This document discusses solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. It begins with an introduction describing the increasing volume of solid waste due to growth and defines key terms. It then describes the types and classification of waste, effects of improper management, and projections for waste generation. The main challenges identified for developing cities include weak regulations, poor transportation, lack of skills and funds, and absence of treatment facilities. Recommendations include encouraging recycling markets, community involvement, and effective collection services. The conclusion restates the key challenges and calls for individual responsibility in waste management.

1. Solid Waste Management Challenges for Cities in
Developing Countries
Presented
By
Shuaibu Musa Gezawa
At
Cyprus International University
March 2013

2. Contents
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Introduction
Definition of terminology
Classification
Types
Effect of solid waste if not managed properly
Projections on waste generation in India
Generation of Municipal solid waste
Challenges for Managing waste in developing cities
Waste Minimization
Recommendations
What can you do? Reducing waste
Conclusion

3. Introduction
 The volume and types of solid and hazardous waste
increase all over the world due to rapid economic
growth, urbanization and industrialization.
 Managing solid wastes in society has been a
challenge for as long as people have gathered
together in sufficient number to impose a stress on
local resources.
 İmproper management of solid waste is one of the
main causes of environmental pollution and
degradation in many cities, low collection coverage,
inadequate transport service, and lack of suitable
treatment, recycling and disposal equipment’s are
factors responsible for unsatisfactory waste
management, leading to water, land and air pollution

4. Waste
 It is a matter for which a specific owner ceases to have use for it.
 It is also any unwanted or discarded matter.
 Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or
processor
 It can be in a solid, liquid or in a gaseous forms.
 A product, materials or container is not considered waste until
some one throws it away.

5. Solid waste
 It is non liquid waste arising from domestics, trade, industrial, agricultural,
mining, construction activities and from public services.
 Solid waste management
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Is defined as it include all the activities that seek to minimize the health,
environmental and aesthetics impacts of solid waste.
 The orderly
execution of functional elements such as collecting,
transporting, processing and disposing of solid waste.

6. cont
 Increasing population levels, booming
economy, rapid urbanization and the rise in
community living standards, have greatly
accelerated solid waste generation rate in
developing cities

7. Classification
Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on
their source:
 Household waste or municipal waste: includes
food, paper, cardboard, plastic, textiles, leather, glass, metal, el
ectronics waste etc.
 Industrial waste: includes toxic chemicals, debris from
construction site, packaging waste, etc.
 Biomedical waste or hospital waste: medicine bottles, expired
medicines, syringes, medical instruments such as
scissors, blades etc.

8. Agricultural wastes
 Household wastes
Types of waste
Industrial wastes
 Hospital waste

9. Effects of waste if not managed properly
 Infection to domestics animals as well as waste pickers and
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workers
Insects, flies and mosquito
Affects our socio-economic conditions
Affects our coastal and marine environment
Water and land pollution
Disruption of aesthetic value

10. Domestics animal may be infected

11. Rags pickers may be infected
 Rag pickers refers to people who collect rag or
recyclable materials that can be sold for making
money.
 The rag pickers are not using glove and other
safety tools for use and they have a health
problem attached to them,
 They are more vulnerable to diseases like
diarrhea, respiratory diseases and frequent fever.

12. waste pickers may be infected

13. Burning of waste cause air pollution
 Fire set at disposal sites can cause major air
pollution, causing illness and reducing visibility.
 Air pollution can lead to formation of acidic rain
which is dangerous to crops life since it fasten
the removal of soil fertility from the surface of the
ground.
 Destruction of ozone layer and may cause
disease such as cancer.
 Global warming.

14. Burning of waste cause air pollution

15. Indiscriminate dumping in gutter
 Most city drain are clogged with garbage, refuse
blocking storm drains can cause malaria and
other disease when waste are dumped every
where they may collect water in them and this
may become a breading ground for mosquitoes.

16. Hazardous and Toxic Wastes in developing cities
 The most dangerous aspect of the waste stream is that it
often contains highly toxic and hazardous materials that
are injurious to both human health and environmental
quality.

17.  Waste near road affecting its aesthetic value

18. River and Coastal Pollution
 People dump they waste into the sea and direct
dumping of untreated waste into
ocean, rivers, likes and sea result in the
accumulation of toxic substance in the food chain
through the Plants and Animals that feed on it
and highly dangerous for aquatic life.

19. Water and land pollution

20. Projections on Waste Generation In India

21. Continent
Country
GDP(US$)
Year
Cities
Waste
generatio
rate(kg/capit
a/day
Africa
Ethiopia
344
2009
Addis
Ababa
0.32
Kenya
738
2009
Nakuru
0.50
South Africa 5786
2009
Lange berg
0.65
China
3744
2010
Beijin
0,80
Thailand
4043
2009
Bangkok
1.10
Turkey
8215
2010
Amasya
1.20
Pakistan
495
1995
Lahore
0.84
Ecuador
1771
1995
Pillaro
0.50
Costa Rica
6386
2011
San jose
1.10
Asia
Central &
South
America
Lillian et al 2012

22. Generation of Municipal Solid Waste

23. Challenges for Managing Waste in Developing Cities;
 Weak regulation/absence of legislation
 Poor and unscientific waste transportation
 Socio cultural problem
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lack of technical skills
Insufficient financial resources limiting the safe disposal of waste in
well equipped
The cities suffer from illegal disposal of waste in rivers,lakes,ocean and
drainage channels.
Longer distance to waste disposal container
Lack or absence of treatment facilities

24. cont
 Inadequate supply of waste containers and longer distance to these
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containers increase the probability of waste dumping in open areas and
road sides
Lack of knowledge of treatment systems
Lack of community involvement
The information available is very scanty from the public domain
Lack of planning for waste management while planning township
Lillian et al 2012

25. Waste Minimisation
 Prevention of waste being created is known as waste reduction which is an
important method of waste management.
 The modern concepts based on the three ‘R’s are: Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle.

26.  Hierarchy of waste minimisation

27. Managing Waste
Recycling: Processing of a waste item into usable forms.
Benefits of recycling:
 Reduce environmental degradation
 Making money out of waste
 Save energy that would have gone into waste handling & product
manufacture

28. Recommended approaches to waste management
 The government should encourage market for recycled materials and
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increasing professionalism in recycling companies
Financial support by recycling projects and infrastructures
Involvement of the population in active environmental organizations is
necessary to have better system
Community awareness
Effective ways of waste collection services
Article; Lillian 2012

29. What Can You Do? Reducing Waste
 Buy foods that come with less packaging; shop at farmers’ markets using your
own containers.
 Separate your cans, bottles, papers, and plastics for recycling.
 Wash and reuse bottles, aluminum foil, plastic bags, and so on for your personal
use.
 Help your country develop responsible systems for disposing of metals electronics
and other waste.
Source: Data from Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.

30. Conclusion
 In conclusion therefore, the main challenges in developing cities are;
incompliance of managing and handling rules, negligence of the
management body local residents,irrigular waste collection and improper
checking of dumping site
 Lastly, each person should be work in their level as far as possible and be
responsible for managing aesthetic beauty and cleanliness of the city

31. Thank you

32. References
 Lillian, A, G, Ger., M, and William, H. (2012) Solid waste
challenges for cities in developing countries, Journal of waste
management Vol 33
 Aliyu B, Nabegu (2008). The Role of Refuse Management and Sanitation
Board (REMASAB) in Solid Waste Management in Kano Metropolis.
Maiduguri Journal of Art and Social Science Vol 6 number 2
 Jibril, D.J.
Et al (2012) Public awareness on 3rs system, an
integrated solid waste management in Kano metropolis.
 Majumder Shapan and Mohammad Razaul Karim (2012) urban
solid waste management: A study on Camilla City Corporation.
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development Vol, 3 No 6
 Agbu, Y, Abdul’razack, N, Utange, J, Z., (2013) an appraisal of
solid waste Generation and management in Jalingo city, Nigeria.
Journal of environmental and Earth science. Vol 3, No 9
 Maigari, A. (2002), Introduction to environmental problems and
management