This document discusses various types of wall finishes and coatings used for interior and exterior surfaces. It describes common finishes like plaster, roughcast plaster, sand faced plaster and their application processes. It also summarizes different types of paints used on walls, their constituents and purposes. Defects in plaster and painting work are outlined as well.

1. Wall Finishes
Prepared By,
Amit Boghara (130340106009)
Akash Khunt (130340106042)
Siddhant Patel (130340106043)
Arpan Malaviya (130340106044)
Vivek Gajera

2.  Finish given to the wall to enhance the exterior look
of the structure.
 Wall finishes used for the interiors are quite delicate
and need maintenance.
 The new contemporary trend has brought about
great deal of increase in the usage various types of
wall finishes for the aesthetic purpose.
 Concrete, masonry wall may be left exposed or
plastered.
 Wood or metal stud walls can support a variety of
finishes.

3. • Objects of plastering :
 Plastering is done to achieve the following objects :
1. To protect the external surfaces against penetration of
rain water and other atmospheric agencies
2. To give smooth surface in which dust and dirt cannot
lodge
3. To give decorative effect
4. To protect surfaces against vermin.
5. To conceal inferior materials or defective
workmanship

4. o Requirements of good plaster :
 It should adhere to the background and should remain
adhered during all variations of the climatic changes.
 It should be cheap and economical
 It should be hard and durable.
 It should be possible to apply it during all weather conditions
 It should be effectively check the entry or penetration of
moisture from the surface
 It should possess good workability

5. o Types of Plaster :
1. Sand faced plaster :
 The first coat of sand faced cement plaster is done with
cement mortar in 1:4 with coarse sand after curing the
plaster for seven days the second coat of cement plaster
1:3 ratio will be done on the first coat.
 Sponge is used in the second coat and it is applied when
the second coat is wet, it is thus worked that the density of
sand grain appear on surface is equal and uniform.
 The surface is kept well watered at least for 15 days.

6. 2. Rough Cast Plaster :
 This plaster is a mixture of sand and gravel in
specified proportion dashed over a freshly
plastered surface.
 The plaster base consists of two coats, under
layer 12 mm thick and top layer 10 mm
thick having the cement mortar ratio 1:3.
 In order to make the base more plastic, about
10% of hydrated lime by volume of cement shall
be added while prepare mortar.

7. 3. Depter Plaster:
 This is just another form of rough cast finish.
 The rendering coat of 12 mm thick is prepared as in
case of pebbled dash finish.
 While this coat is wet, pieces of gravel are pressed
with hand on the surface.
 Thus it is possible to have beautiful patterns and
ornamental designs on the surface by selecting
materials of different colors.

8. 4. Pebbled dash plaster :
 It is similar to rough cast finish except clean pebble of size
from 6 mm to 12.5 mm are dashed against the surface so
that there are laid in position by mortar applied already.
5. Smooth cast plaster or plain face plaster :
 This finish is just similar to sand faced finish except fine
grained sand is used instead of coarse sand.
 No sponging is done to expose the sand grain .
 It is normally done on internal walls.

9. o Defects in Plaster :
 The following defects may arise in plaster work.
o Blistering of plastered surface:
 This is the formation of small patches of plaster swelling out
beyond the plastered surface, arising out of late slaking of
lime particles in the plaster.
 Flaking : It is the formation of very loose mass of
plastered surface, due to poor bond between successive
coats.

10. o Cracking :
 Cracking consists of formation of cracks or fissures in the
plaster work resulting from the following reasons.
Imperfect preparation of background
Structural defects in building
Discontinuity of surface
Movements in the background due to its thermal
expansion or rapid drying
Movements in the plaster surface itself, either due to
expansion or shrinkage.
Excessive shrinkage due to application of thick coat
Faulty workmanship.

11. o Efflorescence :
 It is the whitish crystalline substance which appears on the
surface due to presence of salts in plaster making
materials as well as building materials like bricks, sand,
cement etc and even water.
 This gives a very bad appearance. It affects the adhesion
of paint with wall surface.
 Efflorescence can be removed to some extent by dry
bushing and washing the surface repeatedly.
o Peeling : It is the complete dislocation of some portion
of plastered surface, resulting in the formation of a patch.
This also results from imperfect bond.

12.  Popping: It is the formation of conical hole in the
plastered surface due to presence of some particles
which expand on setting
 Rust Stains: These are sometimes formed when
plaster is applied on metal laths
 Uneven surface: This is obtained purely due to poor
workman ship.

13. o Pointing :
 Finishing of mortar joints in masonry.
 In exposed masonry joints are weakest parts.
 Pointing consists of raking of joints to a depth of 10 to 20
mm.

14. o Types of pointing :
1. Flush Pointing :
 The pointing may be level as in
flush pointing, which is made by
wiping over the finished pointing
with the trowel or piece of rough
cloth.
 Does not give good appearance.
 But it is durable as it does not
provide any space for
accumulation of dust, water etc

15. 2. Keyed or grooved pointing :
 In this type mortar is first up flush
with the face if wall.
 A semi circular notch is formed by
a tool know as pointer.
 This type of pointing gives as
attractive appearance to the
surface.
 This type is mostly used for
superior type work, particularly for
vertical joints of walls.

16. 3. Recessed pointing :
 Recessed joints are not suitable
for buildings in exposed situations
because they do not readily shed
water.
 This is done by pressing mortar
back from edges by 5 mm or
more.
 Face of pointing is kept vertical.
 Only bricks with good frost
resistance should be used with
recessed joints.
 Gives good appearance.

17. 4. Weathered Pointing :
 V’ shaped projections are made.

18. 5. V pointing or bucket handle :
 Formed by forming a ‘V’ groove.

19. 6. Beaded pointing :
 Formed by steel or iron edge.
 Gives food appearance but liable to damage easily.
7. Tuck pointing :
 Groove of 5 mm width and 3 mm
depth is prepared.
 It is filled with white cement or
putty.

20. 8. Struck pointing :
 Face of pointing is kept inclined
 Upper edge pressed inside face
by 10 mm

21. o Painting :
 The paints are the coating of fluid materials which are
applied as a final finish to all surfaces such as walls,
ceilings, wood work, metal work, etc.
 Object of paintings :
 Protect the surfaces from weathering effects of the atmosphere.
 To protect the decay of wood.
 To protect the metals against corrosion.
 To provide a decorative finish to obtain a clean, colorful and pleasing
surface.
• Constituents of a paint :
 A paint is generally made up of the following constituents :
i. A base
ii. A vehicle or carrier
iii. A drier
iv. A coloring pigment
v. A solvent or thinner

22. o Types of paints :
 Aluminium Paints :
 Aluminium paint is used for painting wood work and metal surfaces.
 Aluminium powders forms the base in this paint. It has good weather
resisting and water proofing qualities.
 It is highly heat reactive and resistant to corrosive action of sea
water.
 It is used for painting metal roofs, silos, machineries, electric poles,
telephone poles, oil or gas storage tanks, etc..
• Anti-corrosive paints :
 It is used to protect metal structures against adverse effects of
moisture, fumes, acids, corrosive chemicals, etc..
 It consist of oil and a strong drier and a coloring agent mixed with
fine sand. It is cheaper than white/lead paints.

23. • Asbestos paints :
 This type of paint is specially suitable for patchwork or slopping
leakage in metal roofs.
 Asbestos coating is sometimes used as damp-proof cover for the outer
face of the basement walls.
• Bituminous Paints :
 These paints are prepared by dissolving asphalt, tar or mineral pitches
in naphtha, petroleum or white spirit.
 The paint gives black appearance and deteriorates when exposed to the
direct sun rays.
• Bronze Paints :
 This paint is often used for painting interior or exterior metallic surfaces.
On account of its highly reactive property, it is commonly applied on
radiators.
 Aluminium powder or copper powder are pigments commonly used in
this paint.

24.  Cellulose Paints :
 This paint is different from the ordinary oil paints. It is prepared from
nitrogen cotton, celluloid sheets, photographic films and any acetate
substitutes.
 The paint gives very smooth finish which remains unaffected by hot
water, smoky or acidic atmosphere, etc.
 Due to its high cost, it is used for painting motor cars, aeroplanes,
etc.
• Casein Paints :
 On account of its high capacity, the paint can be applied on new
plaster without any danger of scaling or alkali burning.
 It is usually applied on walls, ceiling, wall boards, cement block
construction etc. to enhance the appearance of the surface.
• Emulsion Paints :
 The paint surface can be washed with water. It is recommended for
use on stucco plaster, bricks and masonry surfaces.
 It has high durability and good workability.

25.  Enamel Paints :
 Enamel paints are used both for interior as well as exterior painting.
They are not affected by atmospheric actions.
 It is commonly used for painting porches, decks, stairs, concrete
surfaces, etc.
• Oil paints :
 Oil paint is an ordinary paint consisting of two principal constituents,
a base and a vehicle. However, driers and colouring pigments are
also added.
 Oil pains are generally used in three coats : prime coat, under coat
and finishing coat.
 These paints are cheap, easy to apply and possess good capacity
and low gloss.
 They are used for all types of surfaces such as walls, ceilings, wood
work, metal work, etc.

26.  Plastic paints :
 Plastic paint contains plastic as the base which forms the main
constituent of the paint.
 These paints are quickly drying, high covering powder, decorative
appearance. This paint has become very popular these days.
• Cement based paints :
 This is a type of water paint in which white or colour pigment and
cement forms the base.
 This type of paint is available in packed powder from under
different trade names like snowcem, etc.
 This paint is applied on exposed or plastered brick work and
concrete work, since it is waterproof.
 For few surfaces, it is applied in three coats while for old surfaces,
it is applied in two coats.

27. o Defects in painting :
 Blistering :
 This defect occurs by formation of bubbles under the paint film. This
is generally caused due to excess of oil in final coat and imperfect
seasoning of timber.
• Crawling :
 Crawling of paint occurs due to application of too thick a coat. It is
rectified by sand preparing the surface and giving a fresh coat with
plenty of turpentine.
• Bloom:
 This defect occurs by formation or development of dull patches on
the finished polished surface.
• Flaking:
 This is the loosening of certain portion of paint films due to failure of
bond or lack of adhesion with the under coats.

28.  Fading :
 This is the gradual loss of colour of paint, due to the effort of
sunlight on pigments of the paint.
 Grinning :
 This defect is caused when the final coat does not have
sufficient capacity so that background is clearly seen.
 Flashing :
 This is the appearance or reflection of glossy patches on the
painted surface due to either poor workmanship or cheap paint
used or due to weather effect.
 Running :
 This defect occurs when the surface to be painted is too
smooth. Due to this, the paint runs back and leaves small
areas of the surface uncovered.
 Sponification :
 This is the formation of soap patches on the painted surface
due to chemical action of alkalies.