breif commed presentation

1. Group A
Almohanad ghazi
Yong juin
Abdul basit
Ayman hilal
Tescveeni
Children with Disabilities
and Handicap

2. What is disability?
CDC Definition
- Disability is any condition of the body or mind (impairment) that makes it more difficult
for the person with the condition to do certain activities (activity limitation) and interact
with the world around them (participation restrictions).

3. Developmental delay (usually associated with cognitive difficulties)
- Gross motor
- Fine motor
- Vision
- Hearing & speech
- Language
- Cognition
- Social & emotional behaviours
*usually in the first 2 years of life
Common disability among
children

4. Common cause of disability
Untreated newborn
jaundice
Down syndrome
Genetics and
chromosomal condition
Fetal alcohol syndrome
causing intellectual disability
Parental health and
behaviour
Eg Cytomegalovirus
infection, most common
cause of hearing loss
Maternal infection
during pregnancy
Cause kernicterus, normally
associated with cerebral
palsy, hearing and vision
problems.

5. Common cause of disability
Medicines and injections
Could not afford to get
healthy food
Poverty and
malnutrition
Injury due to explosion or
gunfire
War
Good healthcare and
immunization are important.
Poor access to
healthcare
Cause kernicterus, normally
associated with cerebral
palsy, hearing and vision
problems.

6. Epidemiology
(Global)
2022
❖ 1.3 billion people worldwide
experiencing significant disability
➢ 16% of global population
➢ 1 in 6 people
❖ 240 million are children
➢ 1 in 10 children
➢ Half never attended school
➢ ⅓ do not eat enough food

7. Epidemiology (Msia)
❖ Disability categorisation system
i. Hearing disability
ii. Visual disability
iii. Speech disability
iv. Physical disability
v. Learning disability
vi. Mental disability
vii. Other disability (multiple/not
appropriate for other categories)
❖ 2011 - 359203 people registered
2012 - 445006 people registered
2018 - 453528 people registered

8. Epidemiology (Msia)
National Health and Morbidity Study 2015
❖ 3.3% of adults were registered as disabled
❖ Registration of children with disability is very low
➢ Believe to be gross underestimated
■ International studies suggest 10% of children in a population will suffer
developmental issues/disability
i. Parental fear of stigmatisation and discrimination
ii. Parental fear of predetermined choices in child’s life

9. Epidemiology (Trend)
❖ Progressively increasing worldwide
❖ Contributing factors
i. Population growth
ii. Growth of ageing population
iii. Increase prevalence of chronic conditions (DM, CVD, cancer)
iv. Injuries due to land mines, war, violences, AIDS, environmental degradation, road
traffic
v. Domestic injuries
vi. Occupational injuries
vii. Poverty
viii. Malnutrition

10. Epidemiology (Risk factors)
❖ Person with disability is more vulnerable and at higher risk of developing certain medical
conditions
➢ Double risk of developing comorbid conditions (depression, asthma, stroke, poor oral
health)
➢ 6 times more difficult to access health facilities
➢ 15 times more limited by inaccessible and unaffordable transportation
❖ Discrimination, stigmatisation and barriers that marginalise and exclude them from society
➢ Physical barriers
■ Infrastructures are not friendly to wheelchair users
➢ Communication and information barriers
■ Textbook unavailable in Braille
■ Public health announcement delivered without sign language interpretation
➢ Attitudinal barriers
■ Stereotyping
■ Pity
■ Condescension
■ Harassment
■ Bullying

11. Epidemiology (Risk factors)
Factors of health inequalities
❖ Structural factors
i. Ableism, stigma and discrimination
ii. Law and policies denying their right to make decision
❖ Social determinants of health
i. Poverty
ii. Exclusion from education and employment
iii. Poor living condition
iv. Reliant on support from family members to engage in health and community
activities
❖ Health system
i. Lack of knowledge, negative attitude and discriminatory practices among HCW
ii. Inaccessible health facilities and information
iii. Lack of information/data collection and analysis on disability

12. Primary prevention
❖ Avoid consanguineous marriage
❖ Avoid pregnancy before age of 18 and after age
of 35
➢ NICC if pregnant beyond 35 years old
❖ Pre-pregnancy consultation
❖ Prenatal, intrapartum and postnatal care
❖ Immunisation
➢ Poliomyelitis
➢ Rubella
➢ Measles
➢ Tuberculosis
❖ Education on appropriate nutrition
❖ Proper sanitary measures
❖ Safe water supply
❖ Adequate food supply
❖ Adaptation of workplace to prevent
occupational injuries and diseases
Prevention of disabilities in
children

13. Secondary prevention
❖ Early detection and treatment of health
conditions
➢ Multidrug treatment for leprosy
➢ Medical treatment for infections
involving eye, ear, spinal cord, brain
➢ Provision of appropriate nutrition
against malnutrition
➢ Proper handling of fractured bone
Prevention of disabilities in
children
Tertiary prevention
❖ To reduce severity/disability
❖ To limit the progression of disability
❖ To promote independence, participation and
inclusion
➢ Achieved by appropriate assistive
technology
■ Eyeglasses
■ Leg braces, crutches, wheelchair
■ Hearing aids
■ Rehabilitation

14. ● Early childhood is a time of rapid brain development.
● Intervention during these formative years is more effective because it involves the lifelong
capacity of the brain to change and rewire itself in response to the stimulation of learning
and experience (neuroplasticity).
● Early support can lead to improved outcomes in education, social integration, and
independence.
● Helps children reach their developmental milestones which includes:
○ Speech therapy
○ Physical therapy
○ Behavioral therapy
The importance of early
intervention

16. ● CBR is a program created by the Disabled Development
Department (JPPWD), Department of Social Welfare (JKM).
● is a strategy in the development of local communities for
rehabilitation, training, education, opportunities equalization
and social integration of people with disabilities (PWDs)
● CBRs are implemented through integrated efforts of disabled
persons, families, communities and health services, education,
vocational and social services. This program is operated
throughout the country with the active involvement of the
community either at CBR or at home.
Community based Rehabilitation
Programme (CBR)
PROGRAM PEMULIHAN DALAM KOMUNITI

17. 1. Encourage attentiveness, independence and sense of responsibility
of the local community in the rehabilitation of Persons with
Disabilities (PWD).
2. Involve local resources for local resource recovery for PWD
recovery.
3. Promote the use of simple, acceptable, cheap and effective
techniques which are in accordance with local conditions.
4. Use existing local organizational infrastructure in providing services.
5. Taking into account the country’s economic resources and enabling it
to extend its comprehensive services according to the PWD needs.
Objectives of PDK

18. 3 Types of model of CBR in Malaysia
1.) Centre based
2.) Home based
- For those who are unable to go to the
centre
3.) Centre-home based
- 4 days /week at the centre
- Home visit 1 day/week to observe
development of the child with disability
Community based Rehabilitation
[CBR] (cont.)

19. The Ministry of Education (MoE) gives emphasis on special
education students, indigenous students, and other minority groups
such as the Orang Asli and Penan, gifted students, and students in
under-enrolled schools to have the opportunity to get an education
that is relevant to their needs.
Therefore, special education needs students in Malaysia currently
can choose from three different schooling options. There are
1.) Special Education Schools for students with hearing and
vision/or learning disabilities
2.) Special Education Integration Programme (SEIP) for students
with special education needs attending class in mainstream
schools that have special classes
3.) Inclusive Education Program (IEP) which is one to five special
education needs students learning in mainstream classes
Inclusive Education Program (IEP)
PROGRAM PENDIDIKAN KHAS INTEGRASI (PPKI)

20. The activities in CBR are: –
i. Gross Motor Skill
ii. Fine Motor Skill
iii. Social Development
iv. Language Development
v. Self-management
vi. 3M (Reading, Writing, and Counting)
vii. Games, Sports, Recreation and Culture
viii. Vocational Training
ix. Music Therapy
x. Special Olympics Games
xi. Equestrian Therapy
Activities carried out in PDK

21. 1. *Community Outreach*: Engage in active outreach efforts to raise awareness about the
rehabilitation programs within the community. This could include hosting informational
sessions, distributing flyers, and leveraging social media platforms.
2. *Collaborate with Local Organizations*: Partner with local businesses, schools, religious
institutions, and community centers to spread the word and involve a broader range of
individuals.
3. *Create Inclusive Events*: Organize events and activities that are inclusive and accessible to
people with disabilities, showcasing the benefits and impact of the rehabilitation programs.
4. *Volunteer Opportunities*: Offer volunteer opportunities within the rehabilitation
programs, allowing community members to directly contribute to the cause and gain firsthand
experience of its importance.
5. *Educational Workshops*: Host workshops and training sessions to educate the public on
disability awareness, inclusion, and the role of community-based rehabilitation programs.
Recommendations

22. 6. *Advocate for Policy Changes*: Advocate for policies that support the rights and inclusion of people
with disabilities, and involve community members in advocacy efforts to create systemic change
7.. *Promote Success Stories*: Share success stories and testimonials from individuals who have
benefited from the rehabilitation programs to inspire others and demonstrate the positive impact of
community involvement.
8. *Accessible Communication*: Ensure that all communication materials and events are accessible to
individuals with different types of disabilities, including providing alternative formats and assistive
technologies.
9. *Feedback Mechanisms*: Establish feedback mechanisms to gather input from community members
on their needs and preferences, and use this information to continuously improve and adapt the
rehabilitation programs.
By implementing these recommendations, community-based rehabilitation programs can effectively
engage the public and foster greater support and involvement in efforts to support persons with
disabilities..
Recommendations

23. Thank
you !
Any questions?