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L/O/G/O
Academic Writing and Statistics
“If you don't have time to read,
you don't have the time
(or the tools) to write.
Simple as that.”
― Stephen King
Structure
I. Thinking and
preparing the article
II. Writing the paper
III. Editing the
material
Clueless to journal publishing
Decisions...decisions...
What?
• Article
• Lit Review
• Thesis
Where?
• Journal
• Conference
• Thesis
defence
About what?
• Own results
• Overview
• Contradict
How?
• Clear
• Concise
• Simple
Overview of the Writing Process
Narrow
down a
topic for the
article
Determine
what type of
article to
write
Select a
journal to
submit the
article
Write
the
article
Submit
the
article
Review
Re-
submit
article
Choosing a theme
Working
Title
Choose
theme
Study
Narrow
theme
More
study
The Writing Process in numbers
• 1. Prewriting (70%)
• 2. Writing the first draft (10%)
• 3. Revision (20%)
First draft
Revising
Pre-writing
Choosing a topic- Example
• Crisis
• Prediction
Business
cycle
• Synchronization
• Dynamic equations
• Use GDP
Study
• The dynamic
estimation of
business cycle
transmission
between US and the
Euro area
Working title
• “Ideas are like rabbits. You
get a couple and learn how
to handle them, and pretty
soon you have a dozen.”
― John Steinbeck
Documentation
• Databases for literature review
Free databases
• Google Scholar
• Directory of Open
Access Journals
• NO WIKIPEDIA!
Institutional subscribtion
• Elsevier
• Sage
• JSTOR
• Springer
• Thomson Reuters’
Web of Knowledge
• Taylor & Francis
• Wiley-Blackwell
Payed
• EMBASE
• Project Muse
• Science Direct
• Ulrich’s Directory
Documentation- Tips and Tricks
Articles
• Google scholar account-
daily notifications, free
articles on your theme
• All ... versions – early
(free) versions of a
payed article
Books
• Libgen.org
• Google books
Organize information
• Theme/ variables/ methods/ chronological
• Make a table with articles/books you have
read
• Use JabRef (or other referencing software)
• Use Word’s Masterlist option to build a
bibliography list for future use
Organize information- Examples
• MS-Word Masterlist
Get Data
• Questionnaires
• Databases (Choose only institutional DB!)
Compute results
State hypothesis
Verify hypothesis
Apply/develop models
Test models (in/out of sample)
Save results /draw graphs
Compute results
Statisti
c tools
MS
Excel
SPSS
EViewsR
MATLAB
USER
FRIENDLY
General
Purpose
CODE
Specific
toolboxes
Wrapping up!
Lit Review
Articles
Table with
ideas
Database
Raw data
Data
sources
Results
Numbers
Tables
Graphs (high
quality)
Templates
from
selected
journals
Article folder
Selecting a journal
• Check that your article would fit with
the Aims & Scope of the journal;
• Check whether the journal is by invitation
only – some journals only publish invited
articles;
• Check that the publication options of the
journal meet your needs (ISI/ BDI).
• SUBMIT ONLY TO ONE JOURNAL
AT A TIME!
Selecting a journal
• Check the Guide for Authors-types of
articles published, acceptable language
and article length;
• Read the abstracts of recent publications
to find current hot topics;
• Articles in your References section may
also lead to the right journal;
• Use automated abstract matching tools
(only if you have already an abstract).
Selecting a journal- International
Review Speed
The average number of weeks it takes for an
article to pass through the review process for this
journal. We have selected two key points:
1. From manuscript submission to the initial
decision on the article.
2. From manuscript submission to the final
decision to accept.
Impact factor
It is a measure of the number
of times an average paper in a
particular journal is cited
during the preceding two
years.
ISI Journals ← HOT LINK!
Selecting a journal- Romania
• Romanian ISI Jornals-
Economics
• AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC
• ECONOMIC COMPUTATION
AND ECONOMIC
CYBERNETICS STUDIES AND
RESEARCH
• REVISTA DE CERCETARE SI
INTERVENTIE SOCIALA
• ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF
ECONOMIC FORECASTING
• TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW OF
ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES
• Romanian BDI (B+)
Journals
REBS
CES Working Papers
ECTAP
Add your text in here
Add your text in here
Article structure
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Conclusions
Hot Tip
Clueless to journal publishing
New article structure
Literature
review
Methods
Results
Introduction
Conclusions
Abstract
Fancy title
Reference
list
Literature review
2 Reasons
Not re-
inventing the
wheel
Position your
current
research
Structure of LR
Introduction
• Generalization
• Widely known
information
• OR
• State
controversy
Main body
• Present
previous
works
• Choose an
order
• Use linkages
Ending
remarks
• Summarise
the main
findings
• Position your
paper
Examples
• In the last two or three decades the emphasis put on the
process of economic globalization has shifted the
analysis’ focus towards an international level.
• The international literature focused mainly on analyzing
the GDP as an absolute variable or as a growth rate
(Krolzig, 2003), (Li & Liu, 2004) and its connections with
…, proposed by Frankel and Rose (1998), further
developed by Imbs (2004).
• As a general remark, the I.L. considers that the complex
process of economic globalization should bring a higher
degree of business cycles synchronization.
Good vs. Bad
• Remember the
purpose
• Read about purpose
• Write within the
purpose
• Try to read everything
• Read but not write
• Not keeping
bibliographic
information
• Try to include almost
everything
• Give to many details
A PHRASE IN NEED,
A FRIEND INDEED !
http://www.phrasebank.manche
ster.ac.uk/sources.htm
Google search - phrasebank
GENERAL RULE !!!
Methodology and / or methods
Methodology
• The study of a
single or multiple
methods
Methods
• Ways, instruments,
procedures
employed to
complete the
research objectives
Empirical approach
1.
• Population / Sample
2.
• Data
• Variables
3.
• Methods
Population and Sample
• “The research
population is
represented by all
the European
states ...”
• “... out of which we
have selected a
number of 24
European Union
members, and 6
neighbouring
countries of the EU”
Very very important !
Mention if you have excluded
a number of entities from the
sample and motivate why !!!
• “Some entities were deliberately excluded
from this analysis either on lack of relevant
data or a very different economical situation,
leading to outliers”
Data and variables
Source
Description
of data
Mention the
calculus method
Data Variables
Data and datum
 Datum = noun, singular form
 Data = noun, plural form
DATAS - Pieces of Data
Do not try to
dribble the
English grammar !
Methods section
• Explain how you have studied the research hypotheses /
issues / problems etc.
• Identify and structure logically the procedures employed
New method
• Give precise and correct details
Previously published method
• Name and cite it
Mathematical method
• Include the formula
Results & Discussions
• Present results in a clear, logical
sequence
• Link findings to the aim of the article
• WHAT’S NEW ?
• Discuss findings by reffering to existing
literature
• Possible implications
• Also report uncertainties
• DO NOT SPECULATE, JUST REPORT
Results & Discussions
• Use tables and figures to support your arguments
• Provide captions and legends for all your figures and tables
• Use measure units where appropriate
• NEVER USE RAW DATA
• Be parsimonious about tables and figures
• Never duplicate (same information both in table and in
figure)
Results- Statistical issues
1. Descriptive analysis of the variables and
checking assumptions
- to check for correctness of the data
- to acquire a feel for the raw data, so that you recognize unusual
outcomes in your results;
- to check whether the assumptions of the main analysis technique
have been fulfilled to a reasonable level
- to detect and explain of missing data, or subjects with unusual
data.
Dependent
variables Independent
variables
Reporting statistics
• Mean,Standard
Deviation and
percentages are most
clearly presented in
parentheses:
“The sample as a whole was
relatively young (M = 19.22, SD =
3.45).” ƒ
• Never report the
significance level as
p =.0000; correct is
p <.0001
• Chi-square -degrees
of freedom and
sample size in
parentheses, followed
by chi-square statistic
(round to two decimal
places) and the
significance level.
• “The proportion of older male
teachers was 0.86, whereas the
proportion of younger male
teachers was 0.52. This difference
is significant, (2, N = 167) =
22.01, p < .01.”.

2
Reporting statistics
• Correlations are
reported with their
degrees of freedom
(N-2) in parentheses,
together with the
significance level, in
this way:
• “The two variables were strongly
correlated, r(55) =.49, p <.01.”
• ƒt Tests are reported
with the degrees of
freedom in
parentheses, followed
by the t statistic
(rounded to two
decimal places) and
the significance level.
• “There was a significant effect for
gender, t(54) = 5.43, p <.001, with
men receiving higher scores than
women.”
Reporting statistics
• Regression results are often best
presented in a table.
• Include the standardized slope (beta)
along with the t-test and the corresponding
significance level.
• “Social support significantly predicted depression scores, beta= -.34, t(225)
= 6.53, p <.01. Social support also explained a significant proportion of
variance in depression scores, R2 =.12, F(1, 225) = 42.64, p <.01. ”
Tables and figures
Tables
• Remove grid lines!
• Make sure everything
lines up.
• Keep a reasonable
number of significant
figures.
• Leave out
unnecessary info!
Figures
• Line Graphs-Used to
show trends over
time, age
• Bar Graphs- Used to
compare groups at
one time point
• Scatter Plots- Used to
show relationships
between two
variables
Tables and figures- Example
Tables and figures
Do-s
• Labeling
• Numbering
• Positioning
• In-text referencing
• Larger tables and
figures—place large
tables or figures in the
appendices
Don’t-s
• Don't restructure data
from an information
source into another
format
• Don't give extensive
descriptions in your
writing of the contents
of a table or diagram.
The information in a
table or diagram tells
its own story.
Insights regarding the
Introduction
Comunicates the
reseach area
The author’s
position
Create the
RESEARCH
SPACE
Short structure
• Establish a territory – identify
the research topic1.
• Identify a niche – issues,
gaps, dilemmas that demand
attention
2.
• State what your paper is
going to address3.
Suggested structure
I.
• Generalization about the topic
II.
• Short insights regarding the topic and / or concepts
(definitions, debates, academic conflicts)
III.
• Find the research issue or gap
IV.
• State very clearly the purpose
V.
• Structure of the article
GENERALIZATION ABOUT THE
TOPIC
“Considered to be one of the most important
contemporary phenomena by the national and
international literature, globalization represents
a key research issue within in the academic
field.”
SHORT INSIGHTS REGARDING THE
TOPIC AND / OR CONCEPTS
“Used, as a term, for the first time in 1983 in order to ...
(citation) globalization can be perceived as ...”
The literature on business cycles acknowledges two
types of cycles: the “classical” cycle, as defined by …
(citation) , and the one based on deviations or growths
where the underlying idea is that … (citation) “.
FIND THE RESEARCH ISSUE OR
GAP
“The main challenge that globalization puts forward, ...,
is that of finding alternative methods that can evaluate
its impact on the international economy.
...
an analysis based on the idea that business cycles
synchronization represents a direct effect of
globalization offers the possibility to better grasp the
nature and dynamics of these vast processes.”
State very clearly the purpose
• The present study seeks to
address the following questions
 Are there pieces of evidence
regarding the synchronization
of business cycles between
the G7 countries?, and if this
is proved to be true,
 Can these seven countries be
considered the promoters of
economic globalization?
This paper aims to estimate the synchronization of business cycles,
perceived as an effect of globalization, on the basis of the relationship
that exists between the growth rate of the GDP and inflows and
outflows of foreign direct investments (FDI), considered as percentage
of the GDP.
Tips for writing the
Conclusions
• Conclusions = the summing-up of an
argument or text
• From the verb to conclude = to bring or
come to an end, to sum up.
Suggested structure
I.
• General assessment of the topic
• Link to the purpose of the paper
II.
• Short and concise remarks
regarding the findings
III.
• Contributions of the study
IV
• Limitations of the research
• Future research directions
GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE TOPIC &
LINK TO THE PURPOSE OF THE PAPER
“Both globalization and business cycles are elusive economical
phenomena, hence they represents a continuous research puzzle
for the academic community and an inexhaustible source of
possible inquiries”.
“The main purpose of the research was to assess the business
cycle synchronization patterns inside the G7, in order to better
grasp the transformations that …“.
SHORT AND CONCISE REMARKS
REGARDING THE FINDINGS
“The study has showed that, in general, …. One of the
more important findings that emerge from the research
is fact that …The second major finding is that …, thus it
highlights the cases of … previously discussed. It can
also be said that …”
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY
“The contribution of the research, founded on the
existence of ..., resides in the explanation of ..., and
also the .... Another implication of the present paper is
that it highlights the importance ...”
“The novelty of the study is the use the << X >> method
in order to study the …”
LIMITATIONS & FUTURE RESEARCH
DIRECTIONS
“The future directions of study
will aim to enlarge the sample
and employ, if possible,
additional variables and
quarterly data.”
“The limitations of the research
derive from the”:
• sample size,
• variables employed,
• types of data (annual,
quarterly etc).
• methods
• time span
Connection with the future study
direction
Abstract
• Summarizes the research and the conclusions
• Is your advertisment = ”Sells” your work
• 50-300 words (200 typical length) (Refer to
author guidelines)
• Stand-alone (NO references)
• Indicates usefulness
• Targets the audience
Writing the abstract-Long version
Originality/value
Research limitations/implications
Findings
Design/methodology/approach
Purpose
•Based on the Emerald Structured Abstract
Writing the abstract-Short version
The Findings
The Arguments
The Purpose
Fancy title
• Academic Titles Have Three Parts
• (A) A catchy "hook" that introduces the
paper in a creative way
• (B) Specific keywords that identify the
concepts the scholar will be exploring
• (C) The "location" where those keywords
will be explored
• 8-15 words
• Main theme/research topic: research
design + population + geographical area
Fancy title- Examples
• Globalization versus Segregation-Business Cycles
Synchronization in Europe
• Is trade a vector of business cycles synchronization? A
Fuzzy Cluster Approach of Globalization
• Leaders and Followers in the Business Cycle Game. A
Case Study of the G7.
• Hard or fuzzy clusters in assessing business cycle
transmission?
• The reverse alchemy of the business cycle
References section
In-text citations
All the cited
works compose
the Reference
List
Types of in-text citation
• Varies from
Journal to Journal
• Always check the
Author’s
Guidelines
• MS Office offers:
 APA
 Harvard
 Chicago
 IEEE (reference order)
 ISO 690 (Numerical
reference)
Includes only the
works cited in the
paper
Contains papers
read, not
necessary cited
Clueless to journal publishing
What makes good writing?
Having
something
to say!
Logical
thinking.
A few
simple,
learnable
rules of
style
Writing- Tips and tricks
Read, pay attention, and imitate.
Talk about your research before
trying to write about it.
Stop waiting for “inspiration.”
Revise. Nobody gets it perfect on
the first try.
Learn how to cut ruthlessly. Never
become too attached to your words.
Drop the balast
• 1. Cut unnecessary words and phrases;
• 2. Write with verbs: use strong verbs,
avoid turning verbs into nouns, and don’t
bury the main verb!
The BAD Writing Contest
• The move from a structuralist account in which capital is
understood to structure social relations in relatively homologous
ways to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to
repetition, convergence, and rearticulation brought the question of
temporality into the thinking of structure, and marked a shift from a
form of Althusserian theory that takes structural totalities as
theoretical objects to one in which the insights into the contingent
possibility of structure inaugurate a renewed conception of
hegemony as bound up with the contingent sites and strategies of
the rearticulation of power.
• Butler’s, Diacritics (1997)
Balast to drop-Examples
1. Dead weight words and
phrases
• As it is well known
• As it has been shown
• It can be regarded that
• It should be emphasized
that
2. Empty words and
phrases
• methodologic
• important
3. Long words or phrases
that could be short
4. Unnecessary jargon
and acronyms
5. Repetitive words or
phrases
6. Adverbs
• very, really, quite,
basically, generally, etc.
Substitute 'damn' every time
you're inclined to write 'very';
your editor will delete it and the
writing will be just as it should
be.(Mark Twain)
Active vs. Passive voice
Passive voice (Was
done...)
• For previous studies
• Literature review
Active voice (I /We did...)
• For new, exciting, own results
• Original research
Verbs make the World go round
Don’t turn
verbs into
nouns
Don’t
bury the
main verb
Writing Environment
• MS Word
• Developed for average
users
• WYSIWYG
• Auto references
• Thesaurus
• LaTeX
• Developed for
profesionals
• Requires learning the
syntax
• Latex makes difficult
things easy, and easy
things very difficult
• Prefered by publishers
LaTeX
Tables and figures
Tables
• Most journals use three
horizontal lines: one
above the column
headings, one below the
column headings, and
one below the data
• Follow journal guidelines
• DO NOT copy-paste
result tables directly from
software
Figures
• Visual impact
• Show trends and patterns
• Tell a quick story
• Tell the whole story
• Highlight a particular
result
• Always provide caption
• Use high resolution (1000
dpi B&W; 300 dpi color)
Tables-Examples
Figures- Examples
Final draft check-list
• Check for consistency
• Check for numerical consistency
• Do the numbers in your abstract match the numbers in your
tables/figures/text?
• Do the numbers in the text match those in the tables/figures?
• Do the numbers in each table/figure match those in other tables/figures?
• Check your references style
• Check your overall style
Clueless to journal publishing
Submission information
• Authorship
This can be a point of contention when
writing in groups, so establish
expectations for roles and responsibilities
early in the writing process.
• Permissions and Approvals
• permissions for reprinting copyrighted
material
• Ethical Considerations
Plagiarism & Self- plagiarism
• Passing off other
people’s writing (or
tables and figures) as
your own.
• cutting and pasting
sentences or even
phrases from another
source
• slightly rewriting or re-
arranging others’
words
Recycling your own
writing or data
• Copying or only
slightly rewriting text
from your own
published papers.
• Adding new data to
already published
data and presenting it
as new results.
Submitting identical or overlapping data to multiple journals!
Submission checklist
• Keywords
• JEL Codes
• All figure captions
• All tables (including title, description)
• Manuscript has been 'spell-checked' and 'grammar-
checked'
• References are in the correct format for this journal
• All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited
in the text, and vice versa
• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted
material from other sources (including the Web)
Cover letter
Put the puzzle together!
L/O/G/O
Thank You!
Bibliography
• Jaba, E. (2002) Statistica. Editura Economică, București
• Day, A., & Peters, A. D. (1996). How to get research published in journals. Aldershot:
Gower.
• Academic Writing and Research Skills Workshop, Mancester University
• APA Research Style Crib Sheet by Professor Russ Dewey & Dr. Abel Scribe PhD -
Fall 2007
• Writing Articles for Peer-Review Publications: A Quick Reference Guide
• Chin, B. (2004). How to write a great research paper. John Wiley & Sons.
• Pieter M. Kroonenberg, (2007)How to write an article, Leiden University
• Daniel. P. J. Soule, Lucy Whiteley, and Shona McIntosh, Writing for Scholarly
Journals, eSharp
• Stephen E. Dew , (2013)The 5 Step Essay Writing Process,
• Kristin Sainani, Writing in the Sciences, Stanford University
• http://web.up.ac.za/sitefiles/file/40/753/writing_an_academic_journal_article.pdf
• Sebastian-Florian Enea, Silvia Palașcă, Claudiu Țigănaș, (2013) G7 COUNTRIES –
ADVOCATES OF THE GLOBAL BUSINESS CYCLE, GEBA 2013, Iași
• Enea Sebastian, (2013) EVALUATING GLOBALIZATION BY MEANS OF FUZZY
CLUSTER ANALYSIS, IE, Bucharest
• Oxford Dictionary http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/

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Clueless to journal publishing

  • 2. “If you don't have time to read, you don't have the time (or the tools) to write. Simple as that.” ― Stephen King
  • 3. Structure I. Thinking and preparing the article II. Writing the paper III. Editing the material
  • 5. Decisions...decisions... What? • Article • Lit Review • Thesis Where? • Journal • Conference • Thesis defence About what? • Own results • Overview • Contradict How? • Clear • Concise • Simple
  • 6. Overview of the Writing Process Narrow down a topic for the article Determine what type of article to write Select a journal to submit the article Write the article Submit the article Review Re- submit article
  • 8. The Writing Process in numbers • 1. Prewriting (70%) • 2. Writing the first draft (10%) • 3. Revision (20%) First draft Revising Pre-writing
  • 9. Choosing a topic- Example • Crisis • Prediction Business cycle • Synchronization • Dynamic equations • Use GDP Study • The dynamic estimation of business cycle transmission between US and the Euro area Working title
  • 10. • “Ideas are like rabbits. You get a couple and learn how to handle them, and pretty soon you have a dozen.” ― John Steinbeck
  • 11. Documentation • Databases for literature review Free databases • Google Scholar • Directory of Open Access Journals • NO WIKIPEDIA! Institutional subscribtion • Elsevier • Sage • JSTOR • Springer • Thomson Reuters’ Web of Knowledge • Taylor & Francis • Wiley-Blackwell Payed • EMBASE • Project Muse • Science Direct • Ulrich’s Directory
  • 12. Documentation- Tips and Tricks Articles • Google scholar account- daily notifications, free articles on your theme • All ... versions – early (free) versions of a payed article Books • Libgen.org • Google books
  • 13. Organize information • Theme/ variables/ methods/ chronological • Make a table with articles/books you have read • Use JabRef (or other referencing software) • Use Word’s Masterlist option to build a bibliography list for future use
  • 15. Get Data • Questionnaires • Databases (Choose only institutional DB!)
  • 16. Compute results State hypothesis Verify hypothesis Apply/develop models Test models (in/out of sample) Save results /draw graphs
  • 18. Wrapping up! Lit Review Articles Table with ideas Database Raw data Data sources Results Numbers Tables Graphs (high quality) Templates from selected journals Article folder
  • 19. Selecting a journal • Check that your article would fit with the Aims & Scope of the journal; • Check whether the journal is by invitation only – some journals only publish invited articles; • Check that the publication options of the journal meet your needs (ISI/ BDI). • SUBMIT ONLY TO ONE JOURNAL AT A TIME!
  • 20. Selecting a journal • Check the Guide for Authors-types of articles published, acceptable language and article length; • Read the abstracts of recent publications to find current hot topics; • Articles in your References section may also lead to the right journal; • Use automated abstract matching tools (only if you have already an abstract).
  • 21. Selecting a journal- International Review Speed The average number of weeks it takes for an article to pass through the review process for this journal. We have selected two key points: 1. From manuscript submission to the initial decision on the article. 2. From manuscript submission to the final decision to accept. Impact factor It is a measure of the number of times an average paper in a particular journal is cited during the preceding two years. ISI Journals ← HOT LINK!
  • 22. Selecting a journal- Romania • Romanian ISI Jornals- Economics • AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC • ECONOMIC COMPUTATION AND ECONOMIC CYBERNETICS STUDIES AND RESEARCH • REVISTA DE CERCETARE SI INTERVENTIE SOCIALA • ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC FORECASTING • TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES • Romanian BDI (B+) Journals REBS CES Working Papers ECTAP
  • 23. Add your text in here Add your text in here
  • 28. Literature review 2 Reasons Not re- inventing the wheel Position your current research
  • 29. Structure of LR Introduction • Generalization • Widely known information • OR • State controversy Main body • Present previous works • Choose an order • Use linkages Ending remarks • Summarise the main findings • Position your paper
  • 30. Examples • In the last two or three decades the emphasis put on the process of economic globalization has shifted the analysis’ focus towards an international level. • The international literature focused mainly on analyzing the GDP as an absolute variable or as a growth rate (Krolzig, 2003), (Li & Liu, 2004) and its connections with …, proposed by Frankel and Rose (1998), further developed by Imbs (2004). • As a general remark, the I.L. considers that the complex process of economic globalization should bring a higher degree of business cycles synchronization.
  • 31. Good vs. Bad • Remember the purpose • Read about purpose • Write within the purpose • Try to read everything • Read but not write • Not keeping bibliographic information • Try to include almost everything • Give to many details
  • 32. A PHRASE IN NEED, A FRIEND INDEED ! http://www.phrasebank.manche ster.ac.uk/sources.htm Google search - phrasebank
  • 34. Methodology and / or methods Methodology • The study of a single or multiple methods Methods • Ways, instruments, procedures employed to complete the research objectives
  • 35. Empirical approach 1. • Population / Sample 2. • Data • Variables 3. • Methods
  • 36. Population and Sample • “The research population is represented by all the European states ...” • “... out of which we have selected a number of 24 European Union members, and 6 neighbouring countries of the EU”
  • 37. Very very important ! Mention if you have excluded a number of entities from the sample and motivate why !!! • “Some entities were deliberately excluded from this analysis either on lack of relevant data or a very different economical situation, leading to outliers”
  • 38. Data and variables Source Description of data Mention the calculus method Data Variables
  • 39. Data and datum  Datum = noun, singular form  Data = noun, plural form DATAS - Pieces of Data Do not try to dribble the English grammar !
  • 40. Methods section • Explain how you have studied the research hypotheses / issues / problems etc. • Identify and structure logically the procedures employed New method • Give precise and correct details Previously published method • Name and cite it Mathematical method • Include the formula
  • 41. Results & Discussions • Present results in a clear, logical sequence • Link findings to the aim of the article • WHAT’S NEW ? • Discuss findings by reffering to existing literature • Possible implications • Also report uncertainties • DO NOT SPECULATE, JUST REPORT
  • 42. Results & Discussions • Use tables and figures to support your arguments • Provide captions and legends for all your figures and tables • Use measure units where appropriate • NEVER USE RAW DATA • Be parsimonious about tables and figures • Never duplicate (same information both in table and in figure)
  • 43. Results- Statistical issues 1. Descriptive analysis of the variables and checking assumptions - to check for correctness of the data - to acquire a feel for the raw data, so that you recognize unusual outcomes in your results; - to check whether the assumptions of the main analysis technique have been fulfilled to a reasonable level - to detect and explain of missing data, or subjects with unusual data. Dependent variables Independent variables
  • 44. Reporting statistics • Mean,Standard Deviation and percentages are most clearly presented in parentheses: “The sample as a whole was relatively young (M = 19.22, SD = 3.45).” ƒ • Never report the significance level as p =.0000; correct is p <.0001 • Chi-square -degrees of freedom and sample size in parentheses, followed by chi-square statistic (round to two decimal places) and the significance level. • “The proportion of older male teachers was 0.86, whereas the proportion of younger male teachers was 0.52. This difference is significant, (2, N = 167) = 22.01, p < .01.”.  2
  • 45. Reporting statistics • Correlations are reported with their degrees of freedom (N-2) in parentheses, together with the significance level, in this way: • “The two variables were strongly correlated, r(55) =.49, p <.01.” • ƒt Tests are reported with the degrees of freedom in parentheses, followed by the t statistic (rounded to two decimal places) and the significance level. • “There was a significant effect for gender, t(54) = 5.43, p <.001, with men receiving higher scores than women.”
  • 46. Reporting statistics • Regression results are often best presented in a table. • Include the standardized slope (beta) along with the t-test and the corresponding significance level. • “Social support significantly predicted depression scores, beta= -.34, t(225) = 6.53, p <.01. Social support also explained a significant proportion of variance in depression scores, R2 =.12, F(1, 225) = 42.64, p <.01. ”
  • 47. Tables and figures Tables • Remove grid lines! • Make sure everything lines up. • Keep a reasonable number of significant figures. • Leave out unnecessary info! Figures • Line Graphs-Used to show trends over time, age • Bar Graphs- Used to compare groups at one time point • Scatter Plots- Used to show relationships between two variables
  • 49. Tables and figures Do-s • Labeling • Numbering • Positioning • In-text referencing • Larger tables and figures—place large tables or figures in the appendices Don’t-s • Don't restructure data from an information source into another format • Don't give extensive descriptions in your writing of the contents of a table or diagram. The information in a table or diagram tells its own story.
  • 50. Insights regarding the Introduction Comunicates the reseach area The author’s position Create the RESEARCH SPACE
  • 51. Short structure • Establish a territory – identify the research topic1. • Identify a niche – issues, gaps, dilemmas that demand attention 2. • State what your paper is going to address3.
  • 52. Suggested structure I. • Generalization about the topic II. • Short insights regarding the topic and / or concepts (definitions, debates, academic conflicts) III. • Find the research issue or gap IV. • State very clearly the purpose V. • Structure of the article
  • 53. GENERALIZATION ABOUT THE TOPIC “Considered to be one of the most important contemporary phenomena by the national and international literature, globalization represents a key research issue within in the academic field.”
  • 54. SHORT INSIGHTS REGARDING THE TOPIC AND / OR CONCEPTS “Used, as a term, for the first time in 1983 in order to ... (citation) globalization can be perceived as ...” The literature on business cycles acknowledges two types of cycles: the “classical” cycle, as defined by … (citation) , and the one based on deviations or growths where the underlying idea is that … (citation) “.
  • 55. FIND THE RESEARCH ISSUE OR GAP “The main challenge that globalization puts forward, ..., is that of finding alternative methods that can evaluate its impact on the international economy. ... an analysis based on the idea that business cycles synchronization represents a direct effect of globalization offers the possibility to better grasp the nature and dynamics of these vast processes.”
  • 56. State very clearly the purpose • The present study seeks to address the following questions  Are there pieces of evidence regarding the synchronization of business cycles between the G7 countries?, and if this is proved to be true,  Can these seven countries be considered the promoters of economic globalization? This paper aims to estimate the synchronization of business cycles, perceived as an effect of globalization, on the basis of the relationship that exists between the growth rate of the GDP and inflows and outflows of foreign direct investments (FDI), considered as percentage of the GDP.
  • 57. Tips for writing the Conclusions • Conclusions = the summing-up of an argument or text • From the verb to conclude = to bring or come to an end, to sum up.
  • 58. Suggested structure I. • General assessment of the topic • Link to the purpose of the paper II. • Short and concise remarks regarding the findings III. • Contributions of the study IV • Limitations of the research • Future research directions
  • 59. GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE TOPIC & LINK TO THE PURPOSE OF THE PAPER “Both globalization and business cycles are elusive economical phenomena, hence they represents a continuous research puzzle for the academic community and an inexhaustible source of possible inquiries”. “The main purpose of the research was to assess the business cycle synchronization patterns inside the G7, in order to better grasp the transformations that …“.
  • 60. SHORT AND CONCISE REMARKS REGARDING THE FINDINGS “The study has showed that, in general, …. One of the more important findings that emerge from the research is fact that …The second major finding is that …, thus it highlights the cases of … previously discussed. It can also be said that …”
  • 61. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY “The contribution of the research, founded on the existence of ..., resides in the explanation of ..., and also the .... Another implication of the present paper is that it highlights the importance ...” “The novelty of the study is the use the << X >> method in order to study the …”
  • 62. LIMITATIONS & FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS “The future directions of study will aim to enlarge the sample and employ, if possible, additional variables and quarterly data.” “The limitations of the research derive from the”: • sample size, • variables employed, • types of data (annual, quarterly etc). • methods • time span Connection with the future study direction
  • 63. Abstract • Summarizes the research and the conclusions • Is your advertisment = ”Sells” your work • 50-300 words (200 typical length) (Refer to author guidelines) • Stand-alone (NO references) • Indicates usefulness • Targets the audience
  • 64. Writing the abstract-Long version Originality/value Research limitations/implications Findings Design/methodology/approach Purpose •Based on the Emerald Structured Abstract
  • 65. Writing the abstract-Short version The Findings The Arguments The Purpose
  • 66. Fancy title • Academic Titles Have Three Parts • (A) A catchy "hook" that introduces the paper in a creative way • (B) Specific keywords that identify the concepts the scholar will be exploring • (C) The "location" where those keywords will be explored • 8-15 words • Main theme/research topic: research design + population + geographical area
  • 67. Fancy title- Examples • Globalization versus Segregation-Business Cycles Synchronization in Europe • Is trade a vector of business cycles synchronization? A Fuzzy Cluster Approach of Globalization • Leaders and Followers in the Business Cycle Game. A Case Study of the G7. • Hard or fuzzy clusters in assessing business cycle transmission? • The reverse alchemy of the business cycle
  • 68. References section In-text citations All the cited works compose the Reference List
  • 69. Types of in-text citation • Varies from Journal to Journal • Always check the Author’s Guidelines • MS Office offers:  APA  Harvard  Chicago  IEEE (reference order)  ISO 690 (Numerical reference)
  • 70. Includes only the works cited in the paper Contains papers read, not necessary cited
  • 72. What makes good writing? Having something to say! Logical thinking. A few simple, learnable rules of style
  • 73. Writing- Tips and tricks Read, pay attention, and imitate. Talk about your research before trying to write about it. Stop waiting for “inspiration.” Revise. Nobody gets it perfect on the first try. Learn how to cut ruthlessly. Never become too attached to your words.
  • 74. Drop the balast • 1. Cut unnecessary words and phrases; • 2. Write with verbs: use strong verbs, avoid turning verbs into nouns, and don’t bury the main verb!
  • 75. The BAD Writing Contest • The move from a structuralist account in which capital is understood to structure social relations in relatively homologous ways to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition, convergence, and rearticulation brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure, and marked a shift from a form of Althusserian theory that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects to one in which the insights into the contingent possibility of structure inaugurate a renewed conception of hegemony as bound up with the contingent sites and strategies of the rearticulation of power. • Butler’s, Diacritics (1997)
  • 76. Balast to drop-Examples 1. Dead weight words and phrases • As it is well known • As it has been shown • It can be regarded that • It should be emphasized that 2. Empty words and phrases • methodologic • important 3. Long words or phrases that could be short 4. Unnecessary jargon and acronyms 5. Repetitive words or phrases 6. Adverbs • very, really, quite, basically, generally, etc. Substitute 'damn' every time you're inclined to write 'very'; your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.(Mark Twain)
  • 77. Active vs. Passive voice Passive voice (Was done...) • For previous studies • Literature review Active voice (I /We did...) • For new, exciting, own results • Original research
  • 78. Verbs make the World go round Don’t turn verbs into nouns Don’t bury the main verb
  • 79. Writing Environment • MS Word • Developed for average users • WYSIWYG • Auto references • Thesaurus • LaTeX • Developed for profesionals • Requires learning the syntax • Latex makes difficult things easy, and easy things very difficult • Prefered by publishers
  • 80. LaTeX
  • 81. Tables and figures Tables • Most journals use three horizontal lines: one above the column headings, one below the column headings, and one below the data • Follow journal guidelines • DO NOT copy-paste result tables directly from software Figures • Visual impact • Show trends and patterns • Tell a quick story • Tell the whole story • Highlight a particular result • Always provide caption • Use high resolution (1000 dpi B&W; 300 dpi color)
  • 84. Final draft check-list • Check for consistency • Check for numerical consistency • Do the numbers in your abstract match the numbers in your tables/figures/text? • Do the numbers in the text match those in the tables/figures? • Do the numbers in each table/figure match those in other tables/figures? • Check your references style • Check your overall style
  • 86. Submission information • Authorship This can be a point of contention when writing in groups, so establish expectations for roles and responsibilities early in the writing process. • Permissions and Approvals • permissions for reprinting copyrighted material • Ethical Considerations
  • 87. Plagiarism & Self- plagiarism • Passing off other people’s writing (or tables and figures) as your own. • cutting and pasting sentences or even phrases from another source • slightly rewriting or re- arranging others’ words Recycling your own writing or data • Copying or only slightly rewriting text from your own published papers. • Adding new data to already published data and presenting it as new results. Submitting identical or overlapping data to multiple journals!
  • 88. Submission checklist • Keywords • JEL Codes • All figure captions • All tables (including title, description) • Manuscript has been 'spell-checked' and 'grammar- checked' • References are in the correct format for this journal • All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa • Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web)
  • 90. Put the puzzle together!
  • 92. Bibliography • Jaba, E. (2002) Statistica. Editura Economică, București • Day, A., & Peters, A. D. (1996). How to get research published in journals. Aldershot: Gower. • Academic Writing and Research Skills Workshop, Mancester University • APA Research Style Crib Sheet by Professor Russ Dewey & Dr. Abel Scribe PhD - Fall 2007 • Writing Articles for Peer-Review Publications: A Quick Reference Guide • Chin, B. (2004). How to write a great research paper. John Wiley & Sons. • Pieter M. Kroonenberg, (2007)How to write an article, Leiden University • Daniel. P. J. Soule, Lucy Whiteley, and Shona McIntosh, Writing for Scholarly Journals, eSharp • Stephen E. Dew , (2013)The 5 Step Essay Writing Process, • Kristin Sainani, Writing in the Sciences, Stanford University • http://web.up.ac.za/sitefiles/file/40/753/writing_an_academic_journal_article.pdf • Sebastian-Florian Enea, Silvia Palașcă, Claudiu Țigănaș, (2013) G7 COUNTRIES – ADVOCATES OF THE GLOBAL BUSINESS CYCLE, GEBA 2013, Iași • Enea Sebastian, (2013) EVALUATING GLOBALIZATION BY MEANS OF FUZZY CLUSTER ANALYSIS, IE, Bucharest • Oxford Dictionary http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/