern Asia, and Koreanof Siberia and northern Asia, and Korean
shamanism was most likely introduced by theseshamanism was most likely introduced by these
people. Tomb relics seem to confirm the link ofpeople. Tomb relics seem to confirm the link of
Silla to the ancient cultures of Siberia andSilla to the ancient cultures of Siberia and
northern Asia prior to the Silk Road and thatnorthern Asia prior to the Silk Road and that
shamanism flourished among the ancestors ofshamanism flourished among the ancestors of
the Korean people before they first learned ofthe Korean people before they first learned of
Buddhism or Confucianism.Buddhism or Confucianism.

26. Heavenly Horse Painting, Kyongju,Heavenly Horse Painting, Kyongju,
55thth
CenturyCentury
 Silla’s kings were buried withSilla’s kings were buried with
horses and horse trappings.horses and horse trappings.
This ornamental saddle guardThis ornamental saddle guard
was the first known paintingwas the first known painting
of a heavenly horse in Koreaof a heavenly horse in Korea
and reflects early Siberianand reflects early Siberian
and shamanistic influences.and shamanistic influences.
 A similar image wasA similar image was
discovered in the Gansudiscovered in the Gansu
(Hexi) region in Central Asia,(Hexi) region in Central Asia,
which was the Silk Roadwhich was the Silk Road
gateway to Asia and angateway to Asia and an
indication of continuousindication of continuous
cultural exchange along thecultural exchange along the
Silk Road.Silk Road.

27. Silla Gold Crown, 5Silla Gold Crown, 5thth
Century CECentury CE
 This Silla gold crownThis Silla gold crown
unearthed in Kyongjuunearthed in Kyongju
would seem to bewould seem to be
another link to Siberiananother link to Siberian
influences. Silla crowns,influences. Silla crowns,
often in the shape ofoften in the shape of
deer antlers or treesdeer antlers or trees
reaching toward heaven,reaching toward heaven,
reflected shamanisticreflected shamanistic
beliefs.beliefs.

28. Comma-shaped JadeComma-shaped Jade
 This glass necklace wasThis glass necklace was
excavated from King Michu’sexcavated from King Michu’s
tomb, dating to the 5tomb, dating to the 5thth
-6-6thth
century CE.century CE.
 The comma-shape jade alsoThe comma-shape jade also
reflects early Manchurianreflects early Manchurian
influencesinfluences
 One of the beads reveals aOne of the beads reveals a
Western face. The techniqueWestern face. The technique
of glass eye-beads showingof glass eye-beads showing
human faces has beenhuman faces has been
observed in Mediterraneanobserved in Mediterranean
regions around the 4regions around the 4thth
/5/5thth
centuries BCE.centuries BCE.

29. Detail of Necklace with InlaidDetail of Necklace with Inlaid
Non-Asian FaceNon-Asian Face

30. Middle East Influences on SillaMiddle East Influences on Silla
 Glass was first produced in Mesopotamia inGlass was first produced in Mesopotamia in
about 3000 BCE and transparent glass was madeabout 3000 BCE and transparent glass was made
in the Roman imperial period.in the Roman imperial period.
 The earliest glass found in Korea dates from theThe earliest glass found in Korea dates from the
22ndnd
century BCE. Glass beads were then regardedcentury BCE. Glass beads were then regarded
as more precious than gold or silver.as more precious than gold or silver.
 Glass beads and curved jades were commonlyGlass beads and curved jades were commonly
placed in tombs but have also been found inplaced in tombs but have also been found in
dwelling sites.dwelling sites.

31. Middle Eastern InfluencesMiddle Eastern Influences
These cups with a base orThese cups with a base or
cut glass are similar incut glass are similar in
shape and manufacturingshape and manufacturing
technique to the cut glasstechnique to the cut glass
of Iran. They probablyof Iran. They probably
came to Silla via the Silkcame to Silla via the Silk
Road in the 5Road in the 5thth
/6/6thth
century.century.

32. Phoenix Head-shaped Glass BottlePhoenix Head-shaped Glass Bottle
 The phoenix-headedThe phoenix-headed
shaped glass bottle wasshaped glass bottle was
excavated from a 4excavated from a 4thth
/5/5thth
century CE tomb incentury CE tomb in
Kyongju. The bottle’sKyongju. The bottle’s
shape has Syrian originsshape has Syrian origins
and was exported fromand was exported from
the Middle East to Koreathe Middle East to Korea
over the Silk Road .over the Silk Road .

33. Middle East Influences in KyongjuMiddle East Influences in Kyongju
 The tomb of King Wonsong (r. 785-798 CE ofThe tomb of King Wonsong (r. 785-798 CE of
Silla shows guards with Central Asian features.Silla shows guards with Central Asian features.

34.  Each guard of KingEach guard of King
Wonsong’s tomb has deep-Wonsong’s tomb has deep-
set eyes, high nose ridges andset eyes, high nose ridges and
headbands that resembleheadbands that resemble
those worn by Iraniansthose worn by Iranians
during that time.during that time.
 The stone statues of the civilThe stone statues of the civil
officers resemble the Uighurofficers resemble the Uighur
with their square jaws,with their square jaws,
protruding noses, full beards,protruding noses, full beards,
and large eyes.and large eyes.

35. Jade DaggerJade Dagger
 Jade-inlaid gold daggerJade-inlaid gold dagger
excavated from Kyongjuexcavated from Kyongju
 The arabesque designsThe arabesque designs
can be found on artifactscan be found on artifacts
from western Turkestanfrom western Turkestan
from the steppe region.from the steppe region.
 Dated from 5Dated from 5thth
or 6or 6thth
centurycentury

36. The Silk Road and BuddhismThe Silk Road and Buddhism
 Despite initially resisting Buddhism, SillaDespite initially resisting Buddhism, Silla
eventually made Buddhism its state religion.eventually made Buddhism its state religion.
Many Silla monks went to China to study andMany Silla monks went to China to study and
some went as far as India to gain more insightsome went as far as India to gain more insight
into Buddhism. Silla monks also traveled asinto Buddhism. Silla monks also traveled as
missionaries to Japan.missionaries to Japan.
 Buddhist temples, which were inspired byBuddhist temples, which were inspired by
Chinese and Indian designs, changed the face ofChinese and Indian designs, changed the face of
Silla’s architecture, and Gandhara art greatlySilla’s architecture, and Gandhara art greatly
influenced Silla’s Buddhist art.influenced Silla’s Buddhist art.

37. Gandhara ArtGandhara Art
 In the Gandharan region in what is now northwesternIn the Gandharan region in what is now northwestern
Pakistan, the Buddha image in the style later to bePakistan, the Buddha image in the style later to be
known as Gandhara first appeared. It combined Greek,known as Gandhara first appeared. It combined Greek,
Indian and Iranian elements.Indian and Iranian elements.
 The Buddha’s face reveals Hellenistic influences and hisThe Buddha’s face reveals Hellenistic influences and his
eyes, elongated ear lobes, and oval-shaped face revealeyes, elongated ear lobes, and oval-shaped face reveal
Indian iconography.Indian iconography.
 It was Gandharan art, instead of the original BuddhistIt was Gandharan art, instead of the original Buddhist
art of India, that brought the message of Buddha intoart of India, that brought the message of Buddha into
China via the Silk Road and onto the Korean peninsula.China via the Silk Road and onto the Korean peninsula.

38. Gandhara ArtGandhara Art
Buddha (left) 8Buddha (left) 8thth
centurycentury
Kyongju. On right is 5Kyongju. On right is 5thth
century, India.century, India.

39. Enlarged Kyongju Gandhara BuddhaEnlarged Kyongju Gandhara Buddha
The enlarged image of Buddha is shown withThe enlarged image of Buddha is shown with
straight, sharply chiseled nose and brow,straight, sharply chiseled nose and brow,
classical lips and wavy hair, all Hellenisticclassical lips and wavy hair, all Hellenistic
features. He wears a toga-like robe instead offeatures. He wears a toga-like robe instead of
loin cloth. But his eyes are heavy-lidded andloin cloth. But his eyes are heavy-lidded and
protruding, the lobes of the ears elongated, andprotruding, the lobes of the ears elongated, and
the oval-shaped face fleshy - all characteristics ofthe oval-shaped face fleshy - all characteristics of
Indian iconography. This image of BuddhaIndian iconography. This image of Buddha
moved along the Silk Road and graduallymoved along the Silk Road and gradually
absorbed new influences in China and Korea.absorbed new influences in China and Korea.

41. Bulguksa, Kyongju (751 CE)Bulguksa, Kyongju (751 CE)
The builder of Bulguksa borrowed ideas from BuddhistThe builder of Bulguksa borrowed ideas from Buddhist
temples in China and additional Silk Road sources, buttemples in China and additional Silk Road sources, but
created distinctively Korean works of architecturecreated distinctively Korean works of architecture..

42. Sokkuram Grotto, Kyongju (751 CE)Sokkuram Grotto, Kyongju (751 CE)
 The grotto contains one ofThe grotto contains one of
the most famous statues ofthe most famous statues of
Buddha in Asia. PreciseBuddha in Asia. Precise
measurements of thismeasurements of this
Buddha and travel accountsBuddha and travel accounts
of a 7of a 7thth
century monk, revealcentury monk, reveal
that this figure might havethat this figure might have
been modeled after a Buddhabeen modeled after a Buddha
in northeastern India.in northeastern India.
 Bulguksa and SokkuramBulguksa and Sokkuram
Grotto were the crowningGrotto were the crowning
achievements of Unified Silla.achievements of Unified Silla.

43. Cultural Transmissions to JapanCultural Transmissions to Japan
 While Silla imported many materials and ideas that hadWhile Silla imported many materials and ideas that had
traveled along the Silk Road, it also served as a conduittraveled along the Silk Road, it also served as a conduit
to Japan for the same goods and concepts.to Japan for the same goods and concepts.
 Buddhism was transmitted via the Silk Road fromBuddhism was transmitted via the Silk Road from
China to Korea and then to Japan. Late in the 4China to Korea and then to Japan. Late in the 4thth
century, rulers of Baekje sent monks and scholars whocentury, rulers of Baekje sent monks and scholars who
brought books on Confucianism written in Chinesebrought books on Confucianism written in Chinese
characters.characters.
 During Unified Silla, Korean artisans created sculptureDuring Unified Silla, Korean artisans created sculpture
and built temples, Shinto shrines and castles in Japan,and built temples, Shinto shrines and castles in Japan,
thus extending the Silk Road across the East Sea.thus extending the Silk Road across the East Sea.

44. Japanese Purchase OrderJapanese Purchase Order
Sheet, 8Sheet, 8thth
Century CECentury CE
 Purchase orders fromPurchase orders from
Nara indicate that theNara indicate that the
Japanese importedJapanese imported
perfume, medicine,perfume, medicine,
ceramics, silver, silk,ceramics, silver, silk,
brassware, musicalbrassware, musical
instruments, ink sticks,instruments, ink sticks,
scissors, spoons, ginseng,scissors, spoons, ginseng,
Buddhist sutras, andBuddhist sutras, and
numerous other itemsnumerous other items
from Silla.from Silla.

45. Japan Treasures Silla ImportsJapan Treasures Silla Imports
Silla brassware was very popular among theSilla brassware was very popular among the
Japanese. They called the brassware, “silla,” justJapanese. They called the brassware, “silla,” just
as the British called porcelain, “china.” Japaneseas the British called porcelain, “china.” Japanese
nobleman sought after luxurious items fromnobleman sought after luxurious items from
Silla, sometimes paying in advance to secureSilla, sometimes paying in advance to secure
their purchase. Only the top five nobleman intheir purchase. Only the top five nobleman in
Japan had the right to purchase articles fromJapan had the right to purchase articles from
Silla.Silla.

46. Example of Silla Exports to Japan:Example of Silla Exports to Japan:
Candle-snuffersCandle-snuffers
 Anap-chi, KoreaAnap-chi, Korea  Nara, JapanNara, Japan

47. Buddhist Statue Exported to JapanBuddhist Statue Exported to Japan
 The Maitreya (Buddha-The Maitreya (Buddha-
of-the-Future), Koryu-ji,of-the-Future), Koryu-ji,
Japan. Records indicateJapan. Records indicate
that it was exported fromthat it was exported from
Korea in the 7Korea in the 7thth
century.century.
 This Maitreya is slightlyThis Maitreya is slightly
larger than its “almostlarger than its “almost
twin” at the Nationaltwin” at the National
Museum in Seoul and isMuseum in Seoul and is
definitely Silla in style.definitely Silla in style.

48. Sillans in ChinaSillans in China
 Commerce between East China, Korea andCommerce between East China, Korea and
Japan was dominated by men from Silla.Japan was dominated by men from Silla.
 After serving Tang China, Chang PogoAfter serving Tang China, Chang Pogo
(described as the Emperor of the Yellow Sea(described as the Emperor of the Yellow Sea
(790-846 CE) returned to Korea, recruited a(790-846 CE) returned to Korea, recruited a
private army and navy of 10,000, patrolled Silla’sprivate army and navy of 10,000, patrolled Silla’s
coastal waters, ended the depredations ofcoastal waters, ended the depredations of
Chinese pirates, and became master of theChinese pirates, and became master of the
Yellow Sea.Yellow Sea.

49. Sillans in ChinaSillans in China
 Koreans may well have been the most numerousKoreans may well have been the most numerous
foreign peoples in China during Unified Silla and hadforeign peoples in China during Unified Silla and had
worked their way into Chinese life more thoroughlyworked their way into Chinese life more thoroughly
than most.than most.
 Many monks and scholars traveled to China and settledMany monks and scholars traveled to China and settled
there for many years. Some Sillans took the civil servicethere for many years. Some Sillans took the civil service
exam and served in the imperial guard. Flourishingexam and served in the imperial guard. Flourishing
communities of Korean traders lived along the easterncommunities of Korean traders lived along the eastern
coast of China. Some moved inland and becamecoast of China. Some moved inland and became
farmers.farmers.

50. Reflections/ConclusionReflections/Conclusion
 What are your thoughts now that you have beenWhat are your thoughts now that you have been
introduced to Silla and the Silk Road?introduced to Silla and the Silk Road?
 What would have been the particular challengesWhat would have been the particular challenges
of Silk Road exchanges?of Silk Road exchanges?
 What would have been the benefits of theWhat would have been the benefits of the
transmission of goods and ideas over the Silktransmission of goods and ideas over the Silk
Road?Road?
 What will you particularly remember?What will you particularly remember?

51. BibliographyBibliography
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Jong-wook Lee, Bangryong Park, Ned Shultz & Rick McBrideJong-wook Lee, Bangryong Park, Ned Shultz & Rick McBride
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