1. Network Analysis
Chapter 1 Basic Circuit Laws
Chien-Jung Li
Department of Electronic Engineering
National Taipei University of Technology
2. In This Chapter
• Fast reviews of some basic circuit laws
• Historical points of view
• Reviews of circuit analysis methods
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(such as mesh-current and node-voltage methods,
Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem, and superposition
principles)
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3. Circuit Quantities & Prefixes
QuantityQuantityQuantityQuantity SymbolsSymbolsSymbolsSymbols UnitUnitUnitUnit Abbr.Abbr.Abbr.Abbr.
Time (時間) t second (秒) s (sec)
Energy (能量) w, W joule (焦耳) J
Power (功率) p, P watt (瓦特) W
Charge (電荷) q, Q coulomb (庫倫) C
Current (電流) i, I ampere (安培) A
Voltage (電壓) v, V volt (伏特) V
Resistance (電阻) R ohm (歐姆) Ω
Conductance (電導) G siemens (姆歐) S
Inductance (電感) L henry (亨利) H
Capacitance (電容) C farad (法拉) F
Impedance (阻抗) Z (Z) ohm (歐姆) Ω
Reactance (電抗) X ohm (歐姆) Ω
Admittance (導納) Y (Y) siemens (姆歐) S
Susceptance (電受) B siemens (姆歐) S
Frequency (cyclic) (頻率) f hertz (赫茲) Hz
Frequency (radian) (頻率) ω radians/second rad/s
ValueValueValueValue PrefixPrefixPrefixPrefix Abbr.Abbr.Abbr.Abbr.
10-18 atto a
10-15 femto f
10-12 pico p
10-9 nano n
10-6 micro µ
10-3 milli m
103 kilo k
106 mega M
109 giga G
1012 tera T
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4. Functional Notations (I)
• V , I : 電壓, 電流
• VDC , IDC : 直流電壓, 直流電流
• VAC , IAC : 交流電壓, 交流電流
• V (t), I (t) : 時變電壓, 時變電流
• v (t), i (t) : 時變電壓, 時變電流
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5. Functional Notations (II)
di
Di
DI : 表示直流
: 表示交流, 小訊號分析
: 表示(直流+交流), 大訊號分析
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• 電路分析時的慣用表示法::::
0 1s 2s 3s 4s
t
DI
直流
0 1s 2s 3s 4s
t
di 交流(小訊號分析)
0 1s 2s 3s 4s
t
DI = +D D di I i
直流+交流(大訊號分析)
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6. Energy and Power (I)
• Energy: capacity for, or the actual performance of work
JamesJamesJamesJames PrescottPrescottPrescottPrescott JouleJouleJouleJoule (1818–
1889) was an English physicist,
born in Salford, Lancashire.
Joule studied the nature of
heat, and discovered its
relationship to mechanical
work. This led to the theory of
conservation of energy, which
led to the development of the
first law of thermodynamics.
The SI derived unit of energy,
the joule, is named after him.
(from Wikipedia)
United Kingdom (UK)
1焦耳=施加1牛頓作用力於物體使之經過1米距離所需的能量
=移動1庫侖電荷通過1伏特電壓差所需做的功
=產生(釋放)1瓦特功率1秒所需做的功
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7. Energy and Power (II)
• Power: rate of performing work or the rate of energy change
JamesJamesJamesJames WattWattWattWatt (1736–1819)
was a Scottish inventor
and mechanical engineer
whose improvements to
the Newcomen steam
engine were fundamental
to the changes brought by
the Industrial Revolution in
both the Kingdom of Great
Britain and the world. The
SI unit of power, the watt,
was named after him.
(from Wikipedia)
Scotland
( )
( )=
dw t
p t
dt
( ) ( )= ∫
2
1
t
t
w t p t dt
1瓦特 = 1焦耳/1秒
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8. Current and Voltage
• Current is a measure of the rate of charge through a
circuit. A flow of 1 coulomb/sec. past a certain point in a
circuit constitutes a current of 1 ampere, or equivalently,
1A = 1 C/s.
( )
( )=
dq t
i t
dt
( )= ∫
2
1
12
t
t
Q i t dt
Q12 is the total charge passing over interval from t1 to t2
• Voltage is the electrical pressure between two points in
an electrical circuit. It is always measured between two
points. The SI unit of voltage, the volt, was named after
the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta.
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9. Coulomb, Ampere, and Volta
CharlesCharlesCharlesCharles----AugustinAugustinAugustinAugustin dededede CoulombCoulombCoulombCoulomb
(1736–1806) was a French
physicist. He is best known for
developing Coulomb's law, the
definition of the electrostatic
force of attraction and
repulsion. The SI unit of charge,
the coulomb, was named after
him. (from Wikipedia)
AndréAndréAndréAndré----MarieMarieMarieMarie AmpèreAmpèreAmpèreAmpère (1775–
1836) was a French physicist
and mathematician who is
generally regarded as one of
the main discoverers of
electromagnetism. The SI unit
of measurement of electric
current, the ampere, is named
after him. (from Wikipedia)
CountCountCountCount AlessandroAlessandroAlessandroAlessandro GiuseppeGiuseppeGiuseppeGiuseppe AntonioAntonioAntonioAntonio
AnastasioAnastasioAnastasioAnastasio VoltaVoltaVoltaVolta (1745–1827) was an
Italian physicist known especially for
the development of the first electric
cell in 1800. (from Wikipedia)
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10. Resistance and Conductance
• Resistance is the opposition to current flow present in all
conducting material. A lump package of resistance is
called a resistor. The symbol for resistance is R, and the
unit is ohm ( ). An alternate way to characterize
resistance is through the concept of conductance, G,
and unit is the siemens.
=
1
G
R
=
1
R
G
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11. Ohm’s Law and Resistive Power
GeorgGeorgGeorgGeorg SimonSimonSimonSimon OhmOhmOhmOhm (1789–1854) was
born at Erlangen, Bavaria. He has
exerted an important influence on the
development of the theory and
applications of electric current. Ohm's
name has been incorporated in the
terminology of electrical science in
Ohm's Law (which he first published
in Die galvanische Kette...), the
proportionality of current and voltage
in a resistor, and adopted as the SI
unit of resistance, the ohm (symbol
Ω). (from Wikipedia)
( ) ( )v t R i t= ⋅ ( )
( )
( )
v t
i t G v t
R
= = ⋅
( )i t
R( )v t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )2
2 v t
p t i t v t R i t
R
= ⋅ = ⋅ =
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12. Circuit Models – Active Components
• Independent Sources:
( )sv t ( )si t
1v 1A v⋅ 1i 1mR i⋅
1v 1mg v⋅ 1i 1iβ ⋅
• Dependent Sources:
VCVS ICVS (CCVS)
VCIS
(VCCS)
ICIS (CCCS)
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13. Circuit Models – Passive Components
• Resistor (R), Inductor (L), and Capacitor (C)
RRRR LLLL CCCC
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14. Equivalent Resistance
• Resistors in Series
• Resistors in Parallel
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= + + +⋯1 2eq nR R R R
= + + +⋯
1 2
1 1 1 1
eq nR R R R
= + + +⋯1 2eq nG G G G
eqR
1R2R
nR
1R2RnR eqR
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15. Voltage Divider
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( ) ( )=
+
0
0
0 1
s
R
v t v t
R R
0R
1R
( )sv t ( )0v t
( )1v t
( ) ( )=
+
1
1
0 1
s
R
v t v t
R R
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16. Current Divider
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( ) ( )=
+
1
0
1 0
s
R
i t i t
R R
0R1R( )si t
( )0i t( )1i t
( ) ( )=
+
0
1
1 0
s
R
i t i t
R R
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17. Kirchoff’s Voltage and Current Laws
• KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltages around a closed
loop is zero.
GustavGustavGustavGustav RobertRobertRobertRobert KirchhoffKirchhoffKirchhoffKirchhoff (1824–1887) was a German
physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding
of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-
body radiation by heated objects. He coined the term "black
body" radiation in 1862, and two sets of independent
concepts in both circuit theory and thermal emission are
named "Kirchhoff's laws" after him, as well as a law of
thermochemistry. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for
spectroscopy is named after him and his colleague, Robert
Bunsen.
0n
n
v =∑
• KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents at a node zero.
=∑ 0n
n
i
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18. Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
1v
2v 3v
4v
5v
x
1 2 3 4 5 0v v v v v− + + − + =
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19. Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
1i
2i
3i
4i
5i
1 2 3 4 5 0i i i i i− + − − + =
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22. Mesh Current Method (I)
1i 2i 3i
4i 5i 6i
1i 2i
bbi
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• Loop current assumed in every mesh. (apply KVL)
• A given mesh current may not equal to the actual current.
= −1 2bbi i i
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23. Mesh Current Method (II)
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1I 2I 3I
( )− + + − − =1 1 220 6 5 25 0I I I
( ) ( )+ − + − + − + =2 1 2 2 325 5 3 32 2 6 0I I I I I
( )− + − + + + =3 2 3 36 2 4 7 49 0I I I I
• 3 meshes, 3 loop currents, 3 KVL equations:
• The currents are determined:
= = = −1 2 35A, 2A, 3AI I I
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24. Node Voltage Method (I)
1v 2v 3v
4v 5v 6v
7v 8v
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• Firstly define a common or ground node. Such a node may not
correspond to the actual ground.
• (n+1) nodes are reduced to n nodes when one ground node is
designated. (then, apply KCL)
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25. Node Voltage Method (II)
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1V 2V 3V
( )−
− + + + + + =1 21 110 32
5 0
3 6 5 3 3
V VV V
• 3 nodes, 3 node voltages, 3 KCL equations:
= − = =1 2 310V, 16V, 28VV V V
( ) ( )− −
− + − + + =2 1 2 3232
3 0
3 3 2 4
V V V VV
( )−
+ − =3 2 3
7 0
4 7
V V V
such that
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26. Thevenin’s Theorem
( )tv t
eqR
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• Thevenin’s theorem states that:
All effects of any linear circuit external to two reference terminals can be
completely predicted from a model consisting of a single ideal voltage in
series with a single resistor.
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27. Norton’s Theorem
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• Norton’s theorem states that:
All effects of any linear circuit external to two reference terminals can be
completely predicted from a model consisting of a single ideal current
source in parallel with a single resistor.
( )
( )= t
n
eq
v t
i t
R
( )ni t
eqR
( ) ( )=t eq nv t R i t
• If the Thevenin’s model is known, the Norton current is
• If the Norton’s model is known, the Thevenin voltage is
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28. “Equivalent” Model
• When a complex circuit is replaced by a Thevenin or a
Norton model, the model predicts correct results
external to the reference terminals only.
• The internal action of original circuit has been “lost,” and
any internal calculations in the Thevenin or Norton
model are generally meaningless.
• The models are useful when there is a portion of a
circuit that remains fixed for which there is little interest
in the internal behavior nut in which the effect on an
external circuit is to be studied under varying conditions.
• Equivalent does not mean Identical.
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29. Example of Thevenin’s Model
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Resistive
linear circuit
(energized)
• Determine open-circuit voltage
• De-energize all internal sources and determined
Resistive
linear circuit
(de-energized)
= =
+
6
12 8 V
6 3
ocV
= + = Ω
+
1
5 7
1 1
3 6
eqR
=t ocv v
ocv
eqR
eqR
• Equivalent model:
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30. Example of Norton’s Model
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sci
• Determine short-circuit current
• De-energize all internal sources and determined
• Equivalent model:
=n sci i
( )
= ⋅ =
+ +
12 6 8
A
3 6 || 5 6 5 7
sci
eqR
= + = Ω
+
1
5 7
1 1
3 6
eqR
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31. De-energize Sources
• Voltage source short-circuit
Since an ideal voltage source does not care how much
current flows through it.
• Current source open-circuit
Since an ideal current source does not care how much
voltage across it’s terminals.
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de-energizing
de-energizing
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32. Principle of Superposition
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= + +1 2 3oc oc oc ocv v v v
1ocv
2ocv
3ocv
ocv
• Any voltage or current response
in a linearlinearlinearlinear circuit resulting from
several voltage and/or current
sources may be determined by
the combinationcombinationcombinationcombination ofofofof thethethethe effecteffecteffecteffect ofofofof
eacheacheacheach sourcesourcesourcesource.
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