This presentation will surely help those scratching there nerves with developmental disturbances of teeth :) click to find out

2. Developmental disturbances means an
abnormality where the pathology starts
in the embryonic stage of human life ,
before the formation of the dentition

4.  SIZE OF TEETH
 SHAPE OF TEETH
 NUMBER OF TEETH
 STRUCTURE OF TEETH
 GROWTH (ERUPTION) OF TEETH

6.  MICRODONTIA
 MACRODONTIA

7. MICRODONTIA

8.  THIS TERM IS USED TO DESCRIBE TEETH
WHICH ARE SMALLER THAN NORMAL
,i.e. OUTSIDE USUAL LIMITS OF
VARIATION
 TYPES :
 True generalized microdontia
 Relative generalized microdontia
 Microdontia involving single tooth

9.  ALL TEETH smaller than
normal
 Rare
 Well formed teeth,
merely small
 Associated with
PITUITARY DWARFISM

10.  NORMAL OR SLIGHTLY SMALLER than
normal TEETH are present in JAWS that
are LARGER than normal.
 Illusion of true microdontia
 Role of HEREDITARY FACTORS

11.  COMMON condition
 SITE : maxillary lateral incisor & 3rd molar
 Supernumerary teeth are frequently small in
size
‘PEG LATERAL’: in maxillary lateral incisors
,instead of exhibiting parallel or diverging
mesial & distal surfaces ,the sides converge
or taper together incisally ,forming a peg
shaped or cone shaped crown.

12. MACRODONTIA

13.  Teeth that are LARGER than normal
 Opposite of microdontia
 TYPES :
1. True generalized macrodontia
2. Relative generalized macrodontia
3. Macrodontia of single tooth

14.  ALL TEETH ARE
LARGER than normal
 RARE
 Associated with
PITUITARY
GIGANTISM

15.  More common
 PRESENCE OF NORMAL OR SLIGHTLY
LARGER THAN NORMAL TEETH IN SMALL
JAWS
 Illusion of macrodontia
 Role of HEREDITARY FACTORS

16.  Uncommon
 Unknown etiology
 TOOTH MAY APPEAR
NORMAL IN EVERY
RESPECT EXCEPT FOR
ITS SIZE
 Not to be confused
with fusion of teeth

18.  GEMINATION
 FUSION
 CONCRESCENCE
 DILACERATION
 TALON CUSP
 DENS IN DENTE
 DENS EVAGINATUS
 TAURODONTISM

19.  Attempt of DIVISION OF SINGLE TOOTH GERM BY
INVAGINATION
 Incomplete formation of teeth
 Usually one with two completely or incompletely
separated crowns that have single root and root
canal
 Exhibit a hereditary tendency
 Tooth count is normal
 Unknown cause; trauma may be possible cause

20.  Fused teeth arise THROUGH UNION
OF TWO NORMALLY SEPARATED
TOOTH GERMS
 Physical force or pressure produces
contact
 Depending upon stage of
development of teeth, fusion may
be
1. COMPLETE
2. INCOMPLETE
 If this contact occurs early, at least
before calcification begins,2 teeth
may be completely united to form
a single larger tooth

21.  Seen in deciduous as well as permanent
dentition
 Higher frequency in anterior and maxillary
region
 It is not always possible to differentiate
between gemination and fusion between a
normal tooth & supernumerary tooth
 The term ‘TWINNING’ is used to designate
the production of equivalent structures by
division resulting in one normal & one
supernumerary teeth

23.  Fusion which occurs after root formation has been
completed
 Teeth are UNITED BY CEMENTUM ONLY
 Arise as a result of traumatic injury or crowding of
teeth with resorption of interdental bone so that the
2 roots are in approximate contact and become
fused by deposition of cementum between them
 It may occur before/after teeth have erupted

24.  Dilaceration refers to AN ANGULATION,OR A SHARP
BEND OR A CURVE ,IN ROOT OR CROWN OF
FORMED TEETH
 Due to trauma in the period in which the tooth is
forming
 Position of calcified portion of tooth is changed &
the remainder of tooth is formed at an angle
 The curve or bend may occur anywhere along
length of tooth depending upon amount of root
formed when injury occurred

25. DILACERATION

26.  An anomalous structure RESEMBLING AN EAGLE’S
TALON
 Projects lingually from the cingulum of maxillary
/mandibular permanent incisor
 This cusp bends smoothly with tooth except that
there is a deep developmental groove
 It is composed of normal enamel and dentin &
contains a horn of pulp tissue
…

27.  ASSOCIATED WITH RUBINSTEIN TAYBI
SYNDROME:
1. DEVELOPMENTAL RETARDATION
2. BROAD THUMBS & GREAT TOES
3. CHARACTERISTIC FACIAL FEATURES
4. DELAYED OR INCOMPLETE DESCENT OF TESTES IN MALES
 TREATMENT:
PROPHYLACTICALLY RESTORING GROOVE TO PREVENT CARIES

28.  ALSO KNOWN AS ‘DENS INVAGINATUS ,
DILATED COMPOSITE ODONTOME’
 Invagination in surface of tooth crown before
calcification has occurred
 CAUSES:
1. increased localized external pressure
2. focal growth retardation/stimulation

29. CORONAL
3 types –
TYPE 1
TYPE 2
TYPE 3

30. TYPE 1:
•Confined to the crown
TYPE 2 :
• Extends below CEJ
• Ends in a blind sac
• May or may not communicate with adjacent dental
pulp
TYPE 3 :
• Extends through the root
• Perforates in the apical or lateral radicular area without
any immediate communication with pulp

31.  CLINICAL FEATURES:
1. Maxillary lateral incisors
2. Bilateral
3. Majority represent simply an accentuation on lingual pit
RADICULAR VARIETY :
 DISCUSSED BY ‘BHATT & DHOLAKIA’
 Radicular invagination usually results from an infolding of
HERS & takes its origin within the root after development is
complete
TREATMENT :
 TOOTH PROPHYLACTICALLY RESTORED
 IN TEETH WITH OPEN APICES,APEXIFICATION WITH Ca(OH)2

32.  ALSO KNOWN AS ‘OCCLUSAL TUBERCULATED
PREMOLAR , LEONG’S PREMOLAR ,
EVAGINATED ODONTOME , OCCLUSAL
ENAMEL PEARL’
 Appears as accessory cusp or globule of enamel on occlusal
surface between the buccal and lingual cusp of premolars
 Proliferation and evagination of an area of inner enamel
epithelium during tooth development
 Unilateral/bilateral
 Rarely on molars , cuspids , laterals

34.  A PECULIAR DENTAL ANOMALY IN WHICH THE
BODY OF TOOTH IS ENLARGED AT EXPENSE OF
ROOTS
 CLASSIFIED INTO-
1. Hypotaurodont
2. Mesotaurodont
3. Hypertaurodont

35.  CAUSES:
1. A SPECIALIZED OR RETROGRADE CHARACTER
2. A PRIMITIVE PATTERN
3. A MENDELIAN RECESSIVE TRAIT
4. AN ATAVISTIC FEATURE
5. A MUTATION RESULTING FROM ODONTOBLASTIC DEFICIENCY DURING
DENTINOGENESIS OF ROOT
 Hammer & his associates believe that the taurodont is
caused by failure of HERS to invaginate at proper horizontal
level
 Goldstein & gottlieb stated that condition appears to be
genetically controlled & familial in nature
 CLINICAL FEATURES:
1. DECIDUOUS
2. PERMANENT (COMMON)
3. MOLARS
4. CLEFT LIP & CLEFT PALATE

36.  RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES:
1. RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE
2. PULP CHAMBER : LARGE
3. LACKS CONSTRICTION
4. ROOTS ARE EXCEEDINGLY SHORT
5. BIFURCATION OR TRIFURCATION – FEW mm

37.  Enamel in unusual
location
 DROPLETS OF ECTOPIC
ENAMEL
 Hemispheric structure
 Most project from the
surface of root
 A localized bulging of
odontoblastic layer

38.  CLINICAL FEATURES:
1. Roots of maxillary molar (common)
2. Mandibular molar
3. Deciduous molar is not rare
4. 1.1-9.7% highest in Asians
 SITE- on roots of furcation area
 RADIOGRAPHICALLY-well
defined radio opaque nodule

40.  ANODONTIA
 HYPERDONTIA
 SUPERNUMERARY TEETH
 PRE – DECIDUOUS DENTITION
 POST – PERMANENT DENTITION

41.  CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF TEETH
 3 TYPES:
1. TRUE
-TOTAL
-PARTIAL
2. FALSE (EXTRACTION)
3. PSEUDO (UNERUPTED)

42.  All teeth missing
 May involve both primary & secondary dentition
 Rare
 Associated with :
HEREDITARY ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA

43.  HYPODONTIA - 1 or more teeth
 OLIGODONTIA - 6 or more teeth
 common condition
 MISSING-
3rd molar, lateral incisor, maxillary & mandibular 2nd
premolar
 Congenitally missing deciduous teeth– uncommon –
lateral incisor
 ETIOLOGY –
unknown,familial tendency

44.  Increase in no. of teeth - SUPERNUMERARY TEETH
 Closely resemble in size or shape with which associated
 ETIOLOGY-Supernumerary
teeth develop from splitting of permanent
bud
HYPERACTIVITY THEORY-As
a result of local , independent , hyperactivity of dental
lamina
 In some cases, hereditary tendency

45.  CONDITION :
1. CLEFT LIP & PALATE
2. CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSPLASIA
3. GARDENER SYNDROME
 CLASSIFICATION :
ACCORDING TO MORPHOLOGY & LOCATION –
 CONICAL : MESIODENS
 TUBERCULATE – >1 CUSP/TUBERCLE (barrel shaped ; may be
invaginated)
 SUPPLEMENTAL / DUPLICATION
 ODONTOME-(hamartomatous malformation rather than a
neoplasm)
*COMPOSITE (composed of >1 type of tissue)
-COMPLEX (diffuse mass of dental tissue i.e., totally
disorganized)
-COMPOUND (malformation which bears some
superficial anatomic similarity to a normal tooth)

46. MESIODENS :
Most common supernumerary tooth
Situated between maxillary central incisors
Occurs as :
-single or paired ;
- erupted or impacted or inverted

47. FOURTH MOLAR :
 2nd most common supernumerary
tooth
 Situated distal to the 3rd molar
 Usually small , rudimentary tooth
but may be of normal size
 Maxillary 4th molar is more
common than mandibular 4th molar
 An accessory 4th molar is called
Distomolar or DISTODENS

48.  The epithelial structures in the mouth of the infant before
the eruption of the primary teeth
• Arising from,
– An accessory bud of the dental lamina ahead of the
deciduous tooth bud.
– The bud of accessory dental lamina.
 Described as hornified, epithelial structures without roots.
Occurs in the gingiva over the crest of the ridge , may be
easily removed.
 Differentiated from true deciduous teeth or natal teeth
 described by Massler – which erupts at the time of birth.
 Some consider it as a misinterpretation of dental lamina
cysts of new born,
– Projects above the crest of the ridge.
– White in color.
- Packed within keratin , so that it appears hornified
- Can be easily removed

49.  The rare appearance of supernumerary teeth after
loss of permanent teeth; most teeth that appear
after extraction of permanent teeth
are due to eruption of previously impacted teeth
particularly after insertion of complete denture.
 Majority is due to delayed eruption of retained or
embedded teeth.
 Some may represent post‐permanent or third
dentition.
 But they are actually, multiple supernumerary
unerupted teeth.
 It probably develops from a bud of the dental
lamina beyond the permanent tooth germ.

51. 1. AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
2. ENVIRONMENTAL ENAMEL
HYPOPLASIA
3. DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
4. DENTIN DYSPLASIA
5. REGIONAL ODONTODYSPLASIA
6. DENTIN HYPOCALCIFICATION

52.  SYNONYMS – HEREDITARY ENAMEL DYSPLASIA ; HEREDITARY
BROWN ENAMEL ; HEREDITARY BROWN OPALESCENT
TEETH
 A STRUCTURAL DEFECT OF THE TOOTH ENAMEL WITH
COMPLEX INHERITANCE PATTERN
 Developmental of normal enamel occurs in 3 stages
–
 FORMATIVE
 CALCIFICATION
 MATURATIVE

53.  3 BASIC TYPES ARE-
 Hypoplastic
 Hypocalcification
 Hypomaturation
CLASSIFICATION :
CLASSIFICATION OF AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
GIVEN BY – WITKOP (1989)
TYPES -
TYPE 1
TYPE 2
TYPE 3
TYPE 4

54. TYPE 1
TYPE 2
TYPE 3
TYPE 4
 HYPOPLASTIC
• 1A : Hypoplastic , pitted autosomal dominant
• 1B : Hypoplastic , local autosomal dominant
• 1C : Hypoplastic , local autosomal recessive
• 1D : Hypoplastic, smooth autosomal dominant
• 1E : Hypoplastic , smooth X linked dominant
• 1F : Hypoplastic , rough autosomal dominant
• 1G : Enamel agenesis , autosomal recessive
 HYPOMATURATION
• 2A: hypomaturation,pigmented autosomal
recessive
• 2B: hypomaturation,X linked recessive
• 2C : snow capped , autosomal dominant
 HYPOCALCIFIED
• 3A : autosomal dominant
• 3B : autosomal recessive
 HYPOMATURATION-HYPOPLASTIC WITH
TAURODONTISM , AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
• HYPOMATURATION-HYPOPLASTIC WITH
TAURODONTISM,AD
• HYPOPLASTIC-HYPOMATURATION WITH
TAURODONTISM,AD

55.  CLINICAL & RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES :
• Inadequate deposition of enamel matrix
• Any matrix present will mineralize
appropriately
• Absence of enamel thickness
• Open contact points
• Radiographically,a thin peripheral outline of
radio opaque enamel

56.  CLINICAL & RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES :
• Enamel matrix is laid appropriately, there is a
defect in maturation of enamel crystal
structure
• Mottled , opaque white brown yellow
discoloration
• Enamel surface tends to chip
• Radiographically , radio density similar to
dentin

57.  CLINICAL & RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES :
• No significant mineralization
• Enamel very soft & easily lost
• Occlusal surface more irregular
• Radiographically , radio density of enamel
& dentin are similar
• Yellow to brown in color

58.  Main problem is aesthetics , sensitivity &
loss of vertical dimension
 The type which exhibits thin enamel
(hypocalcification-hypomaturation )-full
coverage crown
 Patterns without significant crown length
: full dentures
 Less rapid hypo plastic tooth loss :
aesthetics is the prime consideration – full
crown; facial veneers

59.  DEFINITION- incomplete or defective
formation of organic enamel matrix of teeth
 TYPES-I.
Hereditary type-both dentition
II. Type caused by environmental factors-only
single tooth
 CLINICAL FEATURES-I.
Mild cases few grooves , pits & fissures
II. Severe rows of deep pits
III. Most severe forms- considerable portion of
enamel may be absent

60.  CAUSES :
 LOCAL INFECTION OR TRAUMA
–
TURNERS TEETH-condition is called TURNERS
HYPOPLASIA
any infection to 1º teeth that leads to periapical
area where ameloblasts of 2º teeth (tooth buds
are present)
 CONGENITAL SYPHILIS –
non pitting type
maxillary & mandibular 2º incisors & 1st molars
• HUTCHINSON’S INCISORS
• MOON’S MOLAR/FOURNIER MOLAR/MULBERRY
MOLAR
 NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY-Incisors,
canines & 1st molar
 BIRTH INJURIES
 ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FOETALIS
 NEONATAL LINES OR RINGS
MULBERRY

61.  CHEMICALS :
Eg.Tetracycline
Mechanism – a chelate of calcium & tetracycline forms. at high
concentration, in both ameloblast & odontoblast , protein synthesis is
impaired ,this results in hypoplasia of enamel & dentin matrix
CRITICAL PERIOD –
TEETH IU (months)
Deciduous incisors 4
Deciduous canines 5
Permanent incisors & canines 3-5
 FLUOROSIS :
PATHOGENESIS – disturbance of ameloblasts during the formative stage of
tooth development resulting in defective or deficient enamel matrix
GRADE CLINICAL APPEARANCE
Very mild, questionable white, opaque,<25%
Mild white , opaque,</=50%
Moderate white , opaque, brownish
Severe opaque,pitted,brown,brittle

63.  Affected teeth are gray to yellowish brown & have ‘TULIP SHAPE’
 Radiographically,the teeth appear solid, lacking pulp chamber & root
canals
 CLASSIFICATION :associated with osteogenesis imperfecta was
listed TYPE 1
I. DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA 1 – D.I. without osteogenesis imperfecta
(opalescent dentin)
II. DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA 2 - Brandywine type D.I.
 D.I. TYPE 1:
FREQUENCY -1 in 6000-8000 children
BLUE GRAY OR AMBER BROWN & OPALESCENT
RADIOGRAPHICALLY ; teeth have bulbous crowns & obliterated pulp
chambers
 D.I. TYPE 2 : brandywine triracial isolate in southern Maryland
Multiple pulp exposures may occur
Dentin is amber colored & smooth
Radio graphically ,
deciduous- large pulp chambers & root canals
Permanent – completely obliterated

64.  HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES :
• Irregular tubules , with large areas of
uncalcified matrix
• Tubules are larger in diameter
• Dentinal tubules in D.I. are disoriented
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
FEATURES :
• water content increased 60 %
• hardness - low
 TREATMENT :
• Full coverage : crowns & roots close to normal
shape
• Overlay dentures placed on teeth covered
with fluoride releasing GIC
• Vertical dimension rebuilt-metal castings
• Newer composite combined with dentin
bonding agent – occlusal wear

65.  ATYPICAL DENTIN FORMATION WITH
ABNORMAL PULP MORPHOLOGY
 SHIELDS & HIS ASSOCIATES separated it into –
TYPE 1 – DENTIN DYSPLASIA
TYPE 2 – ANOMALOUS DYSPLASIA OF DENTIN
 WITKOP referred as –
RADICULAR – TYPE 1
CORONAL - TYPE 2

66.  TYPE 1 (RADICULAR)
Slight amber translucency
Exfoliated prematurely or after only minor trauma
Radio graphically ;
Deciduous – pulp completely obliterated
Permanent – crescent shaped
 TYPE 2 (CORONAL)
Yellow brown or bluish gray opalescent
Clinical appearance of permanent dentition is normal
Radio graphically ,
Deciduous – pulp chamber obliterated
Permanent – thistle tube shaped

67.  HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES :
• TYPE 1 (RADICULAR) - lava flowing around boulders
• TYPE 2 (CORONAL) –
DECIDUOUS : amorphous & atubular dentin in radicular portion
PERMANENT : multiple pulp stones or denticles
 TREATMENT :
• Preventive care
• Meticulous oral hygiene
• Shallow restorations – pulpal necrosis
• Periapical inflammatory lesions : therapeutic choice guided by
root lengths
 SYSTEMIC DS. ASSOCIATED WITH DENTIN
DYSPLASIA
 CALCINOSIS UNIVERSALIS
 RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS & VITAMINOSIS
 SCLEROTIC BONE & SKELETAL ABNORMALITIES
 TUMOR CALCINOSIS

68.  Odontogenic Dysplasia
 Odontogenesis Imperfecta
 Ghost Teeth
Also
known
as :
 ETIOLOGY :
1. Abnormal migration of neural crest cells
2. Latent virus
3. Local circulatory deficiency
4. Local trauma or infection
5. Hyperpyrexia
6. Malnutrition
7. Medication
8. Radiation therapy
9. Somatic mutation
10. Alteration in vascular supply

69.  CLINICAL FEATURES :
a. BIMODAL PEAK
b. FOCAL AREA
c. MAXILLARY PREDOMINANCE
d. SURROUNDING BONE – LOWER DENSITY
e. ERUPTED TEETH – IRREGULAR, ROUGH, YELLOW TO BROWN IN
COLOR
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS :
a. DELAYED/FAILURE OF ERUPTION
b. EARLY EXFOLIATION
c. ABSCESS FORMATION
d. MALFORMED TEETH
e. NON INFLAMMATORY GINGIVAL ENLARGEMENT
 RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES :
a. THIN ENAMEL & DENTIN – GHOST TEETH
b. LACK OF CONTRAST
c. PULP STONES

70.  HISTOLOGIC FEATURES :
• ENAMEL : PRISM STRUCTURE – IRREGULAR
• DENTIN : GLOBULAR AREAS –POORLY ORGANIZED
TUBULAR DENTIN
• PULP : PULP STONES
 TREATMENT :
• RETENTION
• NON VITAL – ENDODONTIC THERAPY
• TOOTH PREPARATION CONTRAINDICATED
• SEVERELY INFECTED / AFFECTED TEETH - EXTRACTION

71.  Caused by environmental factors
affecting mineralization
 There is failure in the fusion of
calcium globules , during
mineralization , leaving
interglobular areas of uncalcified
matrix
 Globular dentin can be easily
detected in ground & decalcified
sections
 Hypocalcified dentin is softer

73.  PREMATURE ERUPTION
 DELAYED ERUPTION
 ERUPTION SEQUESTRUM
 MULTIPLE UNERUPTED TEETH
 EMBEDDED AND IMPACTED TEETH
 ANKYLOSED & DECIDUOUS TEETH

74.  Reason is unknown.
 Hormonal influences like hyperthyroidism,
adrenal glands and gonadism, for tooth
eruption are also considered.(e.g., in
ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME)
 These teeth are often well formed, normal in all
aspects but may exhibit mobility.
 It should be retained though nursing difficulties
may be experienced.
 Permanent teeth erupt prematurely as a sequel
to the premature loss of deciduous teeth.
 Seen when only a single deciduous teeth is lost
with subsequent eruption of the succedaneous
tooth.

75.  In deciduous and permanent teeth, it is
difficult to assess unless a gross variation is
present.
 Caused by,
 Systemic conditions like rickets, cretinism,
cleidocranial dysplasia.
 Local factors like fibromatosis gingivae
(Because of dense connective tissue which delays eruption).
 Treatment of the primary condition may
lead to eruption of the teeth.

76.  Anomaly associated with tooth eruption in children.
 Described by Starkey and Shafer.
 It is a tiny, irregular spicule of bone overlying the crown of an
erupting permanent molar, found just prior to or immediately
following the emergence of the tip of the cusps through the oral
mucosa.
 Etiology :
 As the molar teeth erupt through the bone, they can separate a
small osseous fragment from the surrounding bone similar to a cork
screw.
 In most cases, the fragment undergoes complete resorption before
eruption.
 If the bony spicule is large or the eruption is rapid, complete
resorption cannot occur and hence, it is observed.

77.  Clinical features :
 The child may complain of slight soreness in
the area during function.
 The spicule directly overlies the central
occlusal fossa but is within the soft tissue.
 It may be seen lying in a tiny depression over
the crest of the ridge.
 As the tooth erupts, the fragment of bone
completely sequesters through the mucosa
and is lost.
 Radiographic features :
 It can be recognized even before the tooth
eruption.
 Seen as a tiny, irregular opacity overlying the
central occlusal fossa but separated from the
tooth itself.

78.  Uncommon condition with delayed
eruption of teeth.
– Deciduous teeth may be retained or
– Deciduous teeth would be shed but the
permanent teeth would have failed to
erupt (Pseudo‐anodontia).
 Radiographs may be normal but the
eruptive forces would be lacking.
 In association with cleidocranial
dysplasia

79.  Embedded teeth are individual teeth which
are unerupted usually because of a lack of
eruptive force.
 Impacted teeth are prevented from eruption
by some physical barrier in the eruption path
like,
– Lack of space – crowding, premature loss of
deciduous teeth.
– Rotation of tooth buds.
 Any tooth may be impacted – usually
mandibular third molars (22%), maxillary third
molars (18%) and maxillary cuspids (0.9%),
premolars and supernumerary teeth.
 Mandibular teeth are more severely
impacted than maxillary teeth.

80.  Also called Submerged teeth, Infraocclusion, Secondary
retention, Submergence, Reimpaction and Reinclusion.
 Usually deciduous mandibular second molars with
variable degree of root resorption can become
ankylosed to bone.
 This prevents exfoliation and subsequent replacement by
permanent teeth.
 After the eruption of adjacent teeth, these ankylosed
teeth appears to be submerged from the level of
occlusion.
 The submerged appearance could be due to
– Continued growth of the alveolar process
– Crown height of deciduous tooth is less than that of
adjacent permanent teeth.
 It has a solid sound on percussion when compared to
the dull, cushioned sound of normal teeth.
 Teeth lack mobility , root resorption is far advanced.
 Radio graphically , partial absence of PDL , with areas of
apparent bending between tooth root & bone

81.  Books
 Cawson, R.A: Cawson’s Essentials of Oral
› Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine,
› 8th Edition
• (pages 24-36)
 Neville, et al: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
› 3rd Edition
• (pages 77-113)
 Shafer, et al: A textbook of Oral Pathology,
› 3rd Edition
• (pages 37-69)