Title: Notes on Engineering Practice Engineering practice encompasses a broad spectrum of activities, ranging from conceptualization and design to implementation and maintenance. These notes delve into various aspects of engineering practice, highlighting key principles, methodologies, and challenges faced by engineers in their professional endeavors. 1. **Design Process**: - Engineering practice often begins with problem identification and requirement analysis. This stage involves understanding client needs, constraints, and project objectives. - Following requirement analysis, engineers proceed to conceptualize solutions through brainstorming, research, and feasibility studies. - The design phase involves translating conceptual ideas into detailed plans, employing tools such as CAD software, simulations, and prototypes to refine designs. 2. **Collaboration and Communication**: - Effective communication is paramount in engineering practice, facilitating collaboration among multidisciplinary teams, clients, and stakeholders. - Engineers must convey technical information clearly and concisely, utilizing visual aids, reports, and presentations to communicate complex concepts to diverse audiences. 3. **Ethical Considerations**: - Engineering practice is guided by ethical principles that prioritize safety, sustainability, and social responsibility. - Engineers must adhere to codes of conduct, regulations, and standards to ensure the integrity and quality of their work, considering the potential impacts on society and the environment. 4. **Project Management**: - Project management skills are essential for overseeing engineering projects, including budgeting, scheduling, resource allocation, and risk management. - Effective project management entails setting realistic goals, monitoring progress, and adapting to changing circumstances to ensure project success. 5. **Innovation and Continuous Learning**: - Engineering practice thrives on innovation, fostering creativity and ingenuity to develop novel solutions to complex problems. - Engineers must embrace lifelong learning, staying abreast of advancements in technology, techniques, and best practices to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving field. 6. **Quality Assurance and Testing**: - Quality assurance processes are integral to engineering practice, ensuring that products and systems meet specified standards and requirements. - Testing and validation procedures are conducted throughout the development lifecycle to identify and rectify defects, minimizing risks and optimizing performance. 7. **Sustainability and Environmental Impact**: - Engineers play a crucial role in promoting sustainability by designing environmentally friendly solutions, minimizing resource consumption, and mitigating pollution and waste. - Consideration of lifecycle assessments and eco-design principles is essential to minimize the environmental footprint of engineering pro

1. Fitting Shop
Fitting Shop involves a large number of hand
operations to finish the work to desired shape, size and
accuracy. The various operations performed are
marking, chipping, sawing, filing, scraping, drilling, tap
(Internal threading) and die (External threading).

2. Holding Tools used in Engineering
Workshop
Holding tools are also known as Work Holding
devices in the Fitting workshop. They are used to
hold all types of components between jaws(Fixed
Jaw and Movable Jaw).
• The Various Work holding devices are
• Bench Vice
• V‐block
• C-Clamp
• Hand Vice

3. • Bench Vice:
• Bench Vice is a holding tool that is used to
hold the specimen or the workpiece between
the two jaws. The Jaws are used to hold the
workpiece by rotating the handle. In that, one
jaw is fixed and the other is movable.

4. Bench vice

5. V‐block
V‐block is rectangular or square block with a
V‐groove on one or both sides opposite to
each other. V‐block with a clamp is used to
hold cylindrical work securely, during layout of
measurement, for measuring operations or for
drilling for this the bar is faced longitudinally
in the V‐Groove and the screw of V‐clamp is
tightened.

6. V-block

7. C-Clamp
This is used to hold work against an angle
plate or v‐block or any other surface, when
gripping is required. Its fixed jaw is shaped like
English alphabet ‘C’ and the movable jaw is
round in shape and directly fitted to the
threaded screw at the end. The working
principle of this clamp is the same as that of
the bench vice.

8. C-Clamp

9. Measuring and Marking Tools used in
Engineering Workshop:
• Measuring Tools are used to measure any component w.r.t. the
dimensions. Without these tools, it is not easy to measure the
accurate values of the given .components.
• Some of the Measuring Tools used in the Fitting Workshop are
as follows.
• Steel rule & Measuring Tape
• Surface Plate
• Divider
• Try square
• Inside Calliper
• Outside Calliper
• Micrometre
• Vernier Calliper
• Scriber
• Punches

10. Surface plate
• The surface plate is machined to fine limits
and is used for testing the flatness of the work
piece. It is also used for marking out small box
and is more precious than the marking table.
The surface plate is made of Cast Iron,
hardened Steel or Granite stone.

11. Surface plate

12. Try square and Scriber
Try square: It is measuring and marking tool for
90 degree angle. In practice, it is used for
checking the squareness of many types of small
works when extreme accuracy is not required
.The blade of the Try square is made of hardened
steel and the stock of cast Iron or steel.
A Scriber is a slender steel tool, used to scribe or
mark lines on metal work pieces. It is made of
hardened and tempered High Carbon Steel. It is
generally available in lengths, ranging from
125mm to 250mm

13. Try square
Scriber

14. Punches
• These are used for making indentations on the
scribed lines, to make them visible clearly.
These are made of high carbon steel. A punch
is specified by its length and diameter. The
tapered point of the punch is hardened over a
length of 20 to 30mm.

15. Punches

16. Calipers
• They are indirect measuring tools used to
measure or transfer linear dimensions. These
are used with the help of a steel Rule to check
inside and outside measurements. These are
made of Case hardened mild steel or
hardened and tempered low carbon steel.

17. Calipers

18. Vernier Calipers
• These are used for measuring outside as well
as inside dimensions accurately. It may also be
used as a depth gauge. It has two jaws. One
jaw is formed at one end of its main scale and
the other jaw is made part of a vernier scale.

19. Vernier Calipers

20. Micrometer
• It is used for measuring diameters or thickness
of any job.
• The micrometers are available in inches as
well as millimeters. The least cont of the
micrometers generally .001” or .0001” or
.01mm or .05mm.

21. The Micrometer (Screw gauge)

22. Cutting Tools
• The Cutting Tools used in Engineering
Workshop are
• Hacksaw (Cutting Tool)
• Files (Finishing Tool): Though it is a finishing
tool, it comes under, cutting tools only.
• Hacksaw:
• A hacksaw is used for cutting rods, bars, pipes,
etc. It consists of a frame, which is made of
mild steel.

23. • Depending upon the pitch of the teeth
(Distance between the two consecutive
teeth), blades are classified as:
• Coarse (8-14 teeth per Inch)
• Medium (16-20 teeth per inch)
• Fine (24-32 teeth per inch)

24. Cutting Tools
Hacksaw

25. Finishing Tools
• They are used to remove the material from
the surface of the workpiece in order to get a
high surface finish. The Finishing tools are also
called Files.
• Files are multi-point cutting tools. They are
used to remove the material by rubbing on
the metals(workpieces) to get a good surface
finish.

26. Filing is one of the methods of removing small
amounts of material from the surface of a metal part. A
file is hardened steel too, having small parallel rows of
cutting edges or teeth on its surfaces. Classification of
files on the basis of grade:
1. Rough (20 teeth per inch)
2. Bastard (30 teeth per inch)
3. second cut (40 teeth per inch)
4. Smooth file (50-60 teeth per inch)
5. Dead smooth (100 teeth per inch)

27. Finishing Tools: Files

28. Files are classified according to their shape, cutting
teeth and pitch or grade of the teeth. The figure shows
the various types of files based on their shape. Single
and double cut files.

29. • Files are available in a number of sizes, shapes,
and degrees of coarseness.
• The various types of Files are as follows.
• Flat file
• Square file
• Triangular file
• Round file
• Half-round file
• Swiss or Needle file

30. • Flat File:
• This file is used to remove the material from
the rectangular cross-sections.
• Square File:
• This file is especially used to remove the
material from the inside corners which are at
right angles. As a flat file cannot able to work
at those corners, thereby square file is used.
• Triangular File:
• This file can be used at inclined positions to
make them linear.

31. • Round File:
• It is in the form of a circular cross-section
which is used to remove the material from the
circular components to get a good surface
finish.
• Half-Round File:
• It is in the form of a semi-circle that is used to
remove the material from the semi-circular
cross-section components.

32. Types of files

33. Chisels
• Chisels are used for removing surplus metal or for
cutting thin sheets. These tools are made from
0.9% to 1.0% carbon steel of octagonal or
hexagonal section. Commonly used form of
chisels are flat, cross cut, half round and diamond
point chisel.
• Cutting angle of chisels kept as under:
• for hard material-70 to 75 degree
• For medium hard materials- 60 degree
• For soft materials- 40degree

34. Chisels

35. Striking tools
• The Three Types of striking tools used in fitting
workshops are as follows.
• BALL PEEN HAMMER
• Cross-peen hammer
• STRAIGHT PEEN HAMMER
Hammers are named depending on their shape
and material and specified by their weight. The
hammer consists of a hardened and tempered
steel head varying in mass from 0.1 kg to about 1
kg, firmly fixed on a tough wooden handle.

36. STRIKING TOOLS:
BALL PEEN HAMMER

37. CROSS AND STRAIGHT PEEN HAMMER

38. SCREW DRIVER: A screw driver is designed to turn
screws. The blade is made of steel and is available in
different lengths and diameters. The end of the blade is
fluted. Screw driver is specified by its length, for
example 100 mm, 200 mm, etc.

39. Spanners:
A spanner or wrench is a tool for turning nuts and bolts. It is usually made of
forged steel. There are many kinds of spanners. They are named according to the
application. The size of the spanner denotes the size of the bolt on which it can work.

40. Taps and Tap Wrenches
• A tap is a hardened steel tool, used for cutting
internal threads after drilling a hole. Hand
taps are usually supplied in sets of three for
each diameter and thread pitch. Each set
consists of a taper tap, intermediate tap and
plug or bottom tap. The following are the
stages involved in tapping operation:

41. Taps and tap wrench:

43. Fitting Shop: Fitting job Procedure
• Taking Two Work Piece of Mild Steel Material
with Dimensions 50mm X 50mm.
• Making Right angle all the sides of work piece
with the use of Rough & Fine Files and
Measure it with Tri Square
• Marking Drawing on work piece and do
• punching on Drawing of work pieces.

45. • Start Cutting as per punching with slowly and
ensure that your cut goes through out the
length of Marking.
• Cut All the marked pieces.
• File all the sides and do as it is in other work
pieces. File it and match it.
• Punch Roll No. on Works pieces.