This slides tell us about corona virus

1. Coronavirus
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PRESENTED BY:
SHUBHAM P. KOLGE
M. PHARM FIRST YEAR
PHARMACOLOGY
UNDER GUIDANCE OF:
SWATI R. DHANDE
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR.
PHARMACOLOGY DEPARTMENT

2. Introduction
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-
CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
• The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak.
• It is primarily spread between people via respiratory droplets from infected
individuals when they cough or sneeze.
• Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between 2 and 14 days.
• Spread can be limited by handwashing and other hygiene measures.
• People may have few symptoms or develop fever, cough, and shortness of breath
this cases can progress to pneumonia and multi-organ failure.
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3. • The mortality rate is around 2%.
• More than 2,300 deaths have been reported in Mainland China, and 15 deaths in other
parts of the world.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) and U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
recommend that persons who suspect that they are carrying the virus wear a surgical
face mask and seek medical advice by calling a doctor rather than directly visiting a
clinic in person.
• The WHO has declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak to be a Public Health
Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).
• As of 19 February 2020, only Mainland China was listed as an area with known
ongoing community spread of the disease.
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4. What is coronavirus?
Coronaviruses area large family of viruses found in both animals and
humans
Some infect people and are known to cause illness ranging from the
common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
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5. What is a ‘novel’ coronavirus?
A novel coronavirus (coV) is a new strain of coronavirus that has not
been previously identified in humans.
The new or novel coronavirus, now called COVID-19, had not
previously detected before the outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China
in December 2019
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6. About structure
• They look like a tennis ball with all these spikes sticking out of it.
Depending on the type of spikes, it allows that virus to attach to
certain places. So some viruses, hey have this spike that attaches to
your nose. So basically you just get a common cold.
• But the SARS virus and this new virus that has the spike that allows it
to attach to the cells in your lung and when it attaches there, it puts in
information to make photocopies of itself
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7. Where did it come from?
• Most of the coronavirus live in animals. In Wuhan there was a fish
market where they selling live animals and the and the thought is that
the virus was in live animal, then it crossed into human
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8. Discovery
• Coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s.
• The earliest ones discovered were infectious bronchitis virus in chickens and two viruses from
the nasal cavities of human patients with the common cold that were subsequently named
human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43.
• Other members of this family have since been identified, including
SARS-CoV in 2003,
HCoV NL63 in 2004,
HKU1 in 2005,
MERS-CoV in 2012,
SARS-CoV-2 (formerly known as 2019-nCoV) in 2019;
• Most of these have been involved in serious respiratory tract infections. 8

9. Terminology
• The World Health Organization on 11 February 2020 announced that
"COVID-19" will be the official name of the disease. World Health
Organization chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said "co" stands for
"corona", "vi" for "virus" and "d" for "disease", while "19" was for the
year, as the outbreak was first identified on December 31.
• Tedros said the name had been chosen to avoid references to a specific
geographical location (i.e. China), animal species or group of people
in line with international recommendations for naming aimed at
preventing confusion. 9

10. Name and morphology
• The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona meaning crown.
• Proteins that contribute to the overall structure of all coronaviruses are
Spike (S),
Envelope (E),
Membrane (M),
Nucleoprotein (N).
• In the specific case of the SARS coronavirus, a defined receptor-binding domain
on S mediates the attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-
converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Some coronaviruses also have a shorter spike-like
protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE). 10

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12. Replication
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13. 13

14. Transmission
Human to human transmission of coronaviruses is primarily thought to
occur among close contacts via respiratory droplets generated by
sneezing and coughing.
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15. • Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)
• Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
• Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, New Haven coronavirus)
• Human coronavirus HKU1
• Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV),
previously known as novel coronavirus 2012 and HCoV-EMC
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),
previously known as 2019-nCoV or "novel coronavirus 2019"
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Strains of human coronaviruses

16. Signs and symptoms
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17. Causes
• The disease is caused by the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously referred to as the 2019 novel
coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The virus is thought to have an animal origin.
• It is primarily spread between people via respiratory droplets from the
coughs and sneezes.
• Officials in Shanghai confirmed several transmission modes, including
direct transmission, contact transmission and aerosol transmission, the latter
two involving transmission when someone touches a surface contaminated
with tainted respiratory droplets and inhalation of air contaminated with
tainted respiratory droplets. 17

18. RECOMMENDATIONS AND ADVICE
FOR THE PUBLIC
• Avoiding close contact with people suffering from acute respiratory infections.
• Frequent hand-washing, especially after direct contact with ill people or their
environment.
• Avoiding unprotected contact with farm or wild animals.
• People with symptoms of acute respiratory infection should practice cough
etiquette (maintain distance, cover coughs and sneezes with disposable tissues or
clothing, and wash hands).
• Within healthcare facilities, enhance standard infection prevention and control
practices in hospitals, especially in emergency departments.
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19. Incubation Period
• The length of the incubation period is estimated to be between two and
ten days by the World Health Organization and between two and 14
days by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC).
• A study had found rare cases where the incubation period was as long
as 24 days.
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20. Outbreaks of coronavirus-related diseases
Outbreaks of coronavirus types of relatively high mortality are as follows:
Outbreak Virus type Deaths
2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak SARS-CoV 774
2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
outbreak
MERS-CoV Over 400
2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak in
South Korea
MERS-CoV 36
2018 Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak MERS-CoV 41
2019–20 coronavirus outbreak
SARS-CoV-
2
Over
2300
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21. SARS-CoV-2 MERS-CoV SARS-CoV
Demographic
Detection date
December
2019
June 2012 November 2002
Detection place Wuhan, China
Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia
Guangdong,
China
Age average 49 56 39.9
Age range 21–76 14–94 1–91
Male:female ratio 2.7:1 3.3:1 1:1.25
Confirmed cases 835 2494 8096
Case fatality rate 25 (2.9%) 858 (37%) 744 (10%)
Health-care
workers
16]
9.8% 23.1%
Symptoms
Fever 40 (98%) 98% 99–100%
Dry cough 31 (76%) 47% 29–75%
Dyspnoea 22 (55%) 72% 40–42%
Diarrhoea 1 (3%) 26% 20–25%
Sore throat 0 21% 13–25%
Ventilatory support 9.8% 80% 14–20% 21

22. Report
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23. Prevention
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25. Treatment
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• antiviral or retroviral
medications.
• breathing support like
mechanical ventilation.
• steroids to reduce lung
swelling.
• blood plasma
transfusions.

26. 26
• The Chinese government approved the use of the antiviral Favilavir on 16
February in their country to combat COVID-19.
• However the drug will require approval from the World Health Organization and
clearance from the Philippine FDA to do the same in the Philippines.
• The Department of Health has said that under government regulatory guidelines,
the drug can't be used to treat asymptomatic cases.

27. Detection
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28. Rumours or Rubbish things
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31. Conclusion
• COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2
• Virus enter into nose and get into the lungs and replicates.
• Shows symptoms like fever, cough and shortness of breath.
• Recent treatment available for this virus is ‘Remdesivir’ which is
under clinical trial
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32. References
https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus
https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnkQUgamT_k by Dhruv Rathee
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33. ‘Together we can Prevent Corona Virus’
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Thank You