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Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
Case Stories of Applied Solutions




Torsten Jacobsen
Hydrologist (MSc, PhD),
Water Resources Department, DHI
tvj@dhigroup.com

20 years experience from consultany project around the world, mainly in integrated water management and
integrated hydrological modelling.
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
DHI in brief

 International research and specialised consultancy organisation within most
 aspects of water.
 • Software (MIKE by DHI)                                                          6%
                                                                                         5%
                                                                                                          Core Funding for R&D
                                                                                                          (Performance
                                                                                                          Contract)

 • Present focus on Decision Support Systems                                                              Commissioned R&D
                                                                                                          (R&D Contracts)


                                                                                                    19%   Software Sales


                                                                                                          Equipment Sales
                                                                                                          (Other Products)

                                                                                                          Specialized
                                                                                                    2%
                                                                                                          Consultancy
                                                          68%




                                                                         8%   1%


                                                                    6%                        24%


                                                                                                          Denmark
                                                                                                          Rest of EU
                                                                                                          Rest of Europe
                                                         16%                                              Middle East
                                                                                                          Africa
       Subsidiaries                                                                                       Asia
                                                                                                          Australia etc.
       Offices                                             3%                                             North America
       Head office                                         2%                                             South America
                                                               1%

                                                                                        39%




 DHI work both as consultants and as tool builders – ‘in-built knowledge’
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
‘Integration trends’ seen from a DHI perspective

‘Traditional approaches’           ‘ New and upcoming approaches and trends’

IWRM / WFD                          CUSTOMISED IT SYSTEMS
Policies and principles of multi    Deliverables integrating with
sector and stakeholder              clients IT infrastructure, web
involvement in the process          based water management tools

  Nile Basin DSS – a platform
for IWRM                             WFD Program of Measures,
                                    Denmark



 PHYSICAL INTEGRATION                REAL TIME AND PLANNING
 SW/GW managed as one                Integration of operational and
 resource, integrated and            planning systems for water
 dynamically linked modeling         management
 tools

  MIKE SHE – Mike Urban               CARM – Computer Aided River
 modeling tools used in climate      Management, Murrumbidge,
 change adaptation                   AUS
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
Decision support systems / Information Systems

On-line, real time operational DSS and water planning DSS platforms


                                   Policy Makers / Managers

                                                           • Investment strategies
                              • performance indicators
                              • weightings (MCA)                 • operations (day-to-day)
                              • socio economics
                   DSS
                                                                     • water use strategies

               Modelling              • problem identification
               and Analysis           • scenario analysis                 • stakeholder involvement


          Exchange and access to                • access to data                • trust building
                                                • sharing of data
          data and information
                                                                                     • Institutional issues
                                                         • data safety
                  Data                                   • data visualisation
                                                         • data processing                • data ownership


                                                                      Technicians / Engineers
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
IWRM - The NB DSS Project

Client : Nile Basin Initiative, Water Resources
Management Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Lead Consultant : DHI
Sub-consultants:
• Riverside Technologies, USA
• Mott MacDonald, UK
• Tropics Consultants, Ethiopia.


• Funding : World Bank

• Project Period (May 2009 – December 2012)

• Project Scope (WP1 : IT Project)
     – Software Requirement Analysis
     – Software Architecture and Design
     – Software Development and Testing
     – Proof-of-concept


• WP2 (NB DSS Application within the Nile Basin)
     – Software Testing
     – Full scale application
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
 Why a Nile Basin DSS? t

Objective:
To enhance capacity to support basin wide communication, information
exchange, and identifying trans-boundary opportunities for cooperative
development of the Nile Basin water resources based on IWRM.


The Nile Basin DSS is expected is a tool to be used by all riparian
countries in the management of the shared Nile water resources.




  Regional level (Regional Nile Basin DSS Center,(NBI, Addis Ababa)
  Sub Regional Level (ENTRO (Eastern Nile), NELSAP (Nile Equatorial Lakes)
  National Level, DSS units in each of the 9 countries.
NB DSS - Areas of Concern
(determined through stakeholder consultation)
Water resources development: main focus on interventions that alter the time and space
distribution of water in the basin; involve physical structures.

Optimal water resources utilization: Main focus on those planning decisions required to
enhance utilization of available water resources, mainly through non-structural interventions.

Energy development (hydropower): focuses on development of hydropower potentials in the
basin.

Rain-fed and irrigated agriculture: area focuses on assessing current productivity and
production levels of both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture supporting efforts to increase food
production through relevant interventions, such as in the planning of irrigated agriculture.

Coping with floods: main focus in the first phase of the DSS shall be to provide information on
characteristics of flood prone areas, flow generation, assessing impacts (or benefits) of storage
reservoirs on flood control, etc.

Coping with droughts: support drought management efforts, including the planning for
adaptation to climate change and variability.

Watershed and Sediment Management: evaluation of impacts of alternative land use/cover on
the hydrology of the river system, the estimation of sediment yield, and reservoir sedimentation.

Navigation: focus to identify how navigation might be affected by contemplated interventions and
support efforts to minimize the adverse impacts. In addition, navigation benefits shall be
considered in the planning and management of storage schemes.

Cross cutting issues: Climate change and water quality
DSS Platform
                                  System Characteristics
                                  • State-of-the-art IT technology
                                  • Client-server system
                                  • Customisable / extendable
                                  • Open Interfaces / scriptable
                                  • Link to DHI models and other models




                                                                Customized Solu-
                                                                tions that build on a
                                                                shared/generalised
                                                                platform



     Model        Data       Scenario
     Tools     Management   Management         Reporting             Analysis
                                                                 MCA
                                                                 CBA                      Flood Reduction Investment Alternatives Evaluation




                                                                 Ensemble                                                                                                      4.0

                                                                                                                                                                              3.5

                                                                                                                                                                             3.0

                                                                                                                                                                         2.5

                                                                                                                                                                        2.0        Performance
                                                                                                                                                                                      Value
                                                                                                                                                                       1.5

                                                                                                                                                                       1.0

                                                                                                                                                                   0.5

                                                                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                                                                Water Supply


                                                                      Baseline                                                                         Flood Control

                                                                             Alt 1                                                           Pop. Displace.

                                                                                 Alt 2
                                                                                                                                   Sedimentation
                                                                                         Alt 3
                                                                                                                            Cost
                                                                                                 Alt 4                                      Criteria
                                                                      Alternatives
                                                                                                         Alt 5   Total weighted
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
Integration between groundwater and surface water

MIKE SHE Features :
• Integrated
  Fully dynamic coupling

• Distributed
   Spatial and temporal
   variation of input data
   and parameters

• Physically based
   Basic flow processes, physical
   interpretation of model
   parameters,direct use of field data

• Comprehensive
    ‘All-in-one’-model
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
Integrating catchment hydrology and urban hydrology (MIKE SHE – MIKE URBAN)




                                                       Runoff
                                                                Infilltration




                                                                                Sewer-aquifer leakage




                          Infilltration


    • Provides a full description of urban
    hydrological processes (GW and SW)

    • Sewer system receives considerable inflow
    from groundwater affceting cost-effectiveness
    of water treatment plants

    • Climate change catchment models will have
    to incorporate both ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ features
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
What is Computer Aided River Management ? CARM, Murrumbidgee NSW-AUS
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
CARM System Area - Murrumbidgee Catchment




                                        Murrumbidgee
                                        Irrigation Area




                       Coleambally
                      Irrigation Area




  Catchment area = 87,300 sq km
  1300 km, dams to Balranald
  Annual average flow 4200GL
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
    Challenges for Daily River Operations and Seasonal Planning
•     Meeting water orders, while conserving available dam water, taking into account:
       – Water orders may change
       – Catchment inflow contributions
       – River conditions (low and high flows produce variable travel times)
       – Potential losses and gains
       – Available storages and levels in weirs

•     Constraints:
       – Manual, daily operation relies on judgement and experience
       – Limited ability to use real time and forecast data (flows, rainfall, demands)
       – “Known unknowns” – tributary inflows, river seepage, evapotranspiration and
         evaporation losses
       – Lack of real river hydraulics
       – Aging operations technology
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
    CARM Components
•    River hydraulics and catchment hydrology computer simulation tools
•    Real time information used to its maximum potential (“self correcting”)
•    Forecast of catchment inflows, river losses and gains
•    Optimisation of dam and weir releases


                 Irrigation
               water demand
               (MIKE BASIN)                                    River
                                 Catchment                 Losses/Gains
                                 Inflows (MIKE 11           (MIKE SHE)
                                 RR NAM)




      River dynamics
        and storage
         (MIKE 11)            Real Time Data                                   Optimized
                                Assimilation                                    releases
                               (MIKE 11 DA)                                      (MIKE
                                                                               AUTOCAL)
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
Real Time Data Usage and Optimisation

                                        Real time data assimilation to flow
                                        and level gauges

                                        Optimisation to calculate releases
                                        needed to meet future irrigation and
                                        environmental demands, considering
                                        river inflow and loss, river storage




                          Model Self
                                         Forecast Period
                          Correction
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
    A web based tool for WFD Program of Measures analysis

•   Local authorities are faced with implementing cost effective WFD plans
•   Shared responsibility in catchments, need for shared data and methods
•   How best to spend tax payers money to maximise environmental benefits
•   Need for a transparent screening and overall assessment tool
•   The tool based on standard GIS layers




                         Web-GIS tool




     Google Earth
                                        GIS
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
A web based tool for WFD Program of Measures analysis

 Simple concept

 1. Selector query source locations (point sources or diffuse sources)

 2. Assign a measure from a pre-defined (and expandable) list of measures
    (associated with e.g N, P and BOD effects, costs and cost-effectiveness) and
    a simplified physical index for rivers.

 3. Repeat, checking for all relevant water bodies and reduction targets
    (upstream to downstream) to create a full catchment Program of Measures

 4. Execute calculation considering river topology, GW and lake retention

 5. Evaluate results, compliance, total cost estimates, cost effectiveness of
    applied measures (Excel outputs)

 Can be learned in 30 minutes and allows many possible scenarios to be
 evaluated (as opposed to more complex catchment models)
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
A web based tool for WFD Program of Measures analysis

 First generation DK water plans blamed for lack of focus, transparency
 and cost-effectiveness by agricultural sector. A more site specific
 assessment requested.

 A current PhD study supported by DHI using the POM tool demonstrates
 significant potential for higher cost-effectiveness in water plans (Roskilde
 Fjord case).

 The POM screening tool will be further developed to address net CO2-
 emission effects and highlight conflicts in minumum flow requirements
 versus abstraction
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
Basin scale load and water quality modeling tools
Following identification of feasible scenarios using the POM tool comprehensive effect models may be used
An elaboration of MIKE SHE, MIKE11 and EcoLab to adress WFD requirments and diffuseloads
  Input : Nitrate leakage from root zone      Basin WQ model




                                            Groundwater




                                                             Shallow Groundwater




                                                                Deep Groundwater




                                            Coastal waters                 Surface water


                                                                                           Wetland   Riparian
                                                                                                      zone
  Output                                                                         Temp.
                                                                               flooding
      Cost-benefit calculations
      of management scenarios
                                                                                   Lakes


      WQ modeling of the fjord
Approaches to Integrated Water Management –
    Conclusion


•     Increased need for Integration of modelling tools in Catchment Management

•     Tailoring of both model specifics and decision support systems for individual clients.

•     Move to extensive dynamic model couplings in catchment models

•     Improvements in sensor technologies allow improved data assimilation and
      optimisation

•     Clients are looking to base decisions for Integrated Catchment Management on
      tailored, user friendly, multi user platforms rather than by a traditional model interface
      ….
      or perhaps as games (http://aquarepublica.com/) UNEP funded Serious IWRM game

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Integrated Water Management

  • 1. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – Case Stories of Applied Solutions Torsten Jacobsen Hydrologist (MSc, PhD), Water Resources Department, DHI tvj@dhigroup.com 20 years experience from consultany project around the world, mainly in integrated water management and integrated hydrological modelling.
  • 2. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – DHI in brief International research and specialised consultancy organisation within most aspects of water. • Software (MIKE by DHI) 6% 5% Core Funding for R&D (Performance Contract) • Present focus on Decision Support Systems Commissioned R&D (R&D Contracts) 19% Software Sales Equipment Sales (Other Products) Specialized 2% Consultancy 68% 8% 1% 6% 24% Denmark Rest of EU Rest of Europe 16% Middle East Africa Subsidiaries Asia Australia etc. Offices 3% North America Head office 2% South America 1% 39% DHI work both as consultants and as tool builders – ‘in-built knowledge’
  • 3. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – ‘Integration trends’ seen from a DHI perspective ‘Traditional approaches’ ‘ New and upcoming approaches and trends’ IWRM / WFD CUSTOMISED IT SYSTEMS Policies and principles of multi Deliverables integrating with sector and stakeholder clients IT infrastructure, web involvement in the process based water management tools Nile Basin DSS – a platform for IWRM WFD Program of Measures, Denmark PHYSICAL INTEGRATION REAL TIME AND PLANNING SW/GW managed as one Integration of operational and resource, integrated and planning systems for water dynamically linked modeling management tools MIKE SHE – Mike Urban CARM – Computer Aided River modeling tools used in climate Management, Murrumbidge, change adaptation AUS
  • 4. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – Decision support systems / Information Systems On-line, real time operational DSS and water planning DSS platforms Policy Makers / Managers • Investment strategies • performance indicators • weightings (MCA) • operations (day-to-day) • socio economics DSS • water use strategies Modelling • problem identification and Analysis • scenario analysis • stakeholder involvement Exchange and access to • access to data • trust building • sharing of data data and information • Institutional issues • data safety Data • data visualisation • data processing • data ownership Technicians / Engineers
  • 5. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – IWRM - The NB DSS Project Client : Nile Basin Initiative, Water Resources Management Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Lead Consultant : DHI Sub-consultants: • Riverside Technologies, USA • Mott MacDonald, UK • Tropics Consultants, Ethiopia. • Funding : World Bank • Project Period (May 2009 – December 2012) • Project Scope (WP1 : IT Project) – Software Requirement Analysis – Software Architecture and Design – Software Development and Testing – Proof-of-concept • WP2 (NB DSS Application within the Nile Basin) – Software Testing – Full scale application
  • 6. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – Why a Nile Basin DSS? t Objective: To enhance capacity to support basin wide communication, information exchange, and identifying trans-boundary opportunities for cooperative development of the Nile Basin water resources based on IWRM. The Nile Basin DSS is expected is a tool to be used by all riparian countries in the management of the shared Nile water resources. Regional level (Regional Nile Basin DSS Center,(NBI, Addis Ababa) Sub Regional Level (ENTRO (Eastern Nile), NELSAP (Nile Equatorial Lakes) National Level, DSS units in each of the 9 countries.
  • 7. NB DSS - Areas of Concern (determined through stakeholder consultation) Water resources development: main focus on interventions that alter the time and space distribution of water in the basin; involve physical structures. Optimal water resources utilization: Main focus on those planning decisions required to enhance utilization of available water resources, mainly through non-structural interventions. Energy development (hydropower): focuses on development of hydropower potentials in the basin. Rain-fed and irrigated agriculture: area focuses on assessing current productivity and production levels of both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture supporting efforts to increase food production through relevant interventions, such as in the planning of irrigated agriculture. Coping with floods: main focus in the first phase of the DSS shall be to provide information on characteristics of flood prone areas, flow generation, assessing impacts (or benefits) of storage reservoirs on flood control, etc. Coping with droughts: support drought management efforts, including the planning for adaptation to climate change and variability. Watershed and Sediment Management: evaluation of impacts of alternative land use/cover on the hydrology of the river system, the estimation of sediment yield, and reservoir sedimentation. Navigation: focus to identify how navigation might be affected by contemplated interventions and support efforts to minimize the adverse impacts. In addition, navigation benefits shall be considered in the planning and management of storage schemes. Cross cutting issues: Climate change and water quality
  • 8. DSS Platform System Characteristics • State-of-the-art IT technology • Client-server system • Customisable / extendable • Open Interfaces / scriptable • Link to DHI models and other models Customized Solu- tions that build on a shared/generalised platform Model Data Scenario Tools Management Management Reporting Analysis MCA CBA Flood Reduction Investment Alternatives Evaluation Ensemble 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 Performance Value 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Water Supply Baseline Flood Control Alt 1 Pop. Displace. Alt 2 Sedimentation Alt 3 Cost Alt 4 Criteria Alternatives Alt 5 Total weighted
  • 9. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – Integration between groundwater and surface water MIKE SHE Features : • Integrated Fully dynamic coupling • Distributed Spatial and temporal variation of input data and parameters • Physically based Basic flow processes, physical interpretation of model parameters,direct use of field data • Comprehensive ‘All-in-one’-model
  • 10. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – Integrating catchment hydrology and urban hydrology (MIKE SHE – MIKE URBAN) Runoff Infilltration Sewer-aquifer leakage Infilltration • Provides a full description of urban hydrological processes (GW and SW) • Sewer system receives considerable inflow from groundwater affceting cost-effectiveness of water treatment plants • Climate change catchment models will have to incorporate both ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ features
  • 11. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – What is Computer Aided River Management ? CARM, Murrumbidgee NSW-AUS
  • 12. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – CARM System Area - Murrumbidgee Catchment Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area Coleambally Irrigation Area Catchment area = 87,300 sq km 1300 km, dams to Balranald Annual average flow 4200GL
  • 13. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – Challenges for Daily River Operations and Seasonal Planning • Meeting water orders, while conserving available dam water, taking into account: – Water orders may change – Catchment inflow contributions – River conditions (low and high flows produce variable travel times) – Potential losses and gains – Available storages and levels in weirs • Constraints: – Manual, daily operation relies on judgement and experience – Limited ability to use real time and forecast data (flows, rainfall, demands) – “Known unknowns” – tributary inflows, river seepage, evapotranspiration and evaporation losses – Lack of real river hydraulics – Aging operations technology
  • 14. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – CARM Components • River hydraulics and catchment hydrology computer simulation tools • Real time information used to its maximum potential (“self correcting”) • Forecast of catchment inflows, river losses and gains • Optimisation of dam and weir releases Irrigation water demand (MIKE BASIN) River Catchment Losses/Gains Inflows (MIKE 11 (MIKE SHE) RR NAM) River dynamics and storage (MIKE 11) Real Time Data Optimized Assimilation releases (MIKE 11 DA) (MIKE AUTOCAL)
  • 15. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – Real Time Data Usage and Optimisation Real time data assimilation to flow and level gauges Optimisation to calculate releases needed to meet future irrigation and environmental demands, considering river inflow and loss, river storage Model Self Forecast Period Correction
  • 16. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – A web based tool for WFD Program of Measures analysis • Local authorities are faced with implementing cost effective WFD plans • Shared responsibility in catchments, need for shared data and methods • How best to spend tax payers money to maximise environmental benefits • Need for a transparent screening and overall assessment tool • The tool based on standard GIS layers Web-GIS tool Google Earth GIS
  • 17. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – A web based tool for WFD Program of Measures analysis Simple concept 1. Selector query source locations (point sources or diffuse sources) 2. Assign a measure from a pre-defined (and expandable) list of measures (associated with e.g N, P and BOD effects, costs and cost-effectiveness) and a simplified physical index for rivers. 3. Repeat, checking for all relevant water bodies and reduction targets (upstream to downstream) to create a full catchment Program of Measures 4. Execute calculation considering river topology, GW and lake retention 5. Evaluate results, compliance, total cost estimates, cost effectiveness of applied measures (Excel outputs) Can be learned in 30 minutes and allows many possible scenarios to be evaluated (as opposed to more complex catchment models)
  • 18. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – A web based tool for WFD Program of Measures analysis First generation DK water plans blamed for lack of focus, transparency and cost-effectiveness by agricultural sector. A more site specific assessment requested. A current PhD study supported by DHI using the POM tool demonstrates significant potential for higher cost-effectiveness in water plans (Roskilde Fjord case). The POM screening tool will be further developed to address net CO2- emission effects and highlight conflicts in minumum flow requirements versus abstraction
  • 19. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – Basin scale load and water quality modeling tools Following identification of feasible scenarios using the POM tool comprehensive effect models may be used An elaboration of MIKE SHE, MIKE11 and EcoLab to adress WFD requirments and diffuseloads Input : Nitrate leakage from root zone Basin WQ model Groundwater Shallow Groundwater Deep Groundwater Coastal waters Surface water Wetland Riparian zone Output Temp. flooding Cost-benefit calculations of management scenarios Lakes WQ modeling of the fjord
  • 20. Approaches to Integrated Water Management – Conclusion • Increased need for Integration of modelling tools in Catchment Management • Tailoring of both model specifics and decision support systems for individual clients. • Move to extensive dynamic model couplings in catchment models • Improvements in sensor technologies allow improved data assimilation and optimisation • Clients are looking to base decisions for Integrated Catchment Management on tailored, user friendly, multi user platforms rather than by a traditional model interface …. or perhaps as games (http://aquarepublica.com/) UNEP funded Serious IWRM game