2. History
IMAGING GOES BACK TO 1895, W C ROENTGEN
DISCOVERED X-RAYS.
NEXT MAJOR LEAPS IN IMAGING WERE
INTRODUCTION OF CT AND MRI IN 1970 .
HOUNSFIELD- 1972 CT SCAN, LAUTERBUR-1973 MRI
3. CT & MR imaging modalities made significant
impact in diagnosis and evaluation of lesions
affecting cns.
Provided almost clear diagnosis and extent of
disease process for first time noninvasively.
4. MRIMRI
MRI – Magnetic Resonance imaging .MRI – Magnetic Resonance imaging .
Images : Interaction between Body Protons,Images : Interaction between Body Protons,
Magnet & RF Coils.Magnet & RF Coils.
5. MRI - HeadMRI - Head
Provides high resolution Anatomical Images.Provides high resolution Anatomical Images.
Good Depiction of anatomical alterationsGood Depiction of anatomical alterations
(Pathology).(Pathology).
Provides Physiological , Functional & BiochemicalProvides Physiological , Functional & Biochemical
information with advanced techniques.information with advanced techniques.
6. MR IMAGING
CONSIDERED AS ADVANCED MODALITY SINCE ITS
INTRODUCTION.
SUPERIOR RESOLUTION.
MULTIPLANAR CAPABILTY.
NON-INVASIVE EVALUATION OF VESSELS, FUNCTION etc.
16. DIFFUSION MRI
DIFFUSION & ADC MAPS:
ANALYSES DIFFUSION PROCESS IN TISSUE.
STROKE AND HIGH CELLULAR TUMOURS .
DIFFUSION TENSOR AND FIBER TRACTOGRAPHY:
ANALYSES THE ANISOTROPHY IN TISSUES.
GIVES ORIENTATION AND INTEGRITY DETAIL OF WHITE
MATTER TRACTS.
25. DIFFUSION-TENSOR IMAGING AND FIBER
TRACTOGRAPHY
ALLOW A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF ABERRANT FIBER
CONNECTIONS AND DEARRANGEMENT OF WHITE MATTER
IN.
DEVELOPMENTAL CNS DISEASES.
TUMORS, DEMYELINATION AND INFARCTS.
HELPS IN PRESURGICAL EVALUATION.
26. MR SPECTROSCOPY
SPECTROSCOPY PROVIDES INFORMATION OF INTRACELLULAR
METABOLITES NONINVASIVELY.
THESE METABOLITES ARE KNOWN TO CHANGE IN DIFFERENT
PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS.
ALWAYS INTERPRETATION OF MRS TO BE DONE WITH OF
OTHER IMAGING DATA.
SINGLE VOXEL / MULTIVOXEL SPECTROSCOPY.
27.
28. NAA (N-ACETYL ASPERTATE ) :
PRIMARY PEAK IS 2.02
PRESENCE AND LEVEL CORRELATE WITH NEURONAL INTEGRITY
CHOLINE :
PRIMARY PEAK 3.22PPM).
MARKER FOR MEMBRANE INTEGRITY AND MEMBRANE TURN OVER
TUMOURS
CREATINE & PHOSPHO CREATINE:
PRIMARY PEAK - 3.03
INVOLVED IN THE ENERGY METABOLISM .
A BASE LINE REFERENCE LEVEL.
29. MYO INOSITOL - 3.5 PPM
REGULATION OF CELLULAR TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE.
DEMYELINATING.
LIPID : 0.8-1.4
BREAK DOWN OF TISSUE.
Necrosis
LACTATE – 1.32
ANEROBIC GLYCOSIS.
ISCHEMIA.
42. MR PERFUSION
EXPLOIT SIGNAL INTENSITY CHANGES OCCUR WITH PASSAGE OF
A TRACER SUCH AS GADO.
BY APPLYING TRACER KINETICS , CBV , CBF , MTT & TTP ARE
CALCULATED .
EVALUATION OF STROKE AND TUMOR.
48. FUNCTIONAL MRI(fmri)
IS AN ACTIVATION-BASED METHOD.
BOLD RESPONSE APPEARS IN ALL AREAS THAT ARE
FUNCTIONALLY ACTIVE, BUT NOT NECESSARILY ESSENTIAL,
DURING THE EXECUTION OF A PARTICULAR TASK.
MAPPING MAIN BRAIN FUNCTIONS—INCLUDING MOTOR,
SENSORY, AND LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS.
50. SUSCEPTIBILITY-WEIGHTED IMAGING(SWI)
EXPLOITS THE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY DIFFERENCES
OF THE BLOOD, IRON AND CALCIFICATION IN VARIOUS
TISSUES.
DETECTS MICROHAEMORRHAGE.
CALCIFICATION / IRON DEPOSITION .
63. AGENISIS OF CORPUS CALLOSUMAGENISIS OF CORPUS CALLOSUM
ABSENCE OR HYPOPLASTIC CORPUS CALLOSUM.ABSENCE OR HYPOPLASTIC CORPUS CALLOSUM.
PARELL LATERAL VENTRICLES.PARELL LATERAL VENTRICLES.
COLPOCEPHALY.COLPOCEPHALY.
RADIALLY ARRANGED GYRIRADIALLY ARRANGED GYRI
73. PROGRESS OF MYLENATIONPROGRESS OF MYLENATION
PROXIMAL PATHWAYS BEFORE DISTAL.PROXIMAL PATHWAYS BEFORE DISTAL.
SENSORY BEFORE MOTOR.SENSORY BEFORE MOTOR.
CENTRAL WHITE MATTER BEFORE PERIPHERAL.CENTRAL WHITE MATTER BEFORE PERIPHERAL.
POSTERIOR BEFORE ANTERIOR.POSTERIOR BEFORE ANTERIOR.
74. MRI - 2-DAY-OLD INFANT BRAIN.MRI - 2-DAY-OLD INFANT BRAIN.
T1-W- REGIONS OF HIGH SIGNAL INTENSITY CORRESPONDINGT1-W- REGIONS OF HIGH SIGNAL INTENSITY CORRESPONDING
TO KNOWN MYELINATION PRESENT AROUND BIRTH.TO KNOWN MYELINATION PRESENT AROUND BIRTH.
DORSAL BRAINSTEM, OPTIC APPARATUS, POSTERIORDORSAL BRAINSTEM, OPTIC APPARATUS, POSTERIOR
LIMB INTERNAL CAPSULE, VENTRAL LATERAL NUCLEUS OFLIMB INTERNAL CAPSULE, VENTRAL LATERAL NUCLEUS OF
THALAMUS, CENTRAL CORONA RADIATA, AND PERIROLANDICTHALAMUS, CENTRAL CORONA RADIATA, AND PERIROLANDIC
REGIONREGION
75. T2-W:T2-W:
LOW SIGNAL INTENSITY IN THESE SAME REGIONS.LOW SIGNAL INTENSITY IN THESE SAME REGIONS.
SIGNAL INTENSITY OF THE REMAINDER OF THE WHITESIGNAL INTENSITY OF THE REMAINDER OF THE WHITE
MATTER ON THE T1- AND T2-WEIGHTED IMAGES DUE TO THEMATTER ON THE T1- AND T2-WEIGHTED IMAGES DUE TO THE
NORMAL HIGHER WATER CONTENT OF THE INFANT BRAIN.NORMAL HIGHER WATER CONTENT OF THE INFANT BRAIN.
CORTEX SHOWS LOW SIGNAL INTENSITY ON THE T2-ANDCORTEX SHOWS LOW SIGNAL INTENSITY ON THE T2-AND
STANDS OUT HIGH SIGNAL WHITE MATTER.STANDS OUT HIGH SIGNAL WHITE MATTER.
76. Multiple SclerosisMultiple Sclerosis
MOST COMMON AND EXTENSIVELY STUDIEDMOST COMMON AND EXTENSIVELY STUDIED
DEMYELINATING DISEASES.DEMYELINATING DISEASES.
ETIOLOGY IS UNKNOWN.ETIOLOGY IS UNKNOWN.
AUTOIMMUNE MECHANISMS DIRECTED AGAINST MYELINAUTOIMMUNE MECHANISMS DIRECTED AGAINST MYELIN
PROTEINS.PROTEINS.
LINKAGE OF MS TO HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX ONLINKAGE OF MS TO HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX ON
CHROMOSOME 6P21 .CHROMOSOME 6P21 .
77.
78. PERIVENTRICULAR WHITE MATTER.PERIVENTRICULAR WHITE MATTER.
INTERNAL CAPSULE.INTERNAL CAPSULE.
CORPUS CALLOSUM.CORPUS CALLOSUM.
PONS, AND BRACHIUM PONTIS .PONS, AND BRACHIUM PONTIS .
LESIONS MAY SEEN THROUGHOUT THE MYELINATED WHITELESIONS MAY SEEN THROUGHOUT THE MYELINATED WHITE
MATTER AND WITHIN GRAY MATTER.MATTER AND WITHIN GRAY MATTER.