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ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS




          PgBlazer.com
CLASSIFICATION

                                                                        α glucosidase
Sulphonylureas     Biguanides    Meglitinide       Thiazolidinediones     inhibitors

 I generation
                     Metformin      Repaglinide       Rosiglitazone         Acarbose
 •Tolbutamide
 •Chlorpromamide


                                     Nateglinide       Pioglitazone         Miglitol
 II generation
 •Glibenclamide
 •Glipizide
 •Gliclazide
 •Glimepiride




                                 PgBlazer.com
Sulphonylureas
• Lower blood glucose in normal persons and
  type 2 diabetics
• Not effective in type 1 diabetics




                    PgBlazer.com
Mechanism of action – Sulphonylureas

  SUR1 receptors on pancreatic β cell membrane
           Binding to receptor

Reduced conductance of ATP sensitive K+ channels

     Depolarization of membrane

             Enhanced Ca2+ influx

   Degranulation of insulin vesicles
                    PgBlazer.com
Mechanism of action – Sulphonylureas

• Augment 2nd phase of insulin secretion
• At least 30% functional β cells required




                      PgBlazer.com
Extrapancreatic action – Sulphonylureas
• Chronic administration – downregulation of
  sulphonylurea receptors
  – Insulin release decreased
• But control of blood sugar is maintained
• Tissues are sensitized to insulin
  – By Increase in insulin receptors and/or
    postreceptor action



                        PgBlazer.com
Pharmacokinetics – Sulphonylureas
• Well absorbed orally
• High plasma protein binding – 90%
• Low volume of distribution – 0.2-0.4 L/kg




                     PgBlazer.com
Interactions – Sulphonylureas
• Increasing sulphonylurea action
  – Displacement from plasma proteins
  – Decrease metabolism
  – Synergistic action
• Decreasing sulphonylurea action
  – Increase metabolism
  – Antagonistic action


                      PgBlazer.com
Interactions – Sulphonylureas
• Increasing sulphonylurea action
   – Displacement from plasma proteins
      •   Phenylbutazone
      •   Sulphinpyrazone
      •   Salicylates
      •   Sulfonamides
      •   PAS
   – Decrease metabolism
   – Synergistic action
• Decreasing sulphonylurea action
   – Increase metabolism
   – Antagonistic action


                            PgBlazer.com
Interactions – Sulphonylureas
• Increasing sulphonylurea action
   – Displacement from plasma proteins
   – Decrease metabolism
      •   Cimetidine
      •   Sulfonamides
      •   Warfarin
      •   Chloramphenicol
      •   Acute alcohol intake
   – Synergistic action
• Decreasing sulphonylurea action
   – Increase metabolism
   – Antagonistic action


                                 PgBlazer.com
Interactions – Sulphonylureas
• Increasing sulphonylurea action
   – Displacement from plasma proteins
   – Decrease metabolism
   – Synergistic action
      •   Salicylates
      •   Propranolol
      •   Sympatholytic antihypertensives
      •   Lithium
      •   Theophylline
      •   Alcohol (inhibits gluconeogenesis)
• Decreasing sulphonylurea action
   – Increase metabolism
   – Antagonistic action

                                 PgBlazer.com
Interactions – Sulphonylureas
• Increasing sulphonylurea action
   – Displacement from plasma proteins
   – Decrease metabolism
   – Synergistic action
• Decreasing sulphonylurea action
   – Increase metabolism
      •   Phenobarbitone
      •   Phenytoin
      •   Rifampicin
      •   Chronic alcoholism

   – Antagonistic action


                               PgBlazer.com
Interactions – Sulphonylureas
• Increasing sulphonylurea action
   – Displacement from plasma proteins
   – Decrease metabolism
   – Synergistic action
• Decreasing sulphonylurea action
   – Increase metabolism
   – Antagonistic action
      •   Corticosteroids
      •   Diazoxide
      •   Thiazides
      •   Furosemide
      •   Oral contraceptives


                                PgBlazer.com
Adverse Effects – Sulphonylureas
• Hypoglycemia
  – Commonest
  – More in elderly, liver+kidney disease
  – More with Chlorpropamide – long action
  – Least with Tolbutamide – low potency, short
    action
• Non specific side effects
• Hypersensitivity

                       PgBlazer.com
Adverse Effects – Sulphonylureas
• Hypoglycemia
• Non specific side effects
   –   Nausea
   –   Vomiting
   –   Flatulence
   –   Diarrhoea/constipation
   –   Headache
   –   Paresthesias
   –   Weight gain
• Hypersensitivity

                           PgBlazer.com
Adverse Effects – Sulphonylureas
• Hypoglycemia
• Non specific side effects
• Hypersensitivity
  – Rashes
  – Photosensitivity
  – Prupura
  – Transient leukopenia
  – Agranulocytosis (rare)

                        PgBlazer.com
Adverse Effects – Sulphonylureas
• Chlorpropamide
  – Cholestatic jaundice
  – Dilutional hyponatremia (sensitise kidney to ADH)
  – Disulfuram like reactions
• Tolbutamide
  – Reduce iodine uptake by thyroid
     • Does not cause hypothyroidism
• Should changeover to insulin during
  pregnancy

                         PgBlazer.com

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Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs - Sulphonylureas

  • 1. ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS PgBlazer.com
  • 2. CLASSIFICATION α glucosidase Sulphonylureas Biguanides Meglitinide Thiazolidinediones inhibitors I generation Metformin Repaglinide Rosiglitazone Acarbose •Tolbutamide •Chlorpromamide Nateglinide Pioglitazone Miglitol II generation •Glibenclamide •Glipizide •Gliclazide •Glimepiride PgBlazer.com
  • 3. Sulphonylureas • Lower blood glucose in normal persons and type 2 diabetics • Not effective in type 1 diabetics PgBlazer.com
  • 4. Mechanism of action – Sulphonylureas SUR1 receptors on pancreatic β cell membrane Binding to receptor Reduced conductance of ATP sensitive K+ channels Depolarization of membrane Enhanced Ca2+ influx Degranulation of insulin vesicles PgBlazer.com
  • 5. Mechanism of action – Sulphonylureas • Augment 2nd phase of insulin secretion • At least 30% functional β cells required PgBlazer.com
  • 6. Extrapancreatic action – Sulphonylureas • Chronic administration – downregulation of sulphonylurea receptors – Insulin release decreased • But control of blood sugar is maintained • Tissues are sensitized to insulin – By Increase in insulin receptors and/or postreceptor action PgBlazer.com
  • 7. Pharmacokinetics – Sulphonylureas • Well absorbed orally • High plasma protein binding – 90% • Low volume of distribution – 0.2-0.4 L/kg PgBlazer.com
  • 8. Interactions – Sulphonylureas • Increasing sulphonylurea action – Displacement from plasma proteins – Decrease metabolism – Synergistic action • Decreasing sulphonylurea action – Increase metabolism – Antagonistic action PgBlazer.com
  • 9. Interactions – Sulphonylureas • Increasing sulphonylurea action – Displacement from plasma proteins • Phenylbutazone • Sulphinpyrazone • Salicylates • Sulfonamides • PAS – Decrease metabolism – Synergistic action • Decreasing sulphonylurea action – Increase metabolism – Antagonistic action PgBlazer.com
  • 10. Interactions – Sulphonylureas • Increasing sulphonylurea action – Displacement from plasma proteins – Decrease metabolism • Cimetidine • Sulfonamides • Warfarin • Chloramphenicol • Acute alcohol intake – Synergistic action • Decreasing sulphonylurea action – Increase metabolism – Antagonistic action PgBlazer.com
  • 11. Interactions – Sulphonylureas • Increasing sulphonylurea action – Displacement from plasma proteins – Decrease metabolism – Synergistic action • Salicylates • Propranolol • Sympatholytic antihypertensives • Lithium • Theophylline • Alcohol (inhibits gluconeogenesis) • Decreasing sulphonylurea action – Increase metabolism – Antagonistic action PgBlazer.com
  • 12. Interactions – Sulphonylureas • Increasing sulphonylurea action – Displacement from plasma proteins – Decrease metabolism – Synergistic action • Decreasing sulphonylurea action – Increase metabolism • Phenobarbitone • Phenytoin • Rifampicin • Chronic alcoholism – Antagonistic action PgBlazer.com
  • 13. Interactions – Sulphonylureas • Increasing sulphonylurea action – Displacement from plasma proteins – Decrease metabolism – Synergistic action • Decreasing sulphonylurea action – Increase metabolism – Antagonistic action • Corticosteroids • Diazoxide • Thiazides • Furosemide • Oral contraceptives PgBlazer.com
  • 14. Adverse Effects – Sulphonylureas • Hypoglycemia – Commonest – More in elderly, liver+kidney disease – More with Chlorpropamide – long action – Least with Tolbutamide – low potency, short action • Non specific side effects • Hypersensitivity PgBlazer.com
  • 15. Adverse Effects – Sulphonylureas • Hypoglycemia • Non specific side effects – Nausea – Vomiting – Flatulence – Diarrhoea/constipation – Headache – Paresthesias – Weight gain • Hypersensitivity PgBlazer.com
  • 16. Adverse Effects – Sulphonylureas • Hypoglycemia • Non specific side effects • Hypersensitivity – Rashes – Photosensitivity – Prupura – Transient leukopenia – Agranulocytosis (rare) PgBlazer.com
  • 17. Adverse Effects – Sulphonylureas • Chlorpropamide – Cholestatic jaundice – Dilutional hyponatremia (sensitise kidney to ADH) – Disulfuram like reactions • Tolbutamide – Reduce iodine uptake by thyroid • Does not cause hypothyroidism • Should changeover to insulin during pregnancy PgBlazer.com