This document provides an overview of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). It begins with definitions of natural resources and natural resource management. It then discusses different approaches to natural resource management, including private, common, state, and non-property regimes. The document also covers human dimensions in NRM, stakeholder participation, and the objectives and tools of CBNRM. It provides examples of successful CBNRM programs in India and discusses their approaches and impacts, such as increasing incomes and restoring ecosystems. The document concludes by outlining some challenges to CBNRM.

1. 1

2. 2

3. Introduction
NRM Meaning & Classification
Resource Management/Development
Extension Approaches for NRM
Drives and Stages of CBNRM
Major constraints in CBNRM
Research studies
Success Stories
Conclusion
3
Scheme of Presentation

4. INTRODUCTION
4
“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs,
but not every man's greed.”
― Mahatma Gandhi

5. Natural Resource
Meaning
Natural resources are naturally
occurring substances that are
considered valuable in their
relatively unmodified (natural)
form.
Any part of our natural
materials that man can be
utilized to promote the welfare,
may be regarded as natural
resources
www.wikipedia.com 5

6. Classification of natural resources
6

7. Natural Resource Management
The management of natural resources such
as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how
management affects the quality of life for both present and future
generations
Natural resource management approaches can be categorised
according to the kind and right of stakeholders
1. Private property regime :- Individual owned
2. Common property regime :- Government owned
3. Non-property regime :- Lake fishery
4. State property regime :- National forest, National park
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural resource management
7

8. Relationship of Culture, Nature and Resource
HUMAN NATURE
NEUTRAL
STUFF
NEEDS
WANTS
ABILITIES
Zimmerman, 1951 8
CULTURE RESOURCE

9. Casual factors of threat on NRM
Development pressure on nature resource base
Encroachment on natural resources
Exploitation of natural resources
Human induced disasters causing stress on natural
resources
Threats to NRM- wrong and faulty approaches
Management of human resources
Political and policy issues
9

10. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan (1983) suggested the following categories
 Cultivated varieties in current use
 Primitive cultivars or land races
 Wild species of potential value to man
In-situ conservation-conservation under natural condition
 It includes conservation of plants and animals in their native
ecosystems or even man made eco-systems
 It appeals only to wild fauna and flora
 It aims at preservation of land races with wild relatives
Ex-situ conservation-conservation under controlled condition
 It is done through establishment of gene banks
 It is chief mode for preservation of genetic resources
 Seeds, plant cells, tissues, organs are preserved under appropriate
conditions
10Adhikary and Acharya

11. 11
Resource management/development
Das Gupta

12. 12Das Gupta

13. Human dimensions in natural resource
management
What are “ Human Dimensions”…..???
 Human dimensions are the peoples‟
values, beliefs, attitudes, social norms and motivations
 They use social science concepts to formulate studies that
capture and explain human values, beliefs, etc. as they apply to
natural resources
 Knowledge gained from these studies gives the public a voice
in natural resource management decisions
13Basu et al.

14. Human Dimensions Importance......why?
 Awareness and understanding our public values regarding natural
resources
 Improved communication with publics and education of the public
regarding natural resource issues
 Understanding and prediction of the social impacts of natural
resource decisions
 Strengthening of the natural resources profession through
improved application of human dimensions information in natural
resource decision making
14

15. Stakeholder participation in the assessment process
Finding feasible spatial and temporal boundaries
Linking research products to development impact
Selecting the criteria of success
15Basu and Biswas

16. Share of NRM Research and approximate research expenditure on
Rainfed Farming in total research expenditure in ICAR
Year
NRM Research
Expenditure
(Rs. Crore)
Share of NRM
Research
Expenditure
in total ICAR
Research
Expenditure
(%)
Approximate
Research
Expenditure
on Rainfed
Farming
(Rs. Crore)
Share of RF
Research
Expenditure in
total ICAR
Research
Expenditure (%)
2000-01 9.00 0.68% 185.22 13.99%
2009-10 279.41 8.57% 419.07 12.85%
16
ICAR Annual Report, 2011

17. Agricultural Extension Approaches
 General agriculture extension approach
 Commodity specialized approach
 Training and visiting approach
 Participatory approach
 Project approach
 Farming system development approach
 Cost sharing approach
 Education institute approach
17Axinn, 1988

18. Creation of natural resources like forests, water bodies
Preservation through social fencing
Pollution control through policy formulation
ITK appropriate use and application
Watershed management to generate livelihood and conserve natural resources
Monitoring: Benefit monitoring evaluation
Elimination of negative factors operating in the eco-system
Rejuvenation of degraded or age old resources base
Peoples participation
18Adhikary and Acharya

19. 19
Community Based Organizations

20. Some of the methods followed for capacity building in
Community Participation
• Individual house visits
• Informal group meeting
• Village meetings
• Grama sabhas
• Jathas
• Poster distribution
• Wall painting
• Conducting PRA exercises
• Baseline data survey
• Health camps
20

21. Community Based Natural Resources
Management (CBNRM)
21
Basic concept
 To address the goals of environmental, economic and
social justice
 Integrates wildlife conservation and rural development
objective in a single program package
 Emphasizes benefits to natural resource dependent
communities and pursuers of subsistence livelihoods

22. 22
Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is a
systemic approach to conservation, that allows those closest to the
resource, and who bear the costs of conservation, to manage the
resource and benefit from its management and use.
Cont…

23. CBNRM….
The key assumptions being that:
 Locals are better placed to conserve natural
resources
 People will conserve a resource only if
benefits exceed the costs of conservation, and
 People will conserve a resource that is linked
directly to their quality of life
(Thakadu, O. T. 2005)
23

24.  To manage natural resources in a sustainable way to achieve conservation and
community development objectives
Objective of CBNRM:
Tools of CBNRM
 The PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) with its
tool for planning, awareness raising, and capacity
building
 The simplified land use plan as a natural resource
management tool integrated with development
 The gender approach insuring the participation of
disadvantaged groups
24

25. Community Participation in Development
 Facilitates the use of local knowledge and opinions in
designing plans, programmes and projects
 Enhances local ownership and empowers
marginalized people by providing opportunities to
acquire skills, knowledge and experience
 Helps to facilitate the integration of marginalized
people into wider society, and encourages good
governance and economic growth
 Facilitates co-operation and programme efficiency
 Helps to ensure sustainability, make development
activities more effective, and builds local capacity
25Bond et al. 2006

26. Expected results
 Sustainable Natural Resource
Management
 Ownership
 Equity
 Improved biodiversity
 Living together with harmony
26

27. 27
“Homogeneous” communities – common objectives, recognised
common interests, social cohesion
 Benefits exceed costs
 Clearly defined boundaries to resources to be managed
 Limited uses and users
 Decentralised decision-making
 “Simple” administrative structures
 Long-term engagement
 Leadership -“champions” to lead the process
IFAD Workshop, Rome, 2004

28. Benefits from CBNRM
28
Direct benefits
Investment in
rural
infrastructure
through CBO
projects
Direct cash
dividends
earned from
partnerships
Employment
opportunities
with private
sector
Employment
opportunities
with community
based
organizations
Indirect benefits
Maintenance or
growth of
stocks of
natural
resources
Capacity – building
Opportunities to
diversify local
economy, and
integration into the
market place
Bond et al., 2006

29. DRIVES FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Individual drives
1. Rajendra Singh-
Rajasthan
2. Anna Hazare-
Ralegan Siddhi
3. Pani Panchayat-
Maharashtra
4. Salu marada
Timmakka
Project (Govt) mode
1. Sujala Watershed
Project
2. Integrated
Wasteland
Development
Project
3. NWDPRA
4. NABARD
Watershed projects
NGO - Govt Drives
1. Agriculture Science
Foundation, Hulakoti
-NABARD Watershed
Project
2. Grameen Gyan
Abhiyan (GGA)-
MSSRF
3. MYRADA
4. Agha Khan Rural
Support Programme
(AKRSP)
29

30. Rajendra Singh – “Waterman of Rajasthan”
• Rajendra Singh, popularly known as „Jal Purush‟ or Waterman of Rajasthan is
an inspirational figure who has transformed the life of people in >1,000 villages
in Aravalli Hills.
In 1985, Rajendra Singh heads an NGO
„Tarun Bharat Sangh‟ (TBS)
In 1986, he initiated a Ped Bachao-Ped Lagao padyatra,
for Forest Protection Committees
In 2002 National Water March (Rashtriya Jal Yatra)
Jungle-Jeevan Bachao Yatra , it covers 21 forest sanctuaries
He also organised an ultimately successful Aravali Bachao Yatra ,the
Rajasthan Govt. closed nearly 1000 mines in the whole of Rajasthan, 470 of
which were in and around Sariska National Park 30
Achievements

31. 31
 Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar (1994) by the Govt. of India
 International River Prize (1995)
 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership (2001)
 Jamnalal Bajaj Award (2008) for water harvesting by building check dams across
Rajasthan.
Awards

32. SUJALA WATERSHED PROJECT (2001)
• Sujala a community driven watershed
development project with a total budget of
Rs.557 crores, is being implemented in seven districts
• World Bank Assisted Project of Government of Karnataka
• Covering areas- Kolar, Chikkabalapur, Tumkur, Madhugiri,
Chitradurga, Haveri and Dharwad of Karnataka covering 4.29
lakhs ha.
• Spread over in 77 sub-watersheds and 1270 villages benefiting
nearly 4.0 lakhs households including landless 32

33.  Strengthen community and
institutional arrangements
for natural resource management
 Strengthen the capacity of
communities in the project districts
for participatory involvement in
planning, implementation, social
and environmental management and
maintenance
33
sujala water.FLV
Objectives

34. Integrated Wasteland Development Project (2001)
 Launched by the Ministry of Rural Development for re-generation of
degraded non-forest land through people‟s participation
 Objective of the scheme is aimed at an integrated wasteland based on
Village/Micro Watershed Plans
 Major activities can be taken up under this scheme:-
i. Soil & moisture conservation measures
ii. Planting and sowing of multi-purpose trees
iii. Encouraging natural regeneration
iv. Promotion of agro-forestry and horticulture
v. Encouraging people‟s participation
34

35. National Watershed Development Projects for Rainfed Areas
(NWDPRA)
• Introduced during 1990-91 in Andhra
Pradesh and continued up to 1996-97
during VIII plan period
• Implemented in 94 watersheds covering 19
districts of Andhra Pradesh
Impact of the implication of the scheme
 Watershed workers were planned for
treatment and development of drainage
lines both in arable and non-arable lands in
watershed areas with active participation
and users group
 SHGs formed from watershed village
community to achieve their income
generating activity and self sustainability
35

36. Objectives
i. Conservation, development and sustainable management of
natural resources including their use
ii. Enhancement of agricultural productivity and production in
sustainable manner
iii. Restoration of ecological balance in the degraded and fragile
eco-system by trees and grasses
iv. Reduction in regional disparity between irrigated and rainfed
areas
v. Creation of sustained employment opportunities for the rural
community including the landless
36

37. NABARD PROJECTS
Watershed Development Projects implemented by NABARD has
resulted in creation replicable models of participatory watershed
development has helped in augmentation of natural resources and
improvement in livelihood of watershed communities
Importance of Participatory Approach
Focused on the regeneration and equitable use of the resources in the
particular environment on which the village depends for its needs
The people voluntarily must come together and accept full
responsibility for regenerating their environment from concept to
planning, implementation, supervision, maintenance of project
measures and associated practices
To make the project sustainable, it is necessary for all the key actors,
like the Watershed Community, NGOs, Banks, Government
Institutions and Technical Service Organizations, to participate
actively and in close coordination with each other
37

38. MSSRF (Grameen Gyan Abhiyan)
(M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation -1988)
• Six major thematic areas:
1) Coastal Systems Research- To achieve sustainable management of coastal
resources, such as cyclone, storm surges and tsunami in coastal zones
2) Biodiversity- To optimize conservation and livelihood benefits of the poor who
live in the „biodiversity hotspots‟
3) Biotechnology- Genome Clubs in schools and conduct genetic literacy
programmes in rural areas for young men and women with a functional
knowledge of genetics
38
http://www.mssrf.org

39. 4) Ecotechnology- To extend the techniques of sustainable management of
natural resources, managed by the local community of farm women and men
5) Food Security- The Community Food grain Banks, Kitchen gardens, capacity
building of women farmers, to awareness creation on households'
entitlements relating to government schemes on food and nutrition
6) Information, Education and Communication- Village Resource Centres
(VRCs) and Village Knowledge Centres (VKCs), mainly provide need-based
locale-specific, demand driven information content
39
Contd…

40. MYRADA
• Established in 1968, MYRADA is a non-governmental
organization working for micro-credit initiatives and
sustainable development in Southern India
• Areas of Work
1. Rural credit systems
2. Organizations of women
3. Management of micro watersheds
4. Forestry
5. Resettlement
40

41. Hanumantrao Committee Recommendations
Based on report of DPAP and DDP project, following
recommendations are made:
1. People's participation is must.
2. There must be coordination between line Departments.
3. Local people must involve in planning and
implementation.
Report of the Technical Committee on Drought prone Areas
Programme and Desert Development Programme, April 1994.
41

42. Districts with Environmental Degradation in an extreme form
Sl.
No Districts Agricultural Practices
1 Shimoga, Mandya, Belgaum
and Raichur
Excessive use of chemicals
2 Gulbarga, Raichur and Bijapur Excessive use of pesticides
3 All districts in the north
eastern plain region
Soil Erosion
4 Districts in Central and
Western Ghat Region
Water Erosion
42Department of Water Resources, GoK.

43.  Community level conflicts
 Evaluation of action impacts
 Difficulties to access the sites
 Lacking GIS expertise
 Locals may be reluctant to challenge government recommendations
for fear of losing promised benefits
 Partners are expecting too much from the activities taken up
43

44. Research studies
44

45. Research Study 1.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND NATURAL RESOURCES IMPACT OF SUJALA WATERSHED
PROJECT IN KARNATAKA
Govinda Gowda, V. and Sathish, A. (2011)
I. Land and Water
Study area Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Haveri & Dharwad
Sample size 10% of the beneficiaries
Study objectives
 To study the unique approaches & interventions of SUJALA watershed
project.
 To study the resultant impact on the natural resource as well as on the
socio-economic life of the beneficiary farmers.
45

46. Impact indicators Baseline Mid-term impacts
1. Household income Avg household income- Rs
10,036
Avg household income- Rs
16,790
2. Crop yields ------ Yield increased upto 6-15%
3. Ground water
recharge
Bore well – 400ft (drill depth)
Dug well - 45 ft
Bore well increase in level by 4-5 ft
Dug well increase in level by 1.2- 2
ft
Period of availability increased by
2- 3 months
4. Milk, Fodder
production
Fodder 50-80% dependent on
others
Milk yield increased by 15-20%
Fodder dependence decreased by
5-10%
5. Productivity of
non-arable land
Percentage of land in low
productivity (10-20%)
Productivity in non-arable lands
increased by 5-10%
Mid-term Impact of 1st phase watershed interventions on Natural
resource base and livelihoods
47

47. Impact on water Resources due to Project
Interventions in Phase-1
District
% Nalas
rejuvenated
% Bore
wells
rejuvenated
% Open
wells
rejuvenated
Dharwad 44 52 25
Kolar 38 93 5
Chitradurga 81 75 79
Tumkur 51 76 39
Haveri 25 70 39
Average 48 73 37
48

48. Research Study 2.
IMPACT OF COMMUNITY BASED TANK MANAGEMENT PROJECT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC
STATUS OF BENEFICIERY FARMERS IN BIDAR DISTRICT
Savita (2008)
Study area Bidar district, Karnataka.
Sample size N=150
Objectives of the study:
 To study the personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of
beneficiary farmers.
 Impact of community based tank management project on socio-economic status of
beneficiary farmers.
49

49. Impact of community based tank management project on socio-
economic status of beneficiary farmers
Sl. No Variables Classification Before (%) After (%) Difference (%)
1 Occupation
1. Primary
2. Secondary
a. Agriculture
b. Agril. labour
a. Business
b. Service
90.66
09.34
14.00
04.00
97.34
02.66
26.00
04.00
06.66
-06.66
12.00
0
2 No of house
owned
a. One house
b. Two house
100.00
0
100.00
10.60
---
10.66
3 Land holding a. Marginal farmers
b. Small farmers
c. Medium farmers
d. Large farmers
10.66
36.66
33.34
19.34
08.00
30.67
40.67
20.66
-02.66
-06.00
07.34
01.34
4 Source of irrigation a. Well
b. Bore well
c. Tank
23.34
12.00
---
42.00
19.34
04.00
18.66
07.34
04.00
5 Organizational
participation
Low
Medium
High
64.00
16.00
20.00
22.00
47.34
30.66
-42.00
31.34
10.66
Contd…
50

50. Sl . No Variables Classification Before (%) After (%) Difference(%)
6. Farm power
1. Bullocks
2. Power tiller
3. Tractor
4. Sprayer
5. Duster
a. One pair
b. Two pair
25.33
---
---
01.34
30.00
06.00
4134
05.34
01.34
01.34
41.34
11.34
16.00
05.34
01.34
---
11.34
05.34
7. Material
possession
1. Bullock cart
2. Radio
3. Television
4. Improved agril.
implements
a. One cart
b. Two cart
a. 1-2
b. 3-4
c. 5-6
16.00
---
22.66
12.66
23.34
08.66
02.00
28.00
---
61.33
25.34
36.00
13.34
03.34
12.00
---
38.66
12.66
12.66
04.67
01.34
51

51. Impact of community based tank management project on land
productivity of beneficiary farmers
Crops Before
(avg yield/acre)
After
(avg yield/acre)
Difference
(avg yield/acre)
Sugarcane 35 t/acre 40 t/acre 5 t/acre
Redgram 3.5 qt/acre 6 qt/acre 2.5qt/acre
Jowar 8 t/acre 13 qt/acre 5 qt/acre
Impact of community based tank management project on annual
income of beneficiary farmers
Farmer category Avg annual income
before (Rs)
Avg annual income
after (Rs)
Difference (Rs)
Marginal farmers 8,000 17,000 9,000
Small farmers 13,000 26,000 13,000
Medium farmers 19,000 37,000 18,000
Large farmers 29,000 54,000 25,000 52

52. SUCCESS STORIES
The five principles of Anna Hazare are
1. Nasbandi (restriction of family size)
2. Nashabandi (ban on alcohol)
3. Charaibandi (ban on free grazing)
4. Kurhabandi (ban on tree felling) and
5. Shramdan (donation of voluntary
labour for community welfare).
1. Model village- Ralegan Siddhi
53

53. Impact of water conservation activities in Ralegan Siddhi
Sl no Particulars Village scenario before Village scenario after
1 Sowing area
Only one crop
(300-350 acres)
Two crops
(1300 acres)
2 Migration All most half the villagers Completely stopped
3 Employment
Go to near by villages in
search of employment
Hiring near by village labours
4 Milk production 300 lts/month 4,000 lts/month
5 Per capita income 250 Rs 2,500 Rs
54VIDEO

54. 2. Pani Panchayat
 "Pani Panchayat" is associate organisation of Gram Gaurav
Prathisthan..
 Pani Panchayat are committed to Sustainable Development of the
Villages through equable distribution of water to all of its people in the
village
Objectives :
 To achieve sustainable rural development.
 To identity local needs, local resources, local talents, local strength and
to integrate them.
 To carry out experiments for optimum use of natural resources like
water, land and solar energy.
 To develop cropping patterns agriculture cultivation methods and living
habits to suit available resources.
Services
1. Community lift Irrigation schemes
2. Assessment of water resources
3. Organic Farming
55

55. Community lift Irrigation schemes
Sr. No. Particular 2003-04 2004-05
1 No. of Schemes 4 23
2 No. of Villages 4 19
3 No. of Beneficiaries 20 148
4 Irrigated Area ( in Acre) 77.5 475
5 Total installed HP 21 166
6 Total Cost 286720 1033560
56

56. CONCLUSION 57

57. 58