1. IJSN 06EC51
Sixth SemesterB,E. Degree Examination, Decenber 2010
Digltal Gom]nunication
NoL. Ahsvel ab! FIyE fu questions, sekctihs
a, teast TwO questiohs froh each ,tn,
d rre .c .dplrg rt.o?a Sov ra .c "pc.'u ol r tnpr" 'ir'a
a.(f)=! Ic(f nf.).
Expla,n the quadrtuE saDplins wilh rclated block diasran, specta and equalions
{06 rrk)
with elated block dirymm- equadons and parefoms, explain orieinal signal g(1) rocolery
ftom B flat-lop sanpled signal, usin8 sample and hold cncun. @7M ,
;;
Wh is memt by 'ldle chamel noise'? lxplain Nith two mcnorylc$ quanlizq tyls
:+ (06 M-ks)
24 dalos signah, each halins a 6andwidrh of l0 kHz are io bd rime-division mulriplexed
and lransmined vio lA,rAM. A guard band of 5 tHz h required lor sigDal reconskuclion
iron tne P,M samples oieach sisnal
!, Dcrenrin. fic safrpling rare lbr e&h sisml.
,i
ai
ii) FindlhetBnsmissionb drvi'llh.
iii) Daw lhe tunclion l diagran olrhe tmsmitiei md ft.eiver ol TDM sienal.
c. Vhatisne lbyrcbuslqu lizalion? Derivo thc equadon forrrrt..."
(6i ) noh $e bsh principle of no. unilom quanrizer
"fq*"rlriil#::::1
':! What e the l}?es olqumlizalion noiles, whicn occur n) Jeha nodnlation? Exphin $nh a
neal skc&n dd eqrari.ns 07 Nilrks)
DBw the digiraldala lomal lor a given sequence 0l i 0 001 l0l
i) Bipolar RZ ii) Manchesrer iii) PoIm quatsney (naruBl .odg.
Obn n rh. poeer s!e(mldensi! olNRz lolar t.mrr
t; Explain modified duobimry technique, $nh a block diagan alo
ihpulse rcsponse skelches. z-G oF .r,i o,M kl
tal is neanl by'eye patern' ib rhe dala rJanshhsion sysie u;1;fit .,
".,..,
Wnle a nole on adaptive cqulialon,
ii;*' ,"
Wilh a block
'liasm conccpt, explain the cohercnt binarl l sK l
Iora given input binary *qu€nce 0l
I 010 0 0, skerch the i.phase dd quadEture phasc
comoonenB QPS(.o rh.i ts) Bddrnc rhese .o udetomi. du+ Lhe oos< i.r
c, Explai! the non-coherent DPSK system.

2. 05EC6l
a. Dennecon@ptu l oodel oladigit l mnmic.lion sysm.
b, Pole th. Gnn-S.h, id onhogdrliari@ pocedE.
a. Srole and lde d€ tbre pmFrti.s ofnrrch€d 6trer,
b- Wilh a neat bl@k di.gmm, qplain tte qudErm &ceivn, uing coftl.to6.
.. Iseudo noise (PlO sequence
c, Sprcad lirtry PS( sysleb
d. Applicados ofspead sDectrm,

3. 068C61
USN
Sixth SemesterB.E. Degree ExamiratioD! Mty/June 2010
Digital Gommunication
Not , Ats*q M! FIVE lul questiohs, selecting
at least 1-Wo qu.stions Jrom eo.h Porl.
PART _ A
3
ViL a block diagram, explaih lhe b6ic signol processing operaiioN involved itr a digitai
comuicario. syien. (07 M8rk)
3". ExDlain 'ilaltop' sdplins, usins sayefoms and equtions (07 M"rB)
lte sisnal x(t) = 2 @s 4()Ort + 6 cos 640m h ideally sepled at fs = 500 Hz. if the smpled
Ei siglaL is p$sed tlroush m ideal low pa$ fihei with cul offrequency of400 Hz:
i) Der€mine rne spectm ol ihc s@plcd siglal md sketch.
z>. i]) Whal neqnency conrpone.rs will appe in rhe nlld oulput? (06Mrri5)
Vrire a notc on -TDM'. (orMrrks)
;+ ShoN rhal the sisnal to qdmlizlion noke po*6 iatio of a urifom quanizei is
lSNRl", =1.8+6n and n = nmbd of bilvsmlle. (06 M,rk,
1= &rr is the ne@$ity of mn uifom quotizatio!? Explain comPoundi.g.
A telepl$ne sisnal band limiled to 4 KHz is to be lr&snirled by PCM. I']E sic@l t
qudtization noise powr Etio is lo be al lea( 40 dB. rind tbe numbei of lcvels into *hich
the signalla ro be ocoded. Also 6nd thc Eansnission bmd widlh. (0,l M,rk)
=3
wirh neal diagms, explain lhe opeGtion ol DPCM. (07 Msk,
A DM systen is tesled with a I O (]]z sinueidal sislal rv,1h I v peak to Peak at llt i/p Ii is
ti smpled al l0 tnnes the Nlquist rate. whal h lhe step size r
oeloadi li91_t,,,',i.,
9q FprM. r can.er.y{en tit c(r. ",otv{k'
/:;/ ^.,. , t
lorrrbtrryo'r roEle.o loloo.d"w'rova.ebm Jtina I noaM,Li
,
gE iiUr.polr 47 .' JniDoluRZ i, ' Pold !R7 ' Breold,Ilz.
:E i4
, - .,-- -,.-,-,).:Y,/ ."-",-,,.-
Describe Nyquistt oireria lir disronionlBs bdebod 1i&smissr.-.sr:.;lrZ/ @6$*ks)
i; Explai. the need lor a pr€cods in a duoblnary signaling. lor i/p binary data l0l I l0 i, obtain
the o/p rEcods ed o/p of duobin ry coder Explain hoq data cm be detecled al thc
a9
c. What is equaliation? Explain adaplive equ.lization for dala rbsnissiotr.
PAIIT - B
i) Cohere$ BFSKtrmniner ed ii) QPSK tiansnitd. (loMrrk)
The bil sticm lolll000ll is lo be lrtushined Bing DPSK lecnnique. Det mire lhe
encoded sequencc md kbsmitied phde seqEnce. Also Mile the block dasrd of lhe
modulator d demodulalor lor the sme dd expl.in. O0 M,rkl

4. 06EC61
A bimry dala is liasnited using aS( over a AWGN chmel al a rate of 2.4 Mbps. he
cdjer mplitude at rhe Eceivd is I uv. Nohs specn'al density NJ2 is lons waitrHz. Find
6. (06
Ihe average probahi liry of emr if the delecti on is conerenl. Take € rfd5 ): 3 x 1 O M-t5)
wilh a diasrm, explain fie model ol dignal commuicalion systen. (03 M..b)
Explain geometic inlerpreiation of sisnals. (06 Mtk)
Explain the delection ol knoM sigrak in nois.
wdte a nore on minimum meo sq@e e@ eslimale.
A polar NRZ walefom is to be €ceived by a narched nier. Binary
,eciangular posilive pulse dd binary 0 G represnted by a recl&gule
oul lhe impulse response ofrbe malched finer ed skelch it.
Ivlentio. the applicalions of spread spedrm syslem. Explain Ihe pinciFle
sequence sprcad sp4rnm syslen.
Explain the fiequency hopped spread spectm systen,
A sbw FrrMrsK sysr€n has the following ,&meres:
The nmber ol bits / MISK synbol = 04
The nmber of I'fFSK sydbol / hop = 05
Calcuh& tbe processing gain oflhe syslem in decibels.

5. a
06EC61
5 a. Gir the steF ued for fnding bah fiied@ Ning ortlDgonqlization prcad@, fd N = 2.
(06 Mrrr,)
l Denre MAP dirda ir a Eceiver &d aplain how ML cnc.ion is usd i, @Eclalion
Or Mtr!,)
a Derive thedlr€siotr for SNR for a natch€d fiIer,
b. Explai! &it fleqEncy hop sp.ead specl$n syslem.
c. Nolion of srEad spectiE syst€B.
;
.

6. O6EC5'
PART B
a. Explain wilh a near block dlaglm the cohqmt QPSK Ttuittq
md R*€iva (03 Mrk)
b. A birary FS( system tasmils dala at a dte of 2MBPS over m AWGN cnmcl. The noise
n ze'o mu wilh PSD. .0 = 10 "w Hz . Ie mp'tude o'I R* ved ciCrl rn de ao>ence
of noie is I IV. Detemine lhe sveBse ptubability of €mr for coheErt deteclion of FSK.
Take dc!6f; = o.ooo41 (06 Mrrk)
c' Show Ltat lh. enersy of sisnal S (t) is equal to the sque of lensrh of lle coEespondins
WIat do you D@ by d oplinM @iv.r with pfercn@ to a digirrl modulalion sclehe?
Vrit€ tne shene of a .orelalio. ieceiver ed descnbe ils f@tes. (06 Msrl.,)
l-ud rl e oLQur o,lhe mar.hed 6ltsand deEmine tne mu'nm alue ol S- rle inpur
Ni
s(r) is a @ranguld puls of anplirude A and duarion T.
c. Calculale lhe bddwidth emciency ofm M-ary sisraline scheme.
a. Cotuidq the s€t ofsienals,
s,(,)=fry'("rt-r;)
uhee r = O. l.2.I and r is m ,I
nkeei nurrok of !.
i) Detemine lhe dimensionaiity N ofihe sig.rl set.
ii) Deternine a ser of oldogo@lity N ofihe sigal set.
iii) Detemire tnc co.licients Si ofthe sisnats S,O,
iv) Cive lhe si$al constelalion diagrm.
WlEl is spEad spe.ruh comuicalion? Wla! is its
comoily used sprcad speean technique?
Vrite the applietioB ol spEad specftm rchniqu€.
d, TDM,

7. EC61
Srtth Scmester B.E. Desree Examination, Dec.07 / Jar.08
Digital Communication
Note. l.Ant|9er nnr FIVE fil questions.
2, A*the hltsiry dataiuitablt
a. Exphia vshE conmunicalion chaNeh lor dieilal commuication.
(03 Mark)
b. Brins olt B€!tus and dendns ol digihl coddunicalion ovor ealog communication
c. E'plartrqu.dtuE samrlints ol Mnd pa$ sisnah.
a. wharisndroFsarpting?DeilcmexpEssionaorthenartopsamptedsignal.(o7M,rk,
b E4lai" rif,e division mu liplexing (TDM). (05M.rk)
0 A sigml x0) = 2 cos l00ar + 6 cos 640tr1 is idcally sdpled at I. = 500HZ.lfthe sanpled
signal is ped rhrotrgn an ideal lolv pss filler N,rh cut olI rr€!r+.19E--{0Hz iind
i) x{0 and skerch its spectM.
ii) Smpled ri8n.l X6(0 dd skerct its spectm
iii) Tlecomprne s that wiu lppea. ar the nlier out pnt
a. what is the Rc.$iiy or non uifom quanrizarion? Explairti,i-h-comperndi.c medods
--:,,: ,_/ (06Mrk)
Wirh dias@s, explain nl detail. thc op.raliotrolDPCM lEnsnittainnd tuceiver.
(l0il,rks)
A lelcpilof si$al rvirh hmd width 4KIL n disitized in to an 8_bil PcM; samPled at
Nyquis de Calculate l,CM lra.snission band Rid{h and signrl lo qnantialion doise Etio
(Sl'R). (04 rhrk)
a Explaitr Tr ccrier sysrein (06 iu,.k,
b Explaix. ho$.Ehed cosine specrm can bc rsed b reduce IS1 (06 Nl,rkt
.. A bindy d.ia squence is l00ll0ll sketch thc$rve form for thc following lomats
(04 rerBl
d lhe oupu of a digilal conputer h ai a nre ol64 kbps. Find the bmdwidth Fquired o
Ira miithr.$(ausins a binary PAM syncm Nnh a rahcd cosinc specirum ilthc rcll of
fadose=Lmd02i
(0{ thrBl
Exphnr Duo bnrary sicnaling schener and oblain $e iransfer irnction ollhe Duo bnraD
filter (widitri pEcode4. (07M,rk,
Explain t[e med lor a prccodcr i. duo bin:ry signaling. For inFut binry data 1011101.
obrai! ine dupul olprecodcr. duo binary uncoder ouqru and decoder oulpur. (0eMsiks)
wnte a Dt4 @ 'cqualiTation'. (0r Mrrks)

8. 06EC61
Siilh Semest€rB.E. Degree Examiration, Junc-July 2009
Dlgltal communication
Note.l. ANbe, ary FIVE Iull qrcstims, selectihg
ot |e"n IVO q@stions ftun each Port ) ad Po.t B.
2. MissinE ddta ba! be suilabv dssuued.
PART - A
a. Obhin e expEssion for rouier Trdsfom of a smPled signal. Asme flat rop smrling
(03 Mrrk)
b. A bddpds siclal s(0 wift a speclru shoM b€low fisule Ql O) is id4ilv smpled
skelch fie s!.clm of sdpled sisnals !t i = 25 ed 45 Ilz lndioate if ed [ow the signal
cm he r€cove*d 03 Mrrk)
r,,,
I
Fie. Ql (b)
Whatis apedm efecf? !io* is il oliminated?
Explain the need for noduifom q@tialio, Also exPlain p-laq
Il E denoles the eneryl of a srictly badlimiFd sig€l 8(0, tho
E=l el-1L uherc u 6 fie hish.* fiequenc, codlonenr or8(t)
c. c(t)=2oos(2000fi) 4sin(4ooonris qumliud bv rcuding oll, uinE a 12-bit
The sicnal
q@li@r. $hat is lhe ms qudliation etur dd the q@tizliotr SNR? (06M&rk)
a. Considcr a speech signal with a lroimud iequency of 3 4 kI1z ed msif,m mplitude of
1 lolr lhc ap*ch sigml n applied lo a D.M. wili i1s bil rar€ al 20 kbilshec. Di$uss thc
choice of an appopnatc stepsia for the delra modulator. (05 Mrrk)
b. Compd€ PCM 6d D?CM. (olM'rk)
c. Oblai, powr spectral density ofNP.Z biPol& tomal md dmw its nomalized PSD.
(rrMrik)
a. D6ien a bina,y bde6Md PAM sy*em to lr@smit dsta al a bit iate of 3600 bitvsec, with a
bil dor prcbability < I o{ . The cn@€l Esponse h given by,
lrl. r4oo
H
' rr,=lro'
[0 eheqbere
'fte noisc !owe! spdral density is c,(f)=io '' vansarz, Q(y) s r oi , r > 3.?5, pmeter
p-:. . OoMrrIs)
b ,Abindydat3sequence is 011011 Sketch the wavetom for the following fomats:
l) Rzuipold ii) NRZBipols (o{Mr.k)
c wnh a n@t stdctue, explain the concell ofthe adaptive equalialion process. (05M.rk)

9. ,'fi1 €L 8uun,,,r (
b le d
ntf",":g.YJ ,., rc6l
Sitth Semest.r B.E. J:w#,.",""";,,
E
Dlgital Commrihication
Not I Aasv MJ FlYEJu qa$tions.
Slate and prcve sanpling anii econsrrucion of low pds sisnsls usins Nyquisl eiterion.
' (07 ihrk,
Sisal s(t)=2cos400n+6os640d is ideally enpled d a" =500H2. If thc smpled
signal is pssed though an idcal low pass filtor with a cur or ftequenoy .J00 Ilz wla(
lkque.c, co mponen6 wi ll appea at rhe 6ller ollput? osM t
love that mcan squarc eroi ol reconstrucred ne$age pr@ess is ao
lor Nide sense
stationary mcssaee pioces whoe power spelml densny k srrlctl, bandlinited. (03 illrrk)
a. Sho tnal shifted sinc tunctions used in reconsrrucrion of smpled signrs i.e. sinc(2n,n)
are mutullly onhogonal. (05 Mrk,
b. ExplainthephcricalproceduErorsampling Sllle and pmve iar rop smpJing. (0rr,rk)
c. Six independent nessage eures of bandwidfis w, w, 2 2w, 3w &d h are to b€
lmnsmlned on alime division muhiplexin8 basis usidg comon channel. Set up a sc[eme
lor acconplkhing ihh vith qch message beins sanpled ar irsNrquhr dte. Detemlne the
minimum lEnsnission bandlridrh of chrnei.
a. D*ivc the expresion for pobabifuy ol dor io estinare rhe performance of PcM system
nansniue'l along channel dsoci,red wnh AWGN, lo3 M,k)
b. Signal m() =6sin2I1 is xmmined usins 4 bil PCM systoh. QuanliEr k ot midrher
rype with step size I v. skotch the PcM lor one conplete cycle. Asm. samplins ralc of
4.ampre'*c Ni,h ssmp e!,orcn *, = r )l.r%.r%"*'.
Derive the SNR ol delu modulator lor .o slope overload .o.diron and wirh an input
x(!)=aocos2ar)t. Fudhq obtain SNR lor a ca* where rcceiveroutpulconrains lowpass
nller, *hose bandNidlh is ser equal L me$age bandwidth N such lhar f0 < p . 10. Mrk)
Civen the binary sequence 01i010110 onslruct polar NrZ, u.ipol NRZ, Bipolar,
Manchesler and nat!$lquanemary Iine codes. (0s Mrk)
D*ire rhe Nyquist oirerion aor ditortionlcss baseb.nd binary tnnsmission and menrion
tr 0....(al i;'rion drd olL,'o11r.
c. ttd is.o elative6ding? Explain duobinary.odins wirh md wnhout pEcodins.
(03 Nr,rk)
a. Denrc $ qpresion for prob.bilily oi enor in binary FSK genmrion and coheenl
03Mek,
Explain wilh neat block diasrm ihe cohcEnt QPSK tansmins ud r4eiver. Forasiven
bi.ary sequence 0t101000. Dnw rhe sigml space EprcFnralion md rclevui QPSK
wavetorms. 0s Mrk)
Binary dara is tmsmitled over AWGN channel usins BPSK ar a 6le ol I Mbps. Il is
ty'
o.1i'ed ro hoe a..mgc p.obaoirN o_ e.{' P"-.n " *'." ,.O . O ''
wan/l{z. Derenine lhe alerage cdier poqe! requted at Eceiver input ilthe dctecbr n ol
coherent 1ype. l^$une errc (].5) =0.000251. (0r M.r],

10. EC6l
a l.tplain re PoPenE' dl nskhed fir'-'
;. i;;;': al;:
; .,,,, ard sr',' !'e .s srown ir neu* Qo n'
crm ccinid'
^ppr/
drho M"li$non ro obhh o;o normJ b6h tunc' ons lor 'ign5h rPre$ 'ne sral'
s
ii,,li,,', *".,", "^
I. oronhono trar bai' tunc'oN
ii 1,',
1r.€l
rf
Fie.e6O)
I ' i l,
. Lisl the tunclion of coftlalion raeivcr'
!v'tri. *ero eo. PN code i' cprcad"pe'dnI
i ; l:1;i; i; "#;;.';i ; nim veriftv "equm* m ;*qu*. semmue pc oor'4e
tensh
these pmpenes md detem'ne
ed notr
o trr
.h' a -,ifti wtih lirff leed bock
"i. ",
iii'io,*. ororrrooro, to.
t
i'pi". "l'n'ii".i al,s",,re trodel ordnec' seqJne sp'ead binarvPsK ''atlT;
". *.l,,
wrne eaplantrory nol.s on mv four olrhe following:
a. DPCM ilNifrer and leceiver.
c Specch coding atlo{ bn 6les.
d Mdimm hkellhood eiimaEaid mem squar drer e$imale. =:
e. Eye paitem and adaPliv. cqualialio.
J
x(tt

11. EC6I
a. Vith a diagm, explain FSK coherst deleclion.
i) Quadmlrc Ph6e shi$ keying ii) Dilfenial Phase shin keying.
c. Explain M-ary noddalion techniques.
a Show that tne probability of bn cm! of a nalched lillq receiver is given by
.- =I
. E
2 "n IN^
(03 Mlrkl)
b. Eaplain bdinm iikely nood cstinalor. (06 Mrrk)
c. A binaJy data h mnsmitEd usibE ASK over a AwcN chmel al a ratc of 2.4 Mbps.
The cmiei mplitude at the Ecive. h l
lhe noise po sspe,lol d.s.y o ='0' wad-/Hz. Fi rhe a(DC.!lbabrl r oi
emr if&e deE.rion is coh€Ent. (Hinl : lake erft6) 3 . 10 1 06 Mrtksi
"
Detne spEsd spectrum. Explain the principle ofdned equcncc spEad specm sysrem,
(0e M'rk )
i) Slow EEq@ncv noEpins.
n) rasi Ac$s.cy boppi.B.
A slov IwIvtrISK h6 the folloBins pasnete6
Nmboi ofbitsn IFSK synbol = 4
Nbis of MISK srnbols/bop = 5.
Find lhd p@essing sain oalhe system.

12. 05EC52
Sixth Semcster B.E. Dcgrce Examinafion,
Mlcroprocessors
Nor.t A"s*r dh! FlvE lull queslio"s, sele.ling
at least TWo qaestioasrod each Pan
Explain the architeciure oI8086 nicrcproce$or, {i$ a neat diasram, alons {ilh nDcrio$
Esister.
of eac h block and 02Mrk,
Explainlneadlan1lgesofseghenralion. (0{ Mrrk)
e llDS =CBAO H, CS =4000 H. Sl =456711 dd lP=2055H, Nharislhead&essolthe
instrucdon drat L lerc hed? W hal n fie adde$ of the data? (0,1 :{ rk,
!;
Explain the follosing insm.tionsl
i)XLAT iil sc4sB iio LEA BX, 56Hlsll i!) AA.
b Dcnne re d.emb.er di'ed've Lp.ern $e lol.ov ngdiE.ti es
:' iD PTR iiDEVEN iv) PROC.
Ernlain,trrh.xampe r.lloxitrE iddres nts m.dcs n8086:
i) oddrcssi.g
Re-qisler ii) Based indexed addrsssed
"i= iii)v&iablc pon addressing i!) Slacknemory addEsing
i1
a Explain lhe lolloNins pins of8086:
.- ir tO(K ii) BHE / 57 iii)HoLD iv) DT/ R
Wrire an ALP to tansfer 10 words oI data using RE? MOV SW inslruclion
E, localion to desrinalion Iocation. Whal is lhe role ofsI, Dl registes and DFtil?
wnG a MACRO lmctior
i) lo ftad a cntractcr with echo
iD
iii) 10 read a charactcr silhoul ecno
i! iv) to display a tcxt mc$age
EE
v) ro Bd a sdns of chdrcre^.
q4
B d "r" er.r *Meen VACROdo p'oeduN-l-
'rBo 'he
Wrire an ALP to nulliply a 2 digil BCD nunb.r by a single dieir BCD nmber by relealed
; addition usin-q DAA inslruclion (05 Mrk,
Explain the t pes or intemps along wilh acion ulen by 8086. shen an i empl occu6.
Also, explain inLerupr vecror lable (r0 Mrk,

13. 058C62
W le ths conllol wod fomat of 8255. Explain wi$ tlock diagru, how lo inred&e 4x4
a
keybo-d wilh 8086 using 8255, O0 Mark)
Imcrlace eight 7{egnent dispLay, using 8255 with 8086, write an ALP to dnphy 1, 2, 3, 4,
5,6,7.8 ovs lhe eight 7+cgnenl displays continuously. (roM!rk)
tbo diffeE 8087 dala t,res alons yirh rnen fonat,
the control reeister fomat of 8087.
the followiq innrocdons:
i) FMUIP ST0), ST
ii) ISQRT
iiu FLD QWORDPTR[SI]
iv) FLD?I
v)
Wilh a 6lock diastu, explai. the naxinum mode of opeEtion of 8036,
Write a nole on mildsar seial bus (USB).
Explain with strucnne th. speoial 80386 registeu.
Wnk lhe lealures of80486 proce$or and Pentim Dmce$oi

14. 06cs45
Fourth SebesterB.tr. D.gree Examinrtion. Mat/Junc 2010
Microprocessors
Notc: t.Aasret an! Ftt E lu .tuestio r,s.t..ti$
at t.a two quelioalron elch Da1 -
2-a L P shoutd b. wctt co,n., b,l
P,{RT A
a. Erplain&e inrenal a'chite.ure ormac-iiii?ncrL a;
o. wr,"r is
pipoli.ine.
.*r
ry plp.minsrl,*. r; il;:;iJii,i"fiiu, u,or, ,n. ,o,jll#Jjt,
;
" l',: '':-I ,:''* ' 'efj-e rlo r'ch 'rr' r ' i 1<" *,r.
P:
' '.,-, ",, ,:1'J;'$:
4. rr'dy.j,-cmot hn-,.S. prcetu o.,e.orre_r rool)
deeloomenr i..k
b. Cons ld the mechlne code toi MOV Ct_,IBXI instruction.
8o8h * ih !
:
u P::-l_.jql1t,tu ":"*.. m -1, re. or Le F.*,k rabre,nia .otu.
rrp,ar url a I c,dmote. r, r, hiote I on. I c,- b. inpt.trer eo. 6m;
c. wire an ALp b crear arr conrior nass or8os6. lflH:I]
a. Differendate letween a nacro &d sub.ourin.
t. r,pu;, .i'r, io* *.#i# .- u" ,*,.a . , *r..rin.. *i"" ",,"101 '"*")
". "*ir.,
ai c. wrire m alr ro varidare a psstrorrr Assune rbe conecr p6..",0
". l;;frItl
"u"ou.
PART B
:= 5 € LsL 1sir5 emnh.., r
i) F .RN i, t FN ".t"".e^;;bi*"i*...,.
.i ,t ?t tr,AqUML
b (orpLr Jc f.!'oriato.. s e,8 bir rurbe. usilc,e.Lio
a. Illustmr Niih a ncar dnc.m. rhe solkins of so86 in re
liming tliaCra ol I/O rad lpersrion.
Inktue. bu 8 RAIIS !rlh .n
sdda!d..odcro'[5heq I".aning
^a "d,l,es,.Ioo0JUH Drar
se jLstrSde.oderto, eremataddre..
d I rr Mdernbe he q.o.a8O8o !it,ulcqnen.r,espondr b m inretupl
b B rflJ cxplsil opeaio1.,8tr,). wi h, near b.oci diagram
. ucn-b.lhe .espon(.18080 pske.,r .,"*i.".. rVr
'lie ,;;;;;;,
d qqor oprrion vt,ch p,oo jce. e divid( bv
i" "^p. g. ,i A*;C ;
:J zem inrer Lor. I r u.",r,". " i,..pr *,^
: "
(obvrrts,
$od fomar of s25S. Exolain it
Dmw the control
Fphind.trersrm hoG d d.la kaBrerrch.de.. qd1)rrab.e
c(Dp.es
wnEtu ALP rodhDlal 0.o qona 7 kgre ttDdi"plaJosF

16. 06EC62
_l
B.E. Degr.eExamination. Dcc.09/Jan.l0
Microprocessors
Noiet Answer anr lItE fal q u6tio,s, seledina
at least TwO qaesrions fioh each pai
DiscNs bnefl), hoi ni.olrocessor n6 evolved irh rdtevmce to ils caiabillrv. bir si7.
a drpotr.aio. ,0" M,,,.,
$ .,reL{el c r,8 80.lU.c.p..nhcroleotile or'o,,ins
i) Ins'ncdon qneue
il) Se-qment regisrers
iii) Gcnenl prlose resisrers. 10s Nilrk,
write and e{plain *ith relelmi tinins dia$d a memolv read oleration in 8086 uder min
mod' trhrk)
!i to6
Exprain the sicnilimna of rte |oirosi.c pi6 or8086 erocessorz,99!_3dA
:;
,.
HI
:; lsr (",i(*slli',
1 ,4..i,-
oriiiL",r",l ili^...'r. r"rr",'i,e i,.-ui.^ -d *pr"i"**h&gr*,uol:::*)
ii) HLT md M n
;! iii) Jmp &d call (osMuk)
. ui.',e r'e a.emolerdire. 4' I )ol_, .le ...ro1 De -,m"d b, to]]oMc; e. .
ai , Pflce db (. )
rhe
9! ii) IAJ lqu 40h
31
iii) AssuME
iv) EXTKIN
!E d $ii..dJ-jrbrr r8rse o'oetu omrC..N'b-".o d,r:ceronCo.d. $,re
rcre tcojmen6 lores!h.trhe Dnru!Lionused o,M!rk)
r ur sr.i,g i,'t""ti-, r" p";;;;;;i;;G*
Blockmo!€of N bies fron -SOLRCE, to .DESTN,
ii) Concalemrc rwo stlings.
w e the complereproerm s irh connrenr.
;i J. rp d.n the..e^re d d h-rd"tre ir rrup.. 1.hE.n BoBo
b. ci!e rhe siCnrfiace oIBIOS & DOS intmors
( DLffereni'are beNeen m:cm
E SlDw an i.rerface of a 8086 and cxplain irs h6ic
Wnh necesary hddx€r€ i.reface of ? segment IED

17. o6LC62
a. ifhat is a co-p.ocessor? wiiy it is qlled so? Cive fie sieninuce oI 3037 NDP. (Nmeri.at
b Explain tle vrjou dala types rhat 8087 @ hodle. Gve exoples (06 Mrrk)
c. Wrile a plogrm to obtain the h,?orenue ol a nenl Eles lriangle eiven ns sidesA&B
using 8037 inrerfeed ro 8086 (osMrrk)
r Explain wilh Elevmt block diagah lhe msinm mode operalion of8086.
b. what re th€ cndaclerislics of the followins?
i) Penphnal component inrerconnect (PCI)
ii) Univesal sqial bus (USB). @6 Mskl
c. Show m interlace ol a printer to a 8086 pbcessor. Explain the signals of imporlarce.
a. Vrile a nole on $e lriou special regisles in 80386 CPU.
b. Disu$ brjefly rhe lwo nodcs of operadon in 80386.
c. Desoibe the baic featues ol a Penlium proces$r.

18. USN MI,55
Fifth Semester B.E. D€gree Examination, D€c. 07 / Jar.08
Advanced Microprocessor and Microcontrollel
Note I A"swer at! FIVE fut q@stio"s.
a Wiih a ncat block diagian exptain fie intemal archilecture ofs0S6nicroprocesor.
o loenriry -l.,odresirC modcs ir'ne otowne jn. tu!rion,:
i)A?P1IlB.xl .,vovAx. ooo sr .Bt ii ,vov.r21dpr.Ax ,.r(.c
]suB..[s'r 1000H'. ,uiM rs)
c Dxplain the mcnory orseizalion ot 3086 nicrcprcceso. l0sMaik,
a. Give rhe seven fomars ol8086 innrudions, (o'M&'ik)
b. E"ptdn th, ronosinc ins;;;;,
i)IOOP ii)TEST iii)SAR iv)MUL, (usM,rk)
c. Wrile an ALP to add rwo 8-bitnumbeN using rrocedurc. (osMark,
a. Wlal de s*mbltr diEctiles? Exptain aby four a$enbler dirccrivc ot 8l]s6
b. wnr;n ,!P to flnd bmbe! ot vovel chmcr^ i,
olailable
"lT;l,I["]
lh" si,..,t ,s
c. t perfomcd in 8os6 hicrcpmcesor?
How sra.k opciarion
I;: Iffi
' = -Pbrrmk.n tioona-cilubea r.rg so8o ric,ooro.e.sor ,r0v,,Lll
0. Lre..nbeilFrariou. r$c(o,.oft rnrenp , r,uc.., n..
a. Exphin dirrqenr dda ryp6 or8087. ..,i,.i:ilrr*,".-,,
b. Explain the lolowing 8087 insrtudiomr ,.:a:{' '.i..:,..
4 iorv lxor'
iil iiit ruoii.-'.'' i .' ,/ ,., , . .
iot u,,r,",
.. wiile a ro e on ir'.nLptr'e.,or ublo orS08o, r..opr ,ce*o 1l
,
.;;;;;;;:,
a. Explain rhe fearuEs of hicoconlolter. ,"::*-1,:,1,,,
!. ExphinthedilleEnioodesotoperarionof8i]il riher
b. Exploin the addresins Dodes otsO5t
n. WilhGehelpof blockdiagmnexplain 8l]5l microconrolier.
b wlc n Aj P,odrsn,e.he -r.oin ir :e"re-a,re o ce,

20. USN
06F,c,62
Sixth Semester B.E. Degree Ex.miration, Jure-Jtrly 2009
Microprocessor
Notet 1. A"s|9er ory FIyE fuu qusriohs' sel*tine
at least TWO qaesriohs f,oh e.h pan.
2. Statdard notatio,t ore usz.r.
3. Mksing dara be suitablr assu .d.
PART - A
D@{ the inteda.l achi tecture of rhe 8086 md explain Brieny explain the flas resister.
O0 Msrk)
lxplain &e tasie.r tlosd ea (TPA) md system area ofa pmoml compnler.
00:t arb)
Wrile ar ALP lo multiply tvo l2 bit numbers slored in consecutive nemorr locatioN md
slore lhe rcsult in the memor, (t0 Merk)
Dillcrentiate beMe4 Direct proe@ menory addressing. Relative prceiam nemory
addresing ed Indned plogrm memor] addr$sins *ilh onc or two exmlles. (06 M,rk)
Il DS = AB]0IJ, CS = 8920H. SS = 2BOIH, BP = 2D45H, SP = 0ll0H, Si = 1234H
DI = 4r56H then deiffine l]le physical addles ofrhe following instruclions
i) Mov iBP + Dr + sl, AH irMovAl,l5036Hl (oaMrl!')
a. Exphnr rh. following sting insrruclions
i)MovsB GEP) sTosw
ii) Repeal Prenx iii) iv) SCASB v) CMPS.
b. write e aLP to oonvet los€rcase ro uppercase usins 6odula.
"-""*,." "rr:iJ:ifrl
lrvo lai lrocedu.es one for radins liln keyboard od one for displalils.
d ot a". o oGnBDOs.J,F' ,t ' .'Hrm.ro1, /z oF a -
', ll,2.n.lrrc'onn0.H _,. /-
-
r:l lfll:lll.Iuu.n 0Al{
nr) rr:: H.r-uc.on0qrr
iii) 1NT21H. Fuction
'l.rs!rob-6rl
!1f. /,..r,_=..,,.' ;
LJI r.
Lt;i o}''...,,.
r Nl2 . '*'
.' T.: l.lu.'or'DH .)r
o D,"r .be p.r-ou, ot , ( 82ia ^ prcsffio e i ,.elp c., xiS&SI4a'd des,ibe .,.1
F,n. (l0yerls)
PART.B
a. lxplain lsolalcd md Menory Mappedl/O. 1o5M,rtrt
b. Explain about the lnltowins t/O inslruclions
i) N wilh fixed ddres ii) IN Nilh vriable addft$ ii, INSB
iv) OUT wih nxcd addrcss !)OUTSW (0syrrk)
c. l]{!lain the pnsrdmmable periphera] i.tedace {PPI) with comod b}tes of de command
rceisb in ihe 82C55. (l0Mrrkn
a. Draw lhe intemal stEcture or 80 x 8? rithmetic copncessor md esrlain (r0 M,.k)
b Eapldin lhc folloBirg 8087 .oprocessor inshctions:
i) FSQRTi ii)ISTP| iii)FSCALL n)FRNDINTi v)ICOM (l0M,rk,
a Wdle shofi rcres o. lhc folloain8:
i) Pedpheral C.hponent Imeronne.t (PCI)Iii) Pa.allel pinr*interlacc (LP]) 0o M-k,
b. lxFiain ihe Univesal Send Bus (USB) wilh PN conn-sualion. UsB Dara, IisR
connm.ls. 00 Mr}j)
a Wrire a norc on nicrorroccssor.
Pcntih (roM,rk)
b. Explainabor special80l36 regist€^. 00M,rk)

21. 06EC63
USN
Sixth Sem€ster B.E. Degre€ Ex&minaaion, December2010
Analog and Mixed Mode vl-sl Deslgn
Max. Marks:l00
Notd Aasp.r a,t F.YE lutt quesnohs,
sel.cting ot least TwO questionslrom each Po .
': with refeEnce lo a DAC describe I
p"2
i)Resolution iil]-SB iii)DNL ill INL
!) vx
vi) Dynmicnnse,
Find lhe value of I LSB md v*for a +bn,8 bn&d 10 birDAC. VRd=5V. (r2Mrrk)
Detemine the DNL od INL for a 3-bi1 non ideal DAC silh $e siven oulput vElles.
el: Conment on the monolonocily.
EtF 0v
0t0
0
25V
t0t
!!
:E
lll f,
,89 DEv rhe trdslt .uve for a l+i1 ADC wilh rmp inpul. Explain *hal is qunlialion
ercr. Plor lhe queizarion eror gnpn for e ideal ADC. (10 Mrrlc)
ExDlainlhe mixed siFml layoul hsues. OoMrrt,
Design a 3-bit DAC using binary $!nch aay. Assune vRd = 5V d powr
5 mw. Find lhe dalog yalue lor lhe inpul D = 101. DEw the diaErm 6d $e
!€
Wilh a ne* diasBm, explain lhe qorking ola cyclic DAC. Find ihe vahe of
vollase al lhe end ol ach cycle for N : .1 vR.l =
!a Explain the workins ol a succ€ssive spproxiaadon ADC, wilh a block diagmm lor fie
65 5v.
ADC. sire fie intemediate values for VRd = 8V, N = I and Vji = I (u Mrk)
ExDhin the workingofa voltasecompaator, wi& &e help orablock dia8rm. (03 Mrk)
PART - B
Give the Z doiain represolation ol a lwo parh avemser md plol the magnitude ed phase
eslonsc ofthe digiralfilter. (r0 Mrk)
if theinp sinevave to u aleBger hts a pcal mPln.de oI 0.5V and a ftequency ol
2oMilz, detmine the pqn amplitude ol lhe averags oulrul and the delay titrolCl Ile
cncuil. (06Mrrk,
Develop an expe$ion for the er{ti,e nmber ot bits, in lems of $e neaNed SNR, if lhe
inpul sin€mve hd a p$k mplilude ol40% ofvRr, VRd. (MM,rks)
I of2

22. 06EC63
Wiih $e help ol a block diagEm, explain the accuml.te and dmp ci(uil. Plor 1ne gmeral
frequency rslons ofd sveogine 6her. (,0 MrtE)
S!@ify the accwcy Eqried of an S bil ADC, if il is lo be us.d io adain 12 bire wi$ INL
and DNL oft 0,5 LSBS Vulr = 1.5 V. (06 Mlrks)
Discus the advetag6 ed disadve6g* of cdcadlng aveEging circuils lo innease filter
atteNatio.. @4nr'rk)
a. Explain the conceDr olinErpolalion. @Mrk,
b. lxplain how MOSFET behales 6 a capacitor, Exllain Iioalins MOS capacilor. M&l!)
(03
c. Explain the simple delay elenont using passlEnsistors md CMOS iiverte^, 01M.rk!)
D6B the eansement for a 4 bil pipelined adder d finl adder bit inplemenld usihg
dlmic logic. (0r M.,k)
Expiah tho limlialion of an invencr al the oulpui of a op atop, Nilh the help of ils lmsfcr
cune.HoNis it ov€@he? (06M,&)
c. Explain t ue single phse docking (TSIC). Using TSPC explain tne delay element
(06 Mark)

23. I]SN 06EC63
Sixth Semester B.E.l
Degrec Examination, May/June 2010
Analog and lllixed Mode VLSI Desisn
I
Note. Anseer onr FI|'E lutt qu6no$. setecr,t €(
r "@(sro 0
al lust ,Two queeio slrohpach pa . f5./ -.v.1
(lE(*{is ).)
E
E
-!z...iio,N
I a. Erplain dtc charactqhtics ed rq?traleno6 msociaEd sith smpl"Ndr!ddd.4i/, '
* r"{0 ru
b. Bnefly qplain lhe ADC speci,iEcalions. (osMlr
:
! c F nd the Esolulion of DAC, if oltput loitase is d6iEd ro chanse i! I mV incrcDe
Ithe
qhile usins a Elercn* vollagerol4v. (05 M!,
Explain qualiratively rhe achjlecluE a.d workine olcharse scaline DACS.
(10 Mrrk)
Desisn a 3-bit charg€ scaling DAC and ,nd the yalue of outptrt voltage for DrDrDo = i00
andolt.Asmevrcr= 5v,C =0.5PF (0s ir'rk)
Briefly exrlain lhe echiieclu & wo*ins of a pipeline digiral b analog coverrq. (o5 Merk)
:a Explain tb. uch r(h,ernd sorkingofa nashADC
iIa 10-bn fl,sh AD(: is designed, detemire ndinu( of6et vollage of conlmtoN *,ldch
will Dal<e nlIL less than !/ lSB. AssMe &El resker sdng is perfedly marchen aid
&:
Ei c. B.ieily explain fio blook dherm of a 2-s1ep nsn ADC lnd ns wolkins.
a!
a. Explain qulilalively pr€mplili€tion and dechion circuits of a CMOS conpdalor unn.
Ddw thei. CMOS .ncuils. (10 M{i}sl
E,A
a2 ExpLin the principle of m malog nulliplier. {05 Mrk)
Briefly explain CMOS ulos nuliiplid wiir lhe
2i
:f a.
PART -B
;: Define SNR. elfeclive nunber of bits md clock jifier in mned sisnat cncuih qualilatively.
E' Explain t[c Fiirciple of ave8ging io in!rcle SNR- in nAed siEml cncuils
:> Briefly *plain ilE role ol dccjhaling filtes in ADcs.
a. With a net pro€ss flow di,eEm, explain subnicion CMOS tecbnoloey
difercncas as compd€d to CMOS rechnolog.
B
Explain hoN .apacitor &d resister elenents rc fabrjcated in subdicion
Explain MOSFET a a ssjtch.

24. 06f,c63
qrtal m de'dve'mn!s. Explain ho{ hey m real/ed 6iJrB p6s tuckb.s. !ene6 and
IMOS tudTsPcciruis. rt0Mrrrsr
R€lize a 4 bit pipelined adder sing latnes o!€ralion.
dd e&lain its (0s M !.)
InpleneDt tull adder uing dlrdic logic snd explain. tos M.rkr)
a, Cosidd r snall sisnal mplificalion of a Ioari.g cllet souce shom in Fis.Q8(A).
AssMing NMOS cascade o/p resisrdnce is labeled R!.s , vhat is rhe small sisnal resistdoe
scm by lesl vollage v,$l (0 M!rk)
, aocakdn-
,
flq rr^ll
".?
Iia"q
Fig.Q8(A)
Explain wilh the help ol ciruit diaslms. rhe technique of naling lne
2of2

25. 06EC63
USN
Sirlh Semester B.E. Degree E$miDatioa, Jure-Julv 2009
Analog and Mixed llode VLSI Deslgn
M.x Mdks:100
Note: Ans$d an! FIWfuU qaeslots' selectinq
a,kanM qa. onslrm e@h ParL
PAX'T - A
1 a. Srar€ the !6ons for $e pedeslal eror, &mp apetu€ enor
md ffipli4 ero'
b. Stale &d explai, specificalio$ of ADC'
2 a A, 8 bit rGrstor slrinc DAC @ fabri€bd wilh ! noninil rcsislor valne of i kO. rlhe
proe$ ss able !o pmlide malching of Esist'Dts to within t%, fird ndimm INL dd
DNL of lie conveaer Asmc Vu = 5V .
(06M ts)
b. Elplain gflenc (uweighed) cuenl stecli.e DAC and disuss lhe rehted misnatch etus
Mdr)
(03
c Desien a 4 bit chdge scaling DAC lsins . splil dav' A$uE lial VE = 5ved lhat
C = 0 5 pl. Daw 1he equjvdldl cncuii for D = oCOl dd O0l0 md delermine fie lalne of
(06M'rk)
3 a. Explain the pnnciple ofsingle slope ADC ed $e polldrns associaled ilith it' 5v Elplain
o0 Mskl)
r' Oraw Ue ttoc* aiagrm for 4 bil suc@ssive appmxioation ADC $i$ VF -
t1E smq TEce tn€ oltlul al vEious stages for Y^ = I 7v
Mrlc) (
'o
4 a. Explain rhe purpoe of e&n staEe ol a vobge conpdaioi. Also explain lbe mrking of 1r1
O0nlork)
!. it:;rl, durripryins quad acc s nurripiier phei all &€ MOSIETS itr lh€ fl lillvinE
quad have &c sme thBnoB ,ollage. 0o ri,ri5)
PART - B
s - De1@inethe ideal SNRofaSbit daraconvener wilhaveFsing oi20 outpurj. (04M4k)
b. Dr rw ,}e circuit dEemer, 'l{'mJLion
rd a)q€!g o epLarr o du(
Draw the cir.L deEemeit ued lor d*ination sd aE4€ilg ed *plain &e sde'
'6ed
c. Brins oul lhe principle ofirteryolaion. l,:;.,- (06M!rk)
i Declrihe CMOS omce$ llowrv lh nut skelhe . 'tov,,'t
b Flo.a n ho* MO(|F r b_bd..6 a lapr q
Al o cipkh oocrmC VOS caNi o
,..
a. Esrioato t[e [ien b-low and io{-lo-hish de,ays in Ure circniii;tro; in newe a, (a).
L-}, r, 4) I
)
lis Q7 (a)
b. Dmw the eeEenent for 4 bil pip€lined adder md tull adder hn inplmented Ni4
c. Explain tne vorkins of sinpL delay elmat ui.s !6s Eesislor ed CMOS

26. 068C63
*dain !h. lihit tioBof inrcrter at th€ oulput oI OPAMP, wi& the h€lp of iB aansibr
ctrre H6wir it ov@ooe? (0'7 M.rl6)
C@ids lhe Ac nall sisnal siEdiff..tion of a@tils c@nl sowe s in Es@ Q8 O).
AsMirg NMOS 6c.de oulpur ruistace it labcL<l RNco$ $tEi is {E shall sieral
Bis*@ 6 !m byrne test aolkgp Vd? +. p@.
(orM,fls)
a.,L
ris. Q8 (b)
c. tretmirc time conslrnl of OPAMP wifi uity 8sitr Eequtuv of 100 MHz. AsMe th.t 3ll
the ourpurs is f€d bek 10 rhe input also dct@ire ln. s€ltling lise fot 0l% setling
2of2

27. trsN 06EC64
Sixth S.mest€r B.E. Degree Examination, December 2010
Antennas and Propagation
Nale: A"swet anr FII/Efu 4.sliois,s.l.ctinq
d l.ast TWO questio"s ?oh ench pod.
; a Explainthc lollo{ing parmetets of anle.ru:
i) Beao soliddgle
ii) Rldiltioninlensily
; iii) Efective heiBhl
, b r'ind the Elalion belseen IHinum efectile apenue md dnecivity.
c An antenna has a neld paftem gilen by D (0) = Cos 0 Cos 20 Inr0 < 6 < 90"
i; i) The half poNer beam width.
ii) 1hc bcm widrb between lnsl nulls.
s::
:+ a fhe iadiarion inlensity of an anrenna is siven by u = CoJesinl{ for (] < O <!ana
2
dirslility.
0 < .i < 2n. Find the
2' b, Calculat rhe luimun powr mcciled al a dislece oI 0.s
IGIIZ circuit consislinB of tEnsmtuing ahie.n. wnh 2t dB gain
gain ol 20 dB. Assune &e lrusmjllinc mrema input is 150 watb.
c. powdrhsrcn.
Slale and exFlain
d. Exrlain ield od paftm,
phase
a, Derive an exprsion lor roral ileld in case oI 1wo isotropic poitrts wilh sane mplitude md
oppoiLe phae Plo! lhe rlatile teld panem when lhese lwo isolropic sources aE spaced
i2 b. Srale panm muldrlicarion. Calculalc ed plol rhc neld pancn
d exltain rhe principle ol
oI m eray of lvo non isotrcpic dissimillr surces for Nhich fi€ total field is siven by
ly, *h." =I(c-
'l,
0 + r). rok. *** I is the refftncc ss shosn in
Iis.Q.31b).
qa
rig.Q.3(b).
oi n isoropic Doint sowe ol cqual m!ftude
e *=*,(-*), wh -p eo g ves Llo ndll diN'or. I r0d rhe null d.r.,on" lor an e.)
!
I

28. 06EC64
a. Deive tne expression lbr Ut Bdiaton rcsislance ofshon dipolc. (o6Msrk,
b. shdw lhat lne radialion Esislancc of a lined i2 mGnm wiih sinusoidal cunenr distibulion
ise il to 73 O. (03 Mrk5)
c. Obtain t.he field panem lora diDole oflenslh i)V2 I ii) 31,/2. (06M,rk)
a. Obtain thc spression lor the i.sfflaneous elecl c neld and nrasncric ficld at a larse
dishnce r from a Ioop ofany,adius a. (03Merk)
b. Stalo dd cxp tain Babi net s principie. (o6M,rk)
c. Frplain micosnip anlemas wnh neal sketches ed mcntion ils advanlages. (06 Marks)
r
Wnk,h.r norer Jn
vnk ,h. , noterJn
Logprnoo.. d.ennJ rei
I rt-;,--
or
-.'z-."-i.r.
lt;i
*::s, Y
c E loedded c em-s ,t
; ):rl
l:)
d
J.
b.
qn,.1b b,ercLdmre.m.insddd.
D. ..nb" rhe'a,'o^
"1.c,.19
Fi.d $e appioximare fomuk foi lhe
*"'"
.,",
" fleld srengh
tl
p-p,";ii!-, a - '
_r,..
i. iEI-ircpasation
ilJ:li::
and explain horv il
$ies sinusolidally. (roMaik)
c. A VHF conmunicadon is 10 be established al 90 MIrz, $irh rhc innsnirei power of
35 Watls Calculate the I-OS comnunicarion dislance, il$c hciehrs of lransnitro sd
receivcr antcms are 40 m and 25 m resFeclitely O4 M,rk)
a Deiinelhe lollosing ar rclaled lo ionospheic prcpagation:
ii) Mdimum usable tequency
iii) skipdisl&ce. (06Mrrk)
b. Dcnvc lhc cxpe$i o. lor re iacli vc index ol d io nosplenc hye r (03Mrrk)
c ,^n electrcmagnetic Rave ,r litquency I is prcpaAalin8 lltrough a lossy diclcclric mcdium
lalnre conduclilily 6, peinitiivny E = EoE. ed pemelbihy p - uo. De ve an expEsion
, n. lelerh ,i'l e oedi'i, r - I slos l}- 'r. '.nu-a
r
'.

29. 06EC54
USN
Sixah Semester B.E. Dcgrec Examinstior, Mty/Jure 2010
Ahtennas and Propagation
Nor.. Ateer anr FII,E fu
questio$, electinE
dr leost TllO qaestions froh eo.h parr.
PART -A
! a Denne fie fouo*ing wilh Fspecl $ orcm.:
ts
i) lsotrcpic rsdinor
iii) Radialion patem
1
! b. Antema of gai! G radiares Wl. Watls. Show ihar the 6ee spffi intensiS E ar
!,c
olr metes h siven by E
a. Denve a €xpEssion for dte@ .fiiciency in t€ms ofradiado! esisl&e.
! Frnd lhe diErnity ddbqm widlholihe
=s
b. skte d prcve rbepower tneoreh
c Prove thar D = 2 (n+ l) for a unidiretional patten si!"n by U = U6 @si e,
Dedve m exp!.$ion fo! Eeld inlemity for two isonolic point sourus siih equal mplitude
&d equal phdq 0o Mr}l)
E! Diaw Uc pold diasrm of a boarlside day with nunber of€len€nls = 5 hd sp&ing = L/2.
o0M,rk!)
".P
a. Deive an expressioh lor ndiation €sistmcc of a shon electic dipole.
i! b. w
i)
re shon notes on l
FoldeC dilole &lema i ii) Th,n lined mtem.
EF
PART - B
[3 a. DisNss rhe f*lures of a loop mlemd. Dqive m expresion fo! ld
za
E:
;E b. wrire notes on : i) Hom &lenna ; ii) Slot mlem.
i: a DiscBs the ledures of d heli@l eiema Give the oNtnction debils ol
b. Wd ffi ps"bolic re necro_sl $/tere lhese lemse 6ed'
6: c Draw the connrucdon details ofe cnb.ddcd lem.
a. DiscN lhe diflorent fonns ofndio wve !rcpagalion.
b. Dqive e expE$ion for *ave iilt or suface wave.
E
e a. ExplaiD difeEnt layen of ionospheE in detail.
! b. D€6De the folloNing sith respet 10 mve prcpagation :
i) CdiicallequcDcy i ii)MUl; iii) Vniul heisht ; iv)

30. USN ML62
Sixth seEester B.E. Degrec Er.DinatioD' JaneTJuly 08
VLSI Deslgn
Time: 3 hrs' Md Mrks:loo
Note. ANB.i ant FIYElull quanon!
a, Explain tne wolution ofnicr&lectm.ics in ln. contexr olMoore s l-aw (0s nY.*,
b. Bingodfie diffeEne betBeen bipolorand CMOS technolosies. (o5M,k)
c. Oblain ihe expressio. aor drain cured (ld, for NMos ennancene.t mode dcvice i!
i) TneNon satumtcn
ii) salurared Esion
lndicale rh. rceio. on rhe drain chaacreristics oiNMos deplerion node device 1,0ihrk,
2 a. Expl,in lhe dpects of MOS lr.nsislor rhreshold vohage (V, with equations. How
body-ffeci alreh the theshold voltlse ed indicak llpioal filaEs ol Vr tor
NMOS/PMOS enhanceme.r xnd depleion r}Ie MOS devices.
b. Wnh the cncuit, lrosfer cheaclerislics and graph oi curent vA input lolage. exptain the
operslion ofcMos invener oper ion in diferenr regions ofoperation rith equation fbr
oulpur voh.Be. whar h rhe cffcd olll/ll
Etio oh the rasaer chdaderislics? 02 Mr*t
I a. Explain NMOS deslsn stlle a.d CMOS design sryle eking an ermpte ofNAND Car.
Lvitl th@ inFurs s irh its stic(diagraD. (0 Mrrk)
Lambds baseddesisnruleslor
i) Minifrum sia of deplelion modePMOS tansistor
il) Metall to polrsil icon .on racl
iii) Viacontul lmm metal I r. h.r,l7
iv) Melal 2 to diJtusion(vio andcut)
d a. Disclssdre sisn incance of sh eei ftsistan.e (Rr):de capaciiueir!,rdraal
ql ol' .l- p.zfai'dce'odLl or 2- p j re dr e1 6tr , VOs e'
'. 'o of inyener and hence compuE lne overall
lechnolos/. Oblain the srir.able rangemeni '
'leloJ
of Lh." ivera na"enenr*hm r pr''. UA V.n Uvrn.
a what aE dre advanlaEes oi scali.g in VLSI technolo$? €apiain diferent scalins modcls
$iih scalins factou. @? M.rL)
b Explain ihe limilation of scaling on i) Miniaturiation ii) I.ierconnect od conB.t
resishce. Oe Msk)
c. Fi.d prcpogalion delay dfcdcaded pas lrdskroN. (0{M,b)
a. To design a digital slsLm in MOS t*h.olo8y exptain sqirch tdsio bsed on ,.pds
transislor ed ttushission gates". cive the sunch losic a@genenls.
b. D6isn i) Peiry gmeraror ii) 4:l MUX 6 an ehple ofstructured desisn using NMOS
c. Explain Drranic CMOS logic fo.3 inputNAND eate O1M.tu)
a. wld is DFT? Expi.in how tesring of combinat,onal Iosic cieuils is done with sne
cxmplcs. 0o Mlb)
b, Explai. to{ optidizltio. ofCMOS ed NMOS invener is done.
t. Podtrdion .fe he,m mrk
-
b. klch - up in CMOS ciEuils ed Medy for it
c. BICMOS inlerter (Imprcved vosima)
d. BIST @uilt in elfled)

31. 06EC64
Sixth SemesferB.E. DegreeExsminrtion, De.09-JrD.l0
Antennas and Propagation
!
to@: t,4nrw*a. r .t tvE lutt ,t,*,i."', ,"t*,in<R - .
dt tean rwo ck'tions lton 1a.h porl
- /*S/
2. Assume anr missinp data suitabtr. "/rY .-at-
li9i i
! lli("eL"; , i
PARr-A ii";**"'
Fc
Defin'he'eme,tua,p.r'ue De,,verheeq,anon.o,dtre.r,.,q,iX&lrifiper trc
EE
b. Explain the folowins term *ith iespecl to otEtra l
:? i) Field zon$ ii) Efiedn€ hoiCn.
E! c. A losle$,esonat i.,/2 dipole mtema havDs irput inledmce of73 O n to be comeded
to a transnision line having cheact$istic inpedee of 50 O. Thc patern of the dtdma n
gi!"n by u = uosdo. Find the olerall gain of tlc miema (06 Mrls)
3i,
9i lor r./2 dipole antema dedle & exDression for efeclie apertm ed oblain
State &d explsin poBer theoren ed its aFplicario. lo point sources.
For a sou@ having Bdiation intensil, u - ui SinO Sin':'i, ,nd 6e dnecnvit by
:! .)', TerTd iu Approvn"ere lod.
E9
a Prove thal lhe widrh ol ruin lole of uifom erd-fire amr is bi.ader 16- that for r nnirom
;e
b Explain the pnnciple oflatem oulriplication.
86 c Obtain dr field patm for a lined mlfoe eay of 6 isoaopic poinl souccs sFced l"€
dnEnce ap!n. 'l.hc Fower is llplied wilh equal ahplitude and in phase. Also jlnd HPBN
EE
;€ a. Derive fafield equalio.s f.ra thin lircacenterfed utema ofLergr! L (0sMrrrr)
E! b A rbin liner dipole mteM is 1/12 lo.g sd i$ loss resistance is 1.2 O lind tbe radiarion
..8 resisl&c. ed efficiencr. (0a Mrrk)
c. w.it€ notes o! elema
i) Rhootic ii) Ioldeddipole &temE. (03 rlrrrk)
PART - B
Considering gendal cdc deiive the fa field equlions foi loop drtua. (0e Mrks)
illuslration.
Explah Babinet s pincipl€ wilh @ Mrk)
!
Derivc tne equadon for inpedece ol not antema in le@ of lhe ihped&ce of rhe
compleneDtaiy dipole dlema (08 M*k)

32. 06EC64
a. Explain the followirg desigl pddetes ofa helical ot€ma :
b. Erplain id detail the los'peiiodic dipolc may.
c. Write mtcs on i) Anlenn s lor Arcud penctalins iad& I ii) UltB
a A lEe space line ofsighl nicmwave link opealing ar I0 cH2 consists ofa llesmit and a
receire mlema each having a gain ol25 dB. The distance be$€en the tso eiennd is
30 kml &d the power 6diar61 by rhe tdnsmit anlenna is I 0 w. Calculare the pa& lo$ ot
rhe libl md rhe received no*rr
An mlenna located al the surface of the eanh is used to recciv€ th€ signals i,asmnkd by
eoiher Mtenna locsled al a heidt of 80 nt fron l,te spnencal suilace ol the eafth (me&
radis = 6370 kmts). Calculate the optical dd Bdio horizon ifdN/dh =,19 / knl. (06 Mris)
In lropoaheric plopagalion, show thal radius of cun aluE of path is a tuncriotr of rhe ate oI
chase ol diele.tic constdt with heisht ed explain the ducl prcpaEation of wave.
(03 Mrrk!)
For ionospheic lay€s, denve the expEssion for condudivily d relative peminiviry s a
tunction oleleclron densiry d ansllar lrequency.
i) Cnical frequency l"
I" Maimum u$ble liequetu ) rq
O6tain the Elation for stip distan@ in lems of f" ed fNUr.
Ionospheric wale is refleded fton E layer with linul hciCnr t 00 knl ad irom
virlual heiehl 100 lmt. Detcmine $e single loop dGhnce for each Iayer.
) ol2

33. ^'fTf,rfml-Tl
Sinb SemesterB.E. Degee Examin.tion, M.y[une 2010
05EC6s
lnfo.mation Theory and Coding
Notet )neo anr FIVE full questions, plecti,s
at bae rVO questionsfro eachpo.
PART - A
a A binsry source is enihing independenl sequcnce ot 0 and I ,irh rhe pob.biliiies P and t
(1 -P) respecriveu. Plor thc cnrrcry of thc solrce voN6 prcbabiliq t0 < P < wrn.lh. ll
con.lu on. (0,1Mrb)
b. In a lacsimile snission of pictore rh*e aE ,boul 1.25 r tl]6 pixeh per frahe For a good
t
reprcdudion. I 5 brisihes levek are necssary. Asume all rhese leveh ds .quolly liksly 10 occDr.
g3 Find the rarc ot infometion tansDission ilone pictue h lo be tasmited ryer] 3 minutes,
.. The *ale diaeram of rhe Mnk ofi so!,ce is as shown in ihe Fis.Q I (c). P(slale i) - l
3
ii)the topy ofsource H, iii) Gr,G:dd
vt
1E (PG)4)
al
EE (nty. t) Yz
gs
Whal de dE impona propen ies df c o des wh ile .ncoding o souEe?
(0s Mnb)
;t A source en irs an i', depend.ni s.q mnce of sym bo k liom a alphah€t cotuisring ol nls sy,n bo Ls A,
B, c. D and E *i!h proba6iliries of l.
1, 1, 1 aid a Bp*tircly. Find rhe shadon codc ror
.ach slnbo I md emciency ,.d rt dunddcy o f {he cod ii 3 sche me (06
Io, a channel marix is siven bElow ro, which ?(xr)=+, P(x,)=P(xr)= ,i -a
'hose
!;
r, = Ioooo^ec, nnd H(x), H()), H(i) , Irt*, ,1. ,ro ,l ",0 ,0"
""0""i
, rQb
'E n,r 0r ol
cf2l= 0., o.a o.r
' - o o, oB]
(ffi'"i':u
,: .,
r Deip i quriemb d binm ,onecode fo' rhe sotrTe shoq. rrnClrr
'.1 s = {s,, $, s,, s. sr, s., s,, "
=
{* ;; ++ ;.,:} : x= {0, 1,,, ri -d
X= 10, 11 . Fird lhe codinr efficiency. (lzM'rkl)
b. For a bLEry er$ureohmel shom in Fis,Ql(b), find lte followinc:
i) Av.Bse mutual i.romation
ii) Chmel capeiq
ni) Values ofP(x') and P(x, fn mdifrum mulual inlomation

34. F,C65
Sixth Setuester B.E. Desree Examination, Dec. 07/ Jan.08
Antennas altd Propagalion
N ore, .lnsvet a"! FI|/E lul questions.
D."'. 1. ' 'nJl7 lld pr'-r Ba ' ^f.reo!r.
Direciliq. ],deftn e heighr of an anre.na.
rii1. hrpr'i.rc.n - , ain, Iiel.l 7.nps
a D.ne 6e erprcssion lor roral field. ,i .ase of hrc isotrcpic poini souces vilh same
anrplitude and opposite phase. Plot the rclative field paltern when thesc No isolropic
rind 1he Jnr lhe source Lilhsine squared (Douehnur) p.Ner
directiviq
lllLEtrate lhe pilciple of patteDr multiplicarion uilhsui(abLc exanple
Dftivc rhc cxlrcssion for Arar Indor in.asc ol li..ar anay oi'n'
.lequalmpliludc ud spacing
Derive $e erpe$ion lbi radialion ssismn.e ol sbor dipole
Derive rhe expEsion for instant!treous eleclic field and magneic neldar.l&ge dttancc
'itoma loopmlenna olridius;a. osM,rkt
Compare the titr lields olsmall loop and a shon dipole. (0s Mxrb)
a. Gire $e bielaccounl ofdesien.onsideElions olLog pcriodicAray O0Msrt5)
b Shle a.d explaln Runsey slrinciple (05 Msrk,
_Heli.al tutennar are iodispensable i.r sp&e conmu.ication lpplicurionl .hniry &e
c
stalenenrinbiet (0s Marks)
a Dcscribethc im ponanr lc aturcs of Pyram id al HornAnlenna
b. Write notes on i) Adaptile [ase stalion anle ras ot reirisftial
a. Discu* fie s,lienr ti atu.ds o I gro und sale propagarion
b. Disti.gunh broeen E lalerand Spordic E lal,er olnrDosphcre
c. $rhai are rh. effccts of .fih s masnclic neld on propasalion olrddio
a. Explain lhc foll.ring tems in c.nncdionvnh skr $a!e tansml$ion
Ihe faclor.D *hich lher depend i) MannuD 0sable frequenq ii)
b Dhrinsuish bodren vinual hcishr and Actual hcishs ol eiodzed laler.

35. 05Fic65
Sixth SemesterB.E. Degree Examination, Decembe. Z0i0
lnformation Theory and Coding
Max- Marks:100
Notet Akswer an! FIVE rutt quesrio s,
sete.tiae ut least TWO qaestions lrotu eoch pa .
PART-A
Define : i) ,noDd ot inlbmation ii) Alerase source iDlonnalion Ete. (0jrhrN
I Derivc an eFressio. lor averase intumadon .omenl ot symbols in to.g tndependent
sequences iol itturb)
A dhcele nemory less sourcccotuains some alrhabel
S = lS. Sr. Sr. Srr u hP=l l
r.2
i) Calcul ate the eftrop y of the soLyce
5= ii) Cs lculare Ure entopy oa rle secohd ord er cxte. si on of rhe s o urce.
d. For ihe se& diagram ofthe Mekov source ofrhe !is. Ql(d), find
il Siate probabililies ii) Enlropy ol each sar iii)Enhoryofrhcsouce.
EY
a-!
Fie QlLd)
a
b.
Derie 1tr€ *pEsion fd code efficiency dd code edundancy
Erplain $e steps in rhe Shmon,s eicoding algotuhn fo. g;eding
V='i;"',,,.",
Shamon s eocoding algo hm and
in llbh Q2(c), ard obtaincodeefi.ie
I/3 ll/16 l/3
:. a. What h a discde comunicarion chmet? ilustrate rbe model ot
(01M,ik)
b. A discrete nedoryless source hN e alphaber of scleo with lrobabilities tur hs
ourpurade(ribed in Eble Q r(bl Frnd
; i) Shmnotr Fano code for &is souice iitcodi
so sl sr sl s4 s6
6 111 I/3 ,8 t/t6
A 2@ menory souce is wilh
S= {s,, s?, s:, s+s5. 56} md
P= {0.,1, 0.2, 0.t, 0.1, 0,1, 0.05, 0.05)
Con ruct d binr4 HuFiin odr by ptache lhe cohposne slmbol d high as possible md
deremihe lhe vriance o{rhe uord ie0sn! (03 M'rbl

36. 06EC65
Denre Butual infomation d explai. its properties. (MMrrk)
For a chmel, the mahx is siv€n as
P 'xr o.: o.o o ?
ro6M'k'
.,,,
'4
",,od cnmel clpacily, eiven dE input srtbol occu wi6 equal Probabihv'
lind l(X r Y)
Stare las,
ed explain Shenon - Eartley (06 Mi.k!)
ror e AVGN ch@el vnh 4 (Hz bmd{i h ad nohe power spedEl
oetriD ]o'o t! h/. Lhe "iCD' pover reql rcd a' tbe re.1J.'' 0.1 mu'r'cJate tle
capacity;frhis ohanel. or Mrrk)
IUulBle the lollo$irg lems Nd in enor contol coding wilh example
i) Block leiBh ii) Code Ete iii) Hmming weighl iv) Hmine
P-oe rhar Cllr lu -0 ora.).rem-.clredblocl'(od"
For a sy$natic (6.
_r l) liree block code
oo I o
l0 0l I I 0l .1... I
,' lilddl heooe ve,ro6 .ll
i.r D-ak ercoder c.rcur b-'leabo.e.ooe .' /
iii) Find minimm HaDning mighl. '... :):/
poiynomial
- givo by
Fo! s (7, 1) bindy cyclic code the eenehlor is
C(x ) = I
+ x + xr lind rhe generaior and padty check natrices.
ln a (15.5)cyclic code rhe AennJior polynornial 6 ci!en by
-u, -- I , r ' D
'he
ololl J.,Ciar oi ai e
For the convolulion encoder shoM in Fie. Q7G). tlre inlomalion s
!_ind tne orrpul sequence using tihe donain approach.
!is.Q7(b)
b. For lhe conlolution encoder shom in FiC, Q7(b). dmw Lc
i) Srarc rabh ii) Srale lraNilion lable iii) staie diac@ iv) The cotr*ponding
v) Usins tne code n€e find rhe encoded sequence for the hessage (l0l I 1).
a. Shoftened cyclic code
b. Bu6t €Eor orecling codcs
{l R€ed Sol.m$ codes
) of7

37. 06EC65
USN
Sixth Semeter B.E. Des.ee Examinatior, Jutre-July 2009
lnformation Theory and Codlng
Md Mtrks:100
Note.l. Anse.r an, FIW full q@stiots, sele.tin€
dt leae rWO qtestioas lrom eoch pdi.
2. MitsibA daro Mr be s$itobly Nsutud
1 a. lind M expression lo! average infomation cont€nt of srBbols in long independent
(03 Merkj
b. A souce produces qtbols A, B, C wiln equal prcbabilities al a late ol 100/ec. Due 1o
noise on lhe chmel, lie probabilities of @rect r€ception oI the vdious synbols @ 4
shoM io ra6le O1 O).
P(i/i) R
I % 0
)4 v v,
c x x
Table Ql (b)
Deremine the mte at which irfomalion is beins kdsmilted. (07 Mrl'J)
For the second order Metov souce Figue Ql G) with binaiy so@e alphaber G = 0, l),
fud: i) Stale probabililies ii) Enfiopy of cach slate.
iii)
iv) Show that G, > G, > I'IG) (r0 Mrk)
f'': ) 4")
't!-!'
Iig. Ql (c) ris Q2 (t)
a Explain rhe sreps in the Shmotr s Encoding algorirhrn for saeratirE binary code.@1 M,rk)
b. Usinc Shenon encoding alsorilhm fmd the binary code for symbols of le.Et I dd 2 (i.e.
-
N l&2) g€n€rBted by lhe infomtion souce given in ngue Q2 (b). Also conpute lhe
avense nunber ofbit synboled elflciency oIlhe.odes for bofi caes.
c. lor the entopy of a zero mdory source. pmve lne exfehal propeny.
a. A non srmetJic binary chmel shoM in fiCrre Ql (a) nas a symbol mte of 1000
i) Find H(yi, H(Y), Hc(, Y), H(xA), E(Y,O, Itx). Tare P(x=o)=+, P(X=1)=1,
o=0.75,0 = 0.9.
ii) Fibd the capacity ofchmnel for c6e (i)
iiil Fiod the caD&ity of the binory symeElc chMel who d=p=0,75.
!is. Q3 (a)

38. 06EC65
I/hal is bin{y @Ee chmel? Obtain e expEsion for lhe ch@el
Slale ed explain Shmon Eartley lae od dcnve o expression for
A Ga6sim cndrel h6 a bedsidrh of4 kEz and a tw sided nohe
..10 '*!c uz srgrulNscr a' rtc rcf er ha ro op mairL rd
;ual ro o.l milli Mn. Cahuhe rhe capaciiy or the chmel.
PART - B
Desisn a lind block codc wltb a mi.imm distance of ttuee md a nessaBe
In a lined block mde rhe srrdrome G Eiven by l
') I rnemro' nqui '(J1 : r)Petrchec{n,hlHl
iii wnktr.oderdd decoder,
'rL.r. iv' I'nd.heode
qoro roraitrhe me.s"geq
v) How ndy errc^ it @ detecl ed corect : yi) Write rhe steded amy
nt Frno lte"yrhne to.lne relenedd,.a.Otr()t' o1rturk)
2.,-{ii:'. Zi=-).
lno 15.5'cv.l-..o,le!h9s !-a.o.po eo^ia,g,..0 u1 1Z--(,
;i; lx x-r".r "'r.' *'*' u^"""'/ _"",Yi
e(xl 1'';';r:;:-.;";r;;n* ---ir 1
i, u nre Lhe bto. ( dia*-m ot encoder rd dMder. il (!{'.:r{ I
,., Find uF code$ord iJ, rhe re.see rolot
kiL- ,/:
r''
iii) Ifrhe Eceilcd data is tO0l)I(]t0ll]l]0o01 h n a vald;d;i ,)
I! ,"
a (7.4) binary cycric code tnc sencrator poiyronial is eiven 6N&1=i N]t[J
"
l,
*.. ri,a 0,"
codcwod for mssages (1001) ed 0 Ot I ). S[ow the conrents ot,esisters al each nep.
('0M{l(5)
ror Lr'e (3, 2, l) convonnion eico'ld shom i, Fis.?(a). rind lbe code*ord for ihe input
sequ*ce u: [101l0], Bins
.r Tmedorai' anfl .i.
@cn. T d,ter ooar- dprloach, iii) Usinc seeBror mar.ir.
ll0 Mfk)
-_5
b. Fis.7G)
Io. dre convolulion 6codq shom in Fig.7(b)
i) tind rhe mde nre @d comtrainl lengd
ii) wdte tlce, sr"!e asd rrellis diag.an.
c. Bu6t emr corecti,C codN

39. USN 06EC65
Sixth Sem6ler BE Degre€ Eximinatiotr, Dec.09-Ja..l0
Inforrnation Theory and Coding
Noie. 1. Ans-.r an! FIyEJutl
Md. Mdks:100
e
q!6tio$, sA.dihA at le6t rWO qu8nons ron wh p"d
PARA _ A
I e A sorecomhts ofsix sFbols wirh probabililies as giv@ below:
S= {Sr, S,, Sr,Sa, Sj, 56)
,=h -L
l,L3rr,
11r l l
si Obtain Huftn& i) Binary ; ii) Tdiary ed iii) Quarenrary coding. Find rhe etficiency
md re&ndacy in emh .*.
b. hioh of e
'* .,,*j::i'i*
dre fouolvins sets or wod hn$hs &ceprnbre ro.
P+
Nqm6tr ofwo,ns or*ord Ludr n
e:
:;
,53 ,. Erpur rr* propenie, ori'topj r-:-oo-ir- i$re
_(10 MTk,
b Desig! a system to ieport the heldins of a coueclion of 4OO cds. The hadino l:*k .-
hddms .uaisht rs,. mirg teR {1, dd Minc isrl (Rl. rns i,Johi..;n is ro be
br.mnedele.y.e.ord Con"n-r,modetbdeonrh....Llu, g,.nUao".
i) On th€ &6ge dui.g a sived rporting i,ierval, 200 cds v;!e headins straignt, tOO
s!re rmins LA &d remainins were tudina ;Att.
;e ii) out of 200 c&s thar rcponed headine str;sl! 1oo of tnem Eponed soinA sraiglt
, q' repopnc mrcd. 50 or $pn tumine ien tud ..i,,i."g
gd 9ll:l:9 fe nexr pffod
oung he
,*i.g ;!r
i5 .r., Ouolllocmh,r remrpda h1s duing gnalDs lenoo. <0of il-m
""
o.bkd lntr hn &d Ema, .ns ncads :kaign du ng de Dexr Fooni0s!e, od
.) i,redyr@i$of Ure6sd.d norJto rh ro chsg- he I he"djs Fon t;S b asr
or nght to lcttdaing subsequsr rep.nins penods.
I) rind rhe enhp) orqc s,aG: t,, tnd Ue mrrop).or $e iynem: I l,,nd lhe jr,e o{
umai".ion (roerL,
EF
:> a with sil,ble exddc cyplain the p@pediesofcod.
b SlaleMd erplain ljan rnequrjD
. i-or dechdelmer snoxr .n tabt"l,c..FindHraj d.8,. p,A!.. H!A/Br.
(48)
8 f,,