This document discusses cultural differences in social behaviors based on the book "Culture and Psychology" by Matsumoto and Juang. It covers several topics: 1) Cultural differences in how people perceive and relate to in-groups versus out-groups. Individualistic cultures have more loose definitions of groups while collectivistic cultures strongly distinguish between groups. 2) Cultural differences exist in perceptions of individuals, attraction and relationships between people, interpretations of behaviors, levels of aggression, and tendencies towards conformity, obedience, and cooperation. 3) Further research is needed to better understand both similarities and differences in these social behaviors across cultures, and potential biases in how behaviors are viewed. Considering cultural context is important for improving interc

1. David Matsumoto & Linda Juang
Relationship & other Social Behaviors:
Culture and Psychology
Based on: Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007). Culture and
Psychology (4th Ed.). Wadsworth.
Zhou Nan & Dr. Hora Tjitra
www.SinauOnline.com

2. Cultural differences in social behaviors
( )
Ingroup
& Outgroup
Relationship
Cultural
Attributions Aggression
Differences
In Social
Behaviors
Interpersonal Conformity,
Attraction, Compliance,
Love&Intercultural Obedience
Marriage
& Cooperation
2

3. In-Group and Out-Group relationship
( )
Classify everyone in our
Ingroup world
Outgroup
some degree of familiarity, lack of familiarity, intimacy and
intimacy and trust trust
negative feelings of hostility
feelings of closeness
aggression, aloofness or
bond with common superiority
friendship or relationships
no such bond, no special
or goals
relationship with us
Forgas and Bond (1985) &
Harrison, Stewart, Myambo,
Teveraishe(1995)
Cultural differences in the meaning of those
relationships produces real, observable differences in
the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of the individual.
3

4. Ingroup and Outgroup relationship
( )
Self–Ingroup and Self–Outgroup Relationship Differences
as a Function of Individualism and Collectivism
People have more ingroups.
People are not as attached to any single ingroup, because there are
numerous ingroups to which they can be attached.
Individualistic
Cultures Survival of the individuals and the society is more dependent on the
successful and effective functioning of individuals rather than groups.
People make relatively fewer distinctions between ingroups and outgroups
People have fewer ingroups
People are very attached to the ingroups to which they belong.
Collectivistic
Cultures Survival of the individuals and the society is more dependent on the
successful and effective
People make greater distinctions between ingroup and outgroup others.
4

5. Person Perception ( )
Appearance
Stereotypes Person perception
Selectivity
Schemas
Social schemas:
Cognitive schemas
Organized clusters of ideas
Conceptual frameworks about categories of social
that people use to make events and people that have
sense of the world and been shown to influence
people around them. person perceptions
5

6. Three Hypothesis about Interpersonal Attraction
in the US ( )
The hypothesis about love relationships that suggests that
Matching people of approximately equal physical characteristics are
likely to select each other as partners.
The hypothesis about love relationships that suggests that
people similar in age, race, religion, social class, education,
Similarity intelligence, attitudes, and physical attractiveness tend to form
intimate relationships.
The hypothesis about love relationships that suggests
Reciprocity
that people tend to like others who like them.
6

7. Interpersonal Attraction, Love, and Intimacy across
Cultures ( )
In Sternberg's theory, passionate love, intimacy and commitment
are three factors of love.
Romantic Consummate
Infatuation
Love love
Although there may be cross-cultural differences in views about love and intimacy,
there may be something universal about how we express ourselves, particularly our
anger, that can help resolve or perpetuate conflicts in those types of relationships.
7

8. Intercultural Marriages ( )
In many ways, intercultural marriages are the prime
example of intercultural relationships.
Successful
Intercultural
Marriages
flexible compromising commitment
8

9. Culture and Attribution ( )
Internal Attribution
Frequently Frequently Seldom
Consistency Distinctiveness Consensus
Seldom Seldom Frequently
External Attribution
9

10. Culture and Attribution ( )
Fundamental An attributional bias to explain the behavior of others using
attribution internal attributions but explain our own behaviors using
error external attributions.
Self-serving The tendency to attribute our successes to personal factors
bias and our failures to situational factors.
Defensive
The tendency to blame victims for their misfortune.
attributions
Cultural differences in attributions are especially important in furthering
our understanding of intercultural interactions.
If we leave room for the influence of cultural factors in our attributions of
others’ behavior as well as our own, we will have taken an important step
toward improving intercultural understanding and relationships.
10

11. Culture and Aggression ( )
Aggressive tendencies, attitudes, and norms differ across cultures,
and that these differences are firmly established at a relatively early
Cross-cultural age.
research has
shown
At least some aspects of aggression, such as sex differences and
attitudes concerning acceptance, may be similar across cultures.
which specific aspects of aggression are similar across cultures,
We do not know
and which are different and other.
Further Address these issues, going beyond documenting
orientation cultural similarities and differences in aggression
11

12. Culture and Conformity, Compliance, Obedience, and
Cooperation( )
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure.
Conformity
Yielding to social pressure in one’s public behavior,
Compliance even though one’s private beliefs may not have
changed.
A form of compliance that occurs when people follow
Obedience direct commands, usually from someone in a position of
authority.
Cooperation People’s ability to work together toward common
goals.
12

13. Cross-Cultural Research on Conformity
and Compliance ( )
Negative feelings are firmly rooted in American
individualistic culture. It then follows that conformity,
obedience, and compliance are viewed negatively in American
culture.
Many other cultures foster more collectivistic, group-
oriented values. In those cultures, concepts of conformity,
obedience, and compliance enjoy much higher status and a
positive orientation.
13

14. Culture and Obedience ( )
why the best-known studies of conformity and
obedience conducted in the United States are so
negative in their orientation?
Have any studies been conducted by American social
psychologists that might show positive outcomes of
conformity, compliance, or obedience?
If not, perhaps we need to examine the possible
biases of American social scientists in
approaching these topics.
14

15. Culture and Cooperation ( )
It seems that conforming or cooperating occurs within a
context of recognizing the possible ramifications and
consequences of nonconforming or noncooperating, and
future studies should take into account what these
ramifications are.
It may be that, given
equivalent
consequences,
people’s conformity
or cooperation will be
more similar than
different across
cultures.
15

16. Thanks You
Any comments & questions
are welcome
Contact me at hora_t@sianuonline.com
www.SinauOnline.com
@ Tjitra, 2010
16