4. Derived from the Greek words: demo (people) and kratia (power).
It is a type of political system in which power lies in the hands of
people such as choosing their representatives (i.e. govt )through
periodic elections.
e.g. Nepal, India
What is Democracy?
5. Regular, free and fair elections
Transparency and absence of corruption
Rule of law
Peace and security
Responsive and accountable government
Citizen participation
Political Freedom
Equality of citizenship
Features of Democracy
6. Pre-1990 Monarchy
Democracy Movement (1990)
Constitutional Changes(1990-2008)
Maoist Insurgency(1996-2006)
Comprehensive Peace Agreement(2006)
Constitutional Monarchy to Federal Democratic
Republic (2008)
Constitution of Nepal(2015)
Development of
Democracy in Nepal
8. Types of
Democracy
Also known as Participation
democracy
Citizens make decisions
directly without the
intervention of elected
representatives.
E.g. Switzerland, California
Also known as Representative democracy
It is a system of government in which all
eligible citizens vote to elect people called
representatives who make laws for the
people and the final authority is in the hands
of the citizens to choose leaders and make
laws
E.g: Nepal, India, German, Canada
Direct democracy Indirect democracy
9. Feature Direct
Democracy
Indirect
Democracy
Decision Making Citizens Representatives
Citizen Role Vote on policies Elect representatives
Frequency of decision making Frequent votes Periodic elections
Benefits Engagement,
responsiveness,
accountability
Efficiency, informed
decisions, diverse
representation
Challenges Complexity , expense
misinformation,
tyranny of the majority
Reduced
engagement,
representation gaps,
special interests
10. Responsible and accountable government
Inclusive representation
Freedom to common people
Equal and fair justice
Sense of cooperation and fraternal feeling
Advantages of
Democracy
11. Personal interest over national interest
Lack of educated and experienced voters
Corruption
Delay in decision making process
Family/Dynastic politics
Chances of unqualified person as leader
Disadvantages
of Democracy
12. A constitution is a fundamental set of principles or
established precedents according to which a state or other
organization is governed.
A constitution is a fundamental and foundational legal
document that establishes the framework for the
governance of a nation or organization. It typically outlines
the structure of government, defines the distribution of
powers among different branches, and enunciates the
rights and responsibilities of citizens. Serving as a social
contract, a constitution embodies the collective will of the
people, providing a set of guiding principles and rules that
govern the relationship between the state and citizens.
What is
Constitution ?
13. Federal Structure
Inclusive Representation
Secularism
Fundamental Rights
Constitutional Amendments
Features of
Constitution
14. Clarity and Precision
Protection of Fundamental Rights
Separation of Powers
Rule of Law
Inclusivity and Diversity
Essential for a
Good
Constitution
15. The historical development of constitutionalism in Nepal dates
back to ancient times. Nepal has a rich history of diverse
political systems, including monarchies, autocracies, and
various form of governance.
The beginnings of constitutionalism(2009-2017)
The first constitution(2016)
The era of Panchayat system(2017-2047)
The restoration of constitutional democracy(2047)
The People’s Movement and its aftermath(2063-2065)
Historical Development
of Constitution of
Nepal
16. Background:
Post-2006 People’s Movement.
Transitional phase towards democracy.
Adopted on January 15, 2007.
Key Elements:
Interim Government Formation
Rights and Liberties Emphasized
Transition from Monarchy to Republic
State Restructuring
Formation of Constituent Assembly
Interim Constitution
2063 Significance:
Transitional framework toward federal democracy.
Paved the way for drafting a permanent constitution.
Focused on inclusivity and representation.
17. Background:
Promulgated on September 20, 2015.
Result of the Constituent Assembly’s work.
Established Nepal as a federal democratic republic.
Key Elements:
Federal Structure
Fundamental Rights and Duties
Separation of Powers
Independent Judiciary
Provisions for Social Justice
Significance:
Institutionalized federalism and inclusive governance.
Strengthened fundamental rights and democratic principles.
Emphasized social justice and equal representation.
Constitution of Nepal
18. Political Instability
Ethnic and Regional Diversity
Demand for Inclusion and Social Justice
Peace Process and Conflict Resolution
External Influences
Causes of Frequent change of
constitution in Nepal
19. 2063
Crucial in Nepal’s transition towards democracy.
Paved the way for a permanent constitution.
2072:
Institutionalized Nepal’s federal democratic republic.
Represents a significant milestone in Nepal’s constitutional history.
Conclusion
20. “नेपाली हामी रह ौँला कहाौँ नेपालै नरहे”
~ माधव प्रसाद घिघमरे
21. “The Constitution of Monaco
is the shortest constitution in
the world with only 3,814
words in it.”
Did You Know?