Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Presented at IPEN Heavy-metals Skillshares, Minamata, 4 Oct 2013.
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Background of the old and modern gold rush, distribution of ASGM worldwide in 77 countries, map of global mercury trade 2011, life cycle of ASGM activities (upstream, middle-stream, downstream), empirical cycle of the creation of ASGM hotspots, ASGM stakeholders, and the new mercury treaty.
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Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Presented at IPEN Heavy-metals Skillshares, Minamata, 4 Oct 2013.
- 1. Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Yuyun Ismawati - yuyun@balifokus.asia BaliFokus - Indonesia Toxics-Free Network IPEN Lead for ASGM/Mining IPEN International Toxic Metals Skillshare Minamata, Japan 3rd-4th of October, 2013 Local
- 2. ย problems,
- 3. ย global
- 4. ย challenge
- 5. Outline Gold rush 160 years ago and now ASGM distribution, characteristics and actors General impacts ASGM in mercury treaty and your role
- 6. Gold Rush Legacy 1800s Australia About 400,000 metric tonnes mercury released to the environment
- 7. Gold Rush Legacy 1800s California, USA The mercury legacy in the red spots remained as big problems for communities, especially the Indigenous Peoples - the native American Indians
- 8. Gold Rush Legacy 1980s Serra Pelada, Brazil Mined by 100,000 people in 6 years
- 9. Gold Rush Legacy 1980s Serra Pelada, Brazil Photos: Bernadelli, 1983 About half billion USD worth gold was mined released about 100-150 metric tonnes of mercury
- 10. Gold Rush Legacy 1980s Serra Pelada, Brazil Closed in 1986, now becomes the most contaminated lake in Brazil
- 11. AP tries AP 77 ASGM countries 19 AP countries 33 African countries 19 LAC countries 4 CEE countries 2 North American countries GOLD RUSH TODAY
- 12. Gold Rush in the 21st Century โข Social and environmental production of suffering โข UNEP: example of โGreen Economyโ โข 37% of the global emission (727 T/y in average) โข Employed 20 millions people in impoverish communities, 1 million women and children โข Produced approx. 20-30% of the global gold production - by the end of 2013: 4000 T (China India) Source: UNEP, 2013 Tragic sets of circumstances similar to those of Minamata disease could easily recur in our modern society. We need to be aware of the dangers - Dr. Harada
- 13. Global mercury trade (2011) http://www.zoinet.org/web/sites/default/files/publications/MercuryTradeMap2011.pdf
- 14. An empirical cycle of ASGM Practices Time (year) T R A N SI TI O N RD Trial / exercise Resources deployment Investment supply push Declining period Degradation/scavenging period A B ASGM Sites โขGovt. survey โขResearch papers โขTraditional/local knowledge โขSubsistence economic activity โขIndividual โขSubsided โขLoans โขExperienced/ skilled miners โขFinanciers โขLoan โขSimple technology โขRisk taker/ entrepreneurial mentality โขEncroaching โขProfit sharing โขLoose employment contract โขEnvironmental problems โขHuman rights violation โขExchange information โขLearning by doing โขSemi-industrial โขVertical- horizontal conflicts โขSocial-economic dynamic Declining Stage: โScavenging Stageโ Supply pull โขToo many miners, too little gold โขContaminated sites and abandoned mine shafts too dangerous to live with โขNew regulation issued by the authority โขNew promising ASGM sites found somewhere else Low quality Production accelerated Early Stage: โConventional Explorationโ A B CRISIS CRISIS Later Stage: โExploitation Stageโ Supply pushThe rate of gold Production (T/y) โขEnvironmental, health and socio-economic problems worsened โขAlternative livelihood available โขBetter opportunity for skilled/experienced miners in new sites Crisis T R A N SI TI O N RD Trial /exercise Resources deployment Investment supply push Crisis CRISIS CRISIS T R A N S I T I O N Ismawati, 2011
- 15. Capital Investor(s) Equipment/production investor Shaft/Hole exploration โExpertโ UP-STREAM (ORE MINING) MIDDLE-STREAM (ORE PROCESSING) DOWN-STREAM (METALLIC GOLD AND END-SALE) Crushing Load/ unload Supporting team (pumping the air, ๏ฌre, supplies, etc.) Digging Capital Investor(s) Equipment/production investor Transporter Ball-Mills UnitโExpertโ Tailings handling Supporting team (generator set up, diesel fuel supplies, etc.) Mixing, burning amalgam (40-60%) Fine Crusher Unit Cyanide Plant UnitโExpertโ Intermediate Gold buyer/ kiosk Capital Investor(s)/ intermediaries/ gold trader Metallic gold process Gold shop/ jewelry shop MERCURY ADDED Transporter Rehabilitation THE LIFE-CYCLE OF ASGM (ROCK/PRIMARY ORE TYPE) (Ismawati, 2011) MERCURY ADDED
- 16. The Life-Cycle Overview of ASGM Activities: Up-stream Capital Investor(s)/๏ฌnanciers Equipment/production investor Crushing Load/ unload Supporting team (pumping the air, ๏ฌre, hg supplies, etc.) Digging Transporters Shaft/Hole exploration โExpertsโ Sluice box/ panning Boat/ compressor mining Hg Hg Hg MIDDLE- STREAM UP-STREAM Hg
- 17. Up-Stream Level Actors Capital Investor(s)/๏ฌnanciers Equipment/production investor Crushing Load/ unload Supporting team (pumping the air, ๏ฌre, hg supplies, etc.) Digging Transporters Shaft/Hole exploration โExpertsโ Sluice box/ panning Boat/ compressor mining Hg Hg Hg Hg Financiers Gold trader Hg trader Landowners Local authorities Local leaders โExpertsโ Brokers Bosses Miners Helpers Sellers Hookers/sex workers Transporters Coolies Drugs dealers Security Thugs Health workers Researchers Utilities suppliers Opportunists Anti-mining campaigners Development workers Gate/portal keepers Journalists Repair/handyman
- 18. The Life-Cycle Overview of ASGM Activities: Middle-stream Capital Investors/ ๏ฌnanciers Equipment/production investor Ball-Mills UnitโExpertsโ Tailings handling Mixing/burning amalgam Fine Crusher Unit MIDDLE- STREAM UP-STREAM DOWN- STREAM Transporters Coarse Crusher Unit Utilities (water/oil/ electricity) suppliers Wastewater management Transporters Gold 20-60% Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg
- 19. Middle-Stream Level Actors Capital Investors/ ๏ฌnanciers Equipment/production investor Ball-Mills UnitโExpertsโ Tailings handling Mixing/burning amalgam Fine Crusher Unit Transporters Coarse Crusher Unit Utilities (water/oil/ electricity) suppliers Wastewater management Transporters Gold 20-60% Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg traders/ smugglers Landowners Local authorities Local leaders Brokers Bosses Helpers Sellers Sex workers Transporters Coolies Drugs dealers Security Researchers Utilities suppliers Development workers Repair/handyman Metal workshops Gold shops Gold trader Financiers Religious leaders/workers
- 20. The Life-Cycle Overview of ASGM Activities: Down-stream UP-STREAM DOWN-STREAM Cyanide PlantโExpertsโ Intermediate Gold buyer/kiosk Capital Investor(s)/ intermediaries/ gold trader Metallic gold process Gold shop/ jewellery shop Transporter MIDDLE-STREAM Tailings/ contaminated environment Hg Hg Hg
- 21. DOWN-STREAM Cyanide PlantโExpertsโ Intermediate Gold buyer/kiosk Capital Investor(s)/ intermediaries/ gold trader Metallic gold process Gold shop/ jewellery shop Transporter Tailings/ contaminated environment Hg Hg Hg Downstream-Stream Level Actors Landowners Local leaders Chemicals suppliers Transporters Coolies Utilities suppliers Development workers Gold shops Gold trader Financiers Conservations/forests researchers Pimps Helpers UP-STREAM Sex workers Brokers
- 22. General Impacts of ASGM Environmental Sustainability Traditional knowledge and wisdom Cultural practices and identity Natural resources potential and heritage [-] [+] The right to live in a healthy environment Jobs (to die for) Ripple economy e๏ฌect (vs rip-o๏ฌ e๏ฌects) Local economic development Wealth/rich โGreen economyโ New research ๏ฌndings Environmental degradation Threats for existing livelihood Uncontrolled migration/ movement of hg and gold โUnknown diseasesโ, genocides Social, cultural, and physical con๏ฌicts Material world/ corruptions Ghost towns Lethal livelihood Modern/economic slavery
- 23. Mercury poisoning in ASGM areas Non exposed group Low exposed group Medium exposed group High exposed group Total number Philippines 1999 37 106 50 39 232 Indonesia - Kalimantan 2003 0 67 31 70 168 Indonesia - Sulawesi 2003 21 17 22 62 122 Tanzania 2003 31 50 34 103 218 Zimbabwe 2004 36 22 18 117 193 Zimbabwe 2006 43 54 13 13 123 Mongolia 41 92 13 50 196 Total 209 408 181 454 1252 Source: Bose-OโReilly, 2013
- 24. Mercury intoxication in ASGM areas Typical symptoms (ataxia, coordination problems, tremor) + High mercury levels in human specimens = Chronic mercury intoxication Drasch G, The Mt. Diwata study on the Philippines 1999--assessing mercury intoxication of the population by small scale gold mining. Sci Total Environ 2001 Bose-O'Reilly S. Health assessment of artisanal gold miners in Indonesia. Sci Total Environ 2010. Bose-O'Reilly S. Health assessment of artisanal gold miners in Tanzania. Sci Total Environ 2010. Steckling N. Mercury exposure in female artisanal small-scale gold miners (ASGM) in Mongolia: An analysis of human biomonitoring (HBM) data from 2008. Sci Total Environ 2011. Source: Bose-OโReilly, 2013
- 25. THE NIP, THE NAP, AND THE GAPS โข Art. 2 - de๏ฌnitions โข (k). Use allowedโ means any use by a Party of mercury or mercury compounds consistent with this Convention, including, but not limited to, uses consistent with Articles 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. โข Art. 3 - supply sources and trade - inventory toolkits, import and export of mercury, sunset date of hg use in ASGM, gold trade โข Art. 7 - ASGM - with the associated Annex C on ASGMโs NAP - global reduction target ? what kind of health measures ? โข Art. 8 9 - Emissions and releases to land and water - safe level standard, contamination in food chains, ๏ฌsh advisory
- 26. THE NIP, THE NAP, AND THE GAPS..... cont. โข Art.10 - interim storage of mercury - hg imported for ASGM, tight control, potential hotspot โข Art.12 - contaminated sites - on-going and at the abandoned sites/water โข Art.16 - Health aspects - early detection of mercury poisoning, treatment, biomonitoring โข Art.17 - Information exchange - lessons learned, guidance, advisory โข Art.20 - Implementation plan - consisted of several sectoral NAPs, local action plans
- 27. whatโs next ? โข Declare: more than insigni๏ฌcant -- inventory, NIPs, NAPs and LAPs โข Pay attentions to: โข import/export of mercury - UNCOMTRADE HS280540, countryโs import-export statistic โข gold production statistic โข biomonitoring results โข news clippings - hotspots map, database, pro๏ฌle โข 10 top diseases in the ASGM hotspots or neighbouring areas โข abandoned mining sites/waters/contaminated sites
- 28. Thank you for your attention