Paul Wilson, Director General of APNIC delivers a presentation on IP addressing and IPv6 to the Policymakers Program during IETF 119 in Brisbane Australia from 16 to 22 March 2024.

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IP Addressing and IPv6
IETF 119: Policymakers Program
Brisbane, Australia
March 2024

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Coming up…
• What’s an IP address?
• IPv4 and IPv6
• The RIR system
• Internet governance
• APNIC

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What’s an IP address?

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What’s an IP Address?
• The fundamental Internet infrastructure address
– Every device must have a unique* IP address
– Every network must have a range (block) of addresses*
• A “Common Resource”
– Address pools are finite
– Managed in the common interest, under common policies
– For conservation and for routability
• There’s a difference…
– IP addresses (IPv4 or IPv6)
– Domain names (eg www.isoc.org)
– Email addresses (eg pwilson@apnic.net)
– IP as in Intellectual Property

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IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
• IPv4 (since 1983)
– Example: 202.12.29.142
– 32-bit* number: 232 = 4 billion addresses
– Mostly exhausted
• IPv6 (since 1999)
– Example: FE38:DCE3:124C:C1A2:BA03:6735:EF1C:683D
– 128-bit* number: 2128 = 340 billion billion billion billion
– Should (must) last for many decades at least, or forever?
• IPv6 transition (since 2011…)
– More later.
* bit = binary digit

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Allocation
Where do IP Addresses come from?
Standards
Allocation
Assignment
RIR
More on all of this later.

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Hierarchical Address Delegation
RIR /8
/8 = 16M addresses
Allocation /12
/12 = 2M addresses
Sub-allocation /22 /22= 1K addresses
Assignment /32 /24
/24 = 256 addresses
/32 = 1 address

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IP Addresses in use….
The Internet
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
202.12.29.0/24
…
“Announce”
202.12.29.0/24
R
202.12.29.0/24
Traffic
202.12.29.0/24
Network
Network

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Internet Address Routing
The Internet
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table

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IPv4 Routing Table – Prefixes
http://bgp.potaroo.net/as1221/bgp-active.html

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193.0.6.148
196.216.2.1
2001:42d0::200:2:1
192.149.252.75
2001:500:4:13::80
2001:13c7:7002:4000::10
202.12.29.211
2001:610:240:22::c100:68b
212.110.167.157
2001:41c8:20::19
192.0.32.7
2620:0:2d0:200::7
NB: Numbers vs Names…
nixi.in
rigf.asia
www.google.com
twitter.com
www.apnic.net
Intgovforum.org
www.isoc.org
www.icann.org

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Domain Name System
The Internet
www.apnic.net?
202.12.29.194
2001:dc0:2001:11::211
DNS
www.apnic.net
2001:0C00:8888::
2001:dc0:2001:11::211

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The IPv6 transition

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http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4
IPv4 exhaustion…

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IPv4 exhaustion…
• IANA pool fully distributed in 2011
• RIR regional supplies followed
– APNIC: 2011 (last /8 policy invoked)
– RIPE NCC: 2012
– LACNIC: 2014
– ARIN: 2015
– AFRINIC: 2017
• Stop-gap measures continue
– Address sharing, Network Address Translation (NAT)

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Network Address Translation (NAT)
Network
202.12.29.0/24
The Internet
202.12.29.1 … .2 … .3 … .4
*AKA home router, hotspot, etc
NAT*
202.12.29.32
10.0.0.1 ..2 ..3 ..4

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Private addresses and NAT
Internet
10.0.0.202
202.12.29.32
NAT
? Extn 202
Phone
Network
02 6262 9898
PABX

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10.0.0.202
Carrier Grade NAT (CGN)
IPv4
CGN
10.255.255.255
10.0.0.1
?

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CGN Challenges
1GB per subscriber per month!
Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. 2012

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2

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The need for IPv6…
• One reason: more IP addresses
– Other benefits are minor
• The Internet will keep growing
– Broadband, wifi, 4G, 5G…
– “Internet of Things”
• IPv6 is the only viable option
– Enable sustainable growth of the Internet
– Without IPv6 the future isn’t great
• But will it work?
– Slow deployment so far…

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The good news…

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Good news…
44% capability in Asia

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Top 20… Rank Economy IPv6 Capable
1 India 76.39%
2 Belgium 68.83%
3 France 66.39%
4 Saudi Arabia 65.15%
5 Germany 62.95%
6 Greece 60.32%
7 Uruguay 59.93%
8 Malaysia 59.44%
9 Israel 56.64%
10 United States of America 53.32%
11 Puerto Rico 50.97%
12 Vietnam 50.72%
13 Taiwan 50.16%
14 Mexico 49.49%
15 Finland 49.17%
16 Netherlands 49.06%
17 Luxembourg 47.61%
18 Japan 47.21%
19 Sri Lanka 47.11%
20 Hungary 47.09%
26 Thailand 42.41%
31 Australia 37.26%
40 China 29.06%
48 New Zealand 24.27%

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2015…
Rank Economy IPv6 Capable
1 Belgium 45.24%
2 Switzerland 27.85%
3 United States of America 26.39%
4 Germany 25.24%
5 Portugal 18.30%
6 Luxembourg 17.28%
7 Greece 16.61%
8 Estonia 16.59%
9 Japan 15.64%
10 Peru 15.38%
11 Czech Republic 10.50%
12 Norway 10.48%
13 Malaysia 10.04%
14 Romania 10.04%
15 Singapore 9.61%
16 France 6.43%
17 Ecuador 6.43%
18 Brazil 5.81%
19 Finland 5.71%
20 Austria 5.52%

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More good news…
https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html
45% of Google traffic

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IPv6 Deployment Factors
• Motivations
– IPv4 shortage and cost of IPv4 (USD $50/address)
– Efficiency of technology and routing
– Other “features” are negligible
• Constraints
– Product range, cost, reliability
– Business risks
– Human capacity
• Incentives
– Procurement requirements (genuine!)
– Competition and the network effect?

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The RIR System

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Allocation
Where do IP Addresses come from?
Standards

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Early days: 1981 – 1992
“The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are
developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a
link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact
Jon to receive a number assignment.” (RFC 790)
1981:

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Boom times: 1992 – 2001
“It has become clear that … these problems are likely to become critical
within the next one to three years.” (RFC1366, Gerich)
“…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an
organization in each of those geographic areas.” (RFC 1338)
1992:

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Boom times: 1992 – 2001
RIR requirements defined (RFC 1466, Gerich)
1993:

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Maturity: 2000s…
1999:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
2004:
Number Resource Organisation (NRO)

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What do RIRs do?
• Internet number resource management
– IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6
– Autonomous System Numbers
– Allocation, Transfer
– Resource registration (“whois”)
• Policy development process
– Coordination and support of PDP
– Open Policy Meetings
– Global policy process (via ASO and ICANN)

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RIR Policy Process
OPEN
TRANSPARENT
‘BOTTOM UP’
Anyone can
participate
All processes documented
and freely available
Internet community proposes
and approves policy

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OPEN
TRANSPARENT
‘BOTTOM UP’
RIR Policy Process
Need
Proposal
Consensus
Implement
Evaluate

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Regional Internet Registries today

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RIRs in Internet
Governance

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“Content Layer”
“Code Layer”
“Physical Layer”
DiploFoundation www.diplomacy.edu Lawrence Lessig www.lessig.org
Internet Governance

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Internet technical coordination
• A.K.A. the “code layer” (Lessig)
• One subset of “Internet Governance”
– Internet standards development
– DNS administration
– DNS infrastructure coordination
– IP address and related resource management
• Activities of several types
– Administrative
– Operational
– Standards and technical policy
– Internet address management (RIRs)

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IANA stewardship transition
• Original purpose of ICANN
– To take stewardship of IANA function from USG
– “In no event later than 2000” (USG Green Paper)
• NTIA announcement March 2014
– Specific requirements defined, including accountability
– For completion by 30 Sep 2016
• Transition planning
– ICG: IANA transition Coordination Group
– Provided proposal to NTIA in 2016

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IANA stewardship transition
• Internet Number Community
– 1 of 3 communities identified by transition process
– RIR members and other stakeholders
• RIR CRISP team
– Community-selected planning committee
– CRISP principles and proposal 15 Jan 2015
• Implementation
– “SLA” for IANA services (replacing NTIA)
– IANA Review Committee
– Accountability improvements
– Completed 2016

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More about APNIC

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APNIC
• The RIR for the Asia Pacific region
• Delegates and manages Internet
number resources
– IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
– AS numbers
• Membership-based, not-for-profit
– Community self-regulatory body
– Open, Neutral, Transparent
– Consensus-based Policy Process

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NIRs in the APNIC region
• National registries existed prior to APNIC…
– JPNIC, CNNIC, KRNIC, TWNIC, AUNIC, NZNIC
• Some NIRs formed later
– VNNIC, IRINN, IDNIC
• Some dissolved after APNIC formed
– AUNIC, NZNIC
– No new NIRs are being accepted now (due to IPv4 exhaustion)
• NIR functions
– Providing IP address registration services
– Hosting local PDP and related activities
– Interfacing with APNIC: operations and PDP
– Other activities according to role and need

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What else does APNIC do?
• Information products and services
– APNIC Labs, Blog, Ping
– Tools: Rex, DASH, Netox
• Capacity building
– Training and technical assistance
– Conferences, fellowships
– Community support: NOGs, CERTs
– Cooperation and advocacy: IETF, ICANN, ITU, APT, PITA, OECD, APEC TEL…
• Infrastructure support
– IXPs and DNS rootservers
• Internet development
– APNIC Foundation (2016)
– Asia Pacific Internet Development Trust (2021)

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apnic.foundation

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isif.asia

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apidt.org

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arena-pac.net

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arena-pac.net

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That’s all folks!
Questions?
pwilson@apnic.net
http://www.apnic.net