All about Persian gardens,types,examples ,and how it has influenced Indian architecture.One of the key topics under landscape architecture.

2.  The Persian Garden refers to a tradition
and style of garden design which
originated in Persia and which
influenced the design of gardens
throughout the larger region.
 The origin of Persian gardens may date
back as far as 4000 BCE;
 The decorated pottery of that time
displays the typical cross plan of the
Persian garden.
El Partal in the upper Alhambra,
Granada

3.  These gardens are enclosed.
 The main purpose behind building
such gardens was to provide
relaxation in different manner such
as spiritual, leisurely (e.g. meetings
with friends).
 “Pairi daeza” means enclosed space
in Persian language.
 This Christian mythology adopted
this term to describe the Garden of
Eden or paradise on earth.
Gardens Of Eden

4.  The construction of garden may have an
emphasis either on nature or on structure,
however the main thing this garden should
allow is maximization of function.
 The Persian gardens were built as a retreat
from the harsh landscape.
 These gardens are followed by modern-day
garden, from the sanctuaries and hunting
parks of 5th century B.C., 19th century
magical nightingale gardens of Tehran, etc.
 The Cyrus's garden had a geometrical plan
and stone watercourses.

5. • A high surrounding wall
• Straight tile-lined channels of water
• Bubbling fountains
• Trees for shade and fruit
• A Pavilion or gazebo
• Strong emphasis on flowers in beds and pots
Common features of Persian gardens

6. What really distinguishes Persian
garden from the gardens of other
nations, however, is the unique and
intricate geometrical design that
governs it. Square and rectangle are
the predominant shapes. Despite
their precise spacing and order,
Persian gardens still manage to create
a range of different spaces within
their main space by using various
natural and man-made materials that
differ in shapes and sizes.
SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR LAYOUT

7. There are five elements which contribute to the geometry of Persian gardens.
• Perspective (or visual expanse of the garden) -The greater length of the
garden is where its most significant elements are situated. Known as the
spine of the garden, this area helps to create a space for meditation and
enjoyment from the day-to-day. Roads stretched into the horizon, brooks
running to the end of the garden, little gardens within the main garden, the
natural slope of the land and the difference in vision angle from different
locations in the garden enriches the perspective of the space. Also, one of
the main principles of Persian architecture is internalization and this is why
gardens are walled and enclosed spaces.

8. Persian-style garden which was layed out in Haifa, Israel.

9. • Water Pathway -The main
issue was to get water from
distance points. For this
purpose, Qanats and wells
were dug and constructed in
the heart of the garden.
Water flowing from these
points would run into well-
spaced brooks and branch
into different sections of the
garden like water filled
veins. Fin Garden, Bagh-e Tarikhi-ye Fin.
Kashan, Iran.

10. • Overall rectangular
geometry of the garden -
This shape made locating a
precise place for planting
trees and implementation
of other structural
elements much easier. It
also helped to specifically
frame a part of the earth
by imposing a definite
geometrical structure An overall top view of Pasargadae at Cyrus’ time. Note
the canal, water channels; the two rectangles are gardens.

11. • Symmetry - The granges in the
garden were not only built
symmetrical but were also situated
symmetrically. Trees, shrubs and
flowers were also planted this way.
• Centralization of certain structures
–
This is manifest in placement of
granges, particularly granges of the
Hasht Behesth (eight paradises) design
where granges are situated at the
crossroads that divide the garden into
different sections and therefore draw
more attention
The walkways, garden and pools of the Taj Mahal, seen on
top of the platform on which the mausoleum stood.

12. Formal
• Hayat (public and private)
• Meidan (public)
• Char Bagh (private)
Casual
• Bagh (private)
• Park (public)

13.  Publicly, it is a classical Persian
layout with heavy emphasis
on aesthetics over function.
 Man-made structures in the garden
are particularly important,
with arches and pools (which may
be used to bathe).
 The ground is often covered
in gravel flagged with stone.
Plantings are typically very simple -
such as a line of trees, which also
provide shade.

14.  Privately, these gardens are
often pool-centered and,
again, structural.
 The pool serves as a focus
and source of humidity for
the surrounding
atmosphere. There are few
plants, often due to the
limited water available
in urban areas

15. • This is a public, formal garden
which emphasizes more on
biotic elements than structure.
• Here we see bedding plants,
trees, shrubs, grasses, etc.
• In this garden also the elements
like gravel pathways, pools
divide the lawns.
• The shade providing structures
pavilions are also built.

16. • These gardens are formal and
private.
• The garden structure mainly
consists of four quadrants
divided by pathways and
waterways.
• This garden has a balanced
structure with proper pathways
and greenery or plants around
the periphery of the pool. Aram bagh garden at Agra

17. • These are casual parks used for
public functions.
• These are full of various plants.
• Here we see pathways and seating
but these gardens are limited in
terms of structural elements.
• The purpose of such gardens is
relaxation and socialization.

18. • Like other casual gardens, it focuses on natural
and green aspects of nature.
• These gardens are often attached to houses
consisting of trees, lawns and ground plants.
• It gives less emphasis on waterways and
pathways.
• The primary aim is familial relaxation.

19. • The important Persian garden elements are sunlight, shade, water,
buildings.
• These elements provide relaxation in different manners such as
spiritual, leisurely (e.g. meetings with friends) etc. which is the
primary aim of Persian garden which is considered as a paradise
on earth.
• The Persian gardens often connect internal yard gardens with the
surrounding outward gardens.

20. • The important factor to be
considered while designing the
Persian garden is sunlight and
its effects in the garden.
• Architects arranged the samples
and forms from the rays of light
to restrain the sunlight.
• The specific textures and shapes
were chosen by the experienced
architects to harness the light

21. • Shade is also an important element
due to heat of Iran
• The Persian gardens includes trees,
shrubs and trellises which work as
biotic shades to provide protection
from strong sunrays.
• In these gardens we can see large
number of big shade trees, fruit and
flower trees as well.
• Walls and pavilions are also
important in blocking the harsh
sunrays.
• Mostly cypress trees are found .

22. • In desert regions, there are many dry areas beside the many forests,
therefore water comes as the next important element in the Persian
garden.
• The underground water canals are built on slopes to facilitate either
natural or the artificial flow of water (waterfalls).
• It is assumed that this style of irrigation is thousand years old.
• This style works in the best way and widely used even in modern
gardening styles.
• For this purpose of moving water around the surface water systems.
• Trees are planted in a ditch called a jub, to prevent water evaporation
and allow quick access of water to the tree roots.

23. • In many of the Persian gardens, buildings of splendour, brick works
and pavilions are seen.
• Here we also get to see the different structural designs like royal
palaces, mansions, temples, etc.
• Iranian architects used to build domes on square buildings very
skilfully.
• These enhance the beauty of these gardens.
• In Persian gardens, beautiful arches were constructed.
• In front of many mansions and palaces of these gardens, the water
fountains were placed as the source of cool, peaceful atmosphere and
pleasure.
• The beautiful types of glasses (e.g. stain glasses) were used for
windows and other glass works.

26. THE TAJ MAHAL
Gardens, as at the Taj, often formed an
important accompaniment to architecture.
Without these gardens, the splendors,
visual impact and symbolism at the Taj
Mahal would be greatly reduced.
The central water tank is a representation
of the 'celestial pool of abundance' and the
place where man met God. The corners of
the marble pool are finely decorated with a
cusped motif as shown here.

27. The rectangular gardens, surrounded
by a high red sandstone wall, follow
the Persian chahar Bagh or 'four
gardens' layout. Brought to India by
the first Mughal Emperor Babar,
himself a keen botanist, this layout
frequently formed the plan of tomb
layouts during the Imperial era,
including Akbar's tomb at Sikandra
as shown here.

28. • The garden is on the opposite bank of
the River Yamuna to Agra's Red Fort.
It is a classic tomb garden with stone-
edged flower beds on the lawns. This
is unlikely to have been the original
planting pattern. The garden was
designed by Nur Jahan for her father's
tomb on the bank of the River
Yamuna. Situated in a garden amidst
fountains, it has a square lower storey
with four minarets in the four
corners.

29. Typical of Mughal gardens, it was reared in
a char Bagh pattern, divided into four
quarters by shallow water channels
intersecting at right angle. There was a
fishpond in the center of the garden.
Niches were made in the northern wall for
the lamps that illuminated it in night on
festive and ceremonial occasions. There is a
carved sloping stone slab on the southern
side with fish scale to allow the smooth
flow of water in the tank.

31. • It is also called as Bagh-e-Fin located in Kashan, Iran.
• It is a historical Persian garden. The garden might have its origin in Safavid
period.
• It was built near the village of Fin under the reign of Abbas I of Persia
(1571-1629).
• The area of garden is 2.3 hectares consisting of a main yard surrounded with
four circular towers.
• The fin garden is full of water features.
• There was a spring behind the garden on the hillside which was the main
source of water for this garden.
• In this place the water pressure was such that fountains and pools could
easily be constructed without the use of mechanical pumps.
• The garden contains many cypress trees

32. The plan is a sophisticated Char Bagh with
grids of canals and paths.
The canals are lined with blue-green tiles, a
colour which contrasts wonderfully with
the desert outside the garden walls.
At Fin, all the channels are lined, sides and
bottom, with blue faience tiles so that the
very water seems bright and gay until it
flows into one of the larger pools, lined
with great trees

33.  Built during the middle of
nineteenth century by
the Ilkhanate or a paramount chief
of the Qashqai tribes of Pars.
 The original layout of the garden
however, with its quadripartite
Persian paradise garden structure
was most likely laid in eighteenth
century by the Seljuqs.
 Over its 150 years the structure has
been modified, restored or
stylistically changed by various
participants.

34. THANKYOU

35.  Alok Shankar
 K S Vishnu
 Barnini Bhowmick
 Shravani Das