Debugging is the process of fixing errors in software. It typically occurs after testing reveals bugs. There are several strategies for debugging, including deduction, backtracking, and cause elimination. Debugging tools can help, such as debuggers that allow stepping through code, setting breakpoints, and examining variables. The goal of debugging is to methodically identify and correct the root cause of defects.

1. DEBUGGING

2. What is Debugging ?
◙ It is the process of fixing a bug in the software. In other words, it refers to
identifying, analyzing and removing errors.
◙ Debugging occurs as a consequence of successful testing .
◙ Debugging is not testing but often occurs as a consequence of testing .

3. Outcomes of Debugging :-
The debugging process will usually have one of two outcomes -
◙ The cause will be found and corrected or
◙ the cause will not be found .

5. Difference between Testing and
Debugging -
Testing is a process of finding bugs or
errors in a software product that is
done manually by tester or can be
automated.
Debugging is a process of fixing the
bugs found in testing phase .
Programmer or developer is
responsible for debugging and it can’t
be automated

6. BUG
A software bug is an error, flaw, failure or
fault in a computer program or system that
causes it to produce an incorrect or
unexpected result, or to behave in
unintended ways. The process of finding
and fixing bugs is termed "debugging"
A mistake in coding is called Error, error found by tester is called
Defect, defect accepted by development team then it is called Bug,
build does not meet the requirements then it Is Failure.”

9. Debugging Strategies
Debugging has one overriding objective - to find and correct cause of software error or
defect . The objective is a realized by a combination of systematic evaluation , intuition
and luck .
Eg.- A lamp in shivam’s house does not work . if nothing in the house works , the cause
must be in the main circuit breaker or outside ; shivam look around to see whether the
neighborhood is blacked out . I plug the suspect lamp into working socket and working
appliance into a suspect circuit . So goes the alternation of hypothesis and test .

10. Methods of Debugging -
◘ It is the common and least efficient method . this method is applied when
all else fails .
◘ Using a ‘ Let the computer find the error ’ philosophy ,
◘ memory dumps are taken , run time traces are invoked .
◘ scatter print statements throughout your program.
◘ Debugging with automated debugging tools .
Brute Force

12. Induction
◘ It is a debugging strategy .
◘ In other words , it is called reasoning and thoughtful strategy .
◘ It starts with symptoms of error , possibly in result of one or more test cases
and looking for the relationships among the symptoms , the error is often
uncovered .

13. General Example :-
◘ Last few times , shivam cuts his hair , it grew back . Inductive reasoning allows him to
generalize that after he cut his hair , it will always grew back .

14. Deduction
The process of deduction proceeds from some general theories or premises,
using the processes of elimination and refinement, to arrive at a conclusion
(the location of the error).
“ Something impossible occurred , only solid
information is that it did occur . So we must
think backwards from the results to discover the
reasons . ”

15. The art of deduction

16. Backtracking
◙ This method is effectively used for locating errors in small programs .This
method starts at the location where a symptom has been uncovered .
◙ we have to start tracing the program backward one step at a time
evaluating the values of all variables until the cause of error is found.
◙ The resulting debugger offers a structured view of dynamic events, similar
to lexical scope rules' effect on static visibility.
◙ This strategy is useful but in a large program with many thousands lines of
code, the number of backward paths increases and becomes unmanageably
large.

17. In other words, start at the point where program gives incorrect result .
At this point you must deduce from output .By performing a mental reverse
execution of block from this point and repeat using the process of -
“ If this was the state of program at this point , then this must have been the
state of program up here ” .

18. Cause Elimination
It is manifested by induction or deduction and introduces the concept of
binary partitioning .
A “cause hypothesis ” is devised and the aforementioned data are used to
prove or disprove the hypothesis .

19. Debugging Tools
◙ Each of the above debugging approaches can be
supplemented with debugging tools. For debugging we can
apply wide variety of debugging tools such as debugging
compilers, dynamic debugging aids, automatic test case
generators, memory dumps and cross reference maps.

21. ◙ WinDbg is a multipurpose debugger for the Microsoft Windows computer operating system
. It can be used to debug user mode applications, device drivers, and the operating system
itself in kernel mode (kernel based memory dumps ) .
◙ dbx is a source-level debugger found primarily on Solaris, AIX, IRIX, Tru64 UNIX, Linux
and BSD operating systems. It provides symbolic debugging for programs written in C, C++,
Pascal, FORTRAN and Java.
◙ The GNU Debugger (GDB) is a portable debugger that runs on many Unix-like systems
and works for many programming languages .
◙ Xcode - macOS ◙ ADB ◙ LLDB debugger
◙ Immunity Debugger

22. To fix bug - Fix the bug not symptoms

23. Thank You
“ Fixing a bug (1.0) always create a new bug (1.1) ”
.