LBM for double diffusive convection in a

COST-EFFECTIVE HYBRID AEROGELS FOR EFFICIENT ENERGY
APPLICATIONS
Debabrata Panda
(519CH1017)
by
Under the supervision of
Prof. Krunal M. Gangawane
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
Department of Chemical Engineering
Rourkela, Odisha-769008
July 2022

CONTENTS
• Motivation
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Research Gap
• Objectives of Research Work
• Experimental setup
• Characterization
• Conclusion
• Future Work
• Roadmap
• References
06-02-2024 2
Debabrata Panda, 519CH1017

 The increase of paper consumption has been creating 25-40% of municipal solid waste.
 The conversion rate of recycled paper from waste is just 64-68%.
MOTIVATION
06-02-2024 3
 Global warming potential causes climate disasters and temperature rise in the environment.
 An additional 30-40% of total greenhouse gas emitted from industrial and residential buildings.
 With the rapid growth of the offshore petroleum industry, wastewater and organic solvent
discharge of industry, and marine oil transportation, harmful contents cause disastrous threats to
aquatic ecosystems and territorial lives.
GLOBAL
WARMING
OIL SPILL
PAPER
WASTE
 Noise Pollution causes human physiological problems (Hearing loss, Increased blood
pressure, Psychological disorders etc.)
 Conventional acoustic absorbers are not environment friendly and poses problems of
flammability.
NOISE
POLLUTION

INTRODUCTION
06-02-2024 4
• Aerogels are synthetic mesoporous ultralight material with:
A high specific surface area (about 450-1200 m2g-1)
Low density (0.003-0.019 gm/cm3)
High porosity (~99.8%)
Low thermal conductivity (0.012-0.046 W/mK)
• Other notable properties:
• It was developed by Samuel Stephens Kistler at the early verge of 1931.
 Low dielectric strength
 High pore volume
 Hierarchical mesoporous structure
 Non-flammabilty
 High specific strength
 Highly flexible

APPLICATIONS
06-02-2024 5

CLASSIFICATION & SYNTHESIS
AEROGEL
COMPOSITION
ORGANIC
INORGANIC
HYBRID
SYNTHESIS
SOL-GEL
HYDROTHERMAL
SOLVENT EXCHANGE
ELECTROSPINNING
CHEMICAL VAPOUR
DECOMPOSITION
3D PRINTING
DRYING METHOS
AMBIENT PRESSURE
DRYING
FREEZE DRYING
SUPERCRITICAL
DRYING
POROUS
STRUCTURE
POWDER
MONOLITH
FILM
06-02-2024 6

AEROGELS AS THERMAL, ACOUSTIC INSULATORS
06-02-2024 7
 The resistance to thermal and acoustic
energy in an aerogel is due to the major
contribution of the gas phase, honey-comb
size pore structure, and the volume
fraction of solids.
 Due to the high porosity and nano-metric
dimension of the pores, aerogels have
lower thermal conductivity coefficient
than air.
 The amount of sound energy emitted from
the gas phase to the solid phase
disappears. There is a reduction in the
amplitude and velocity of the sound
waves occur.

LITERATURE REVIEW
06-02-2024 8
Types of Aerogel Synthesis process Applications Properties Ref.
Silicon Nanocrystal−Silica
Aerogel Hybrid
Sol-gel synthesis (cross-linking by oxalic acid
MTMS followed by supercritical drying)
Photoluminescence response, Sensor
for higher energy demands
Hierarchical porous volume 3.5 cm3/g, Total surface
area 1110 m2/g, Size-dependent photo-luminant
particle and super-hydrophobic surface = 1540
1
Chitin Nano whisker Benign process
Energy storage in cryogenic fluids,
Catalyst in the fuel cell, Super
capacitor
Low density 0.043-0.113 g/cm3 ,High porosities up
to 97%, ,Surface area 261 m2/gm, Higher modulus
7-9.3 Mpa
2
Nano cellulose A sol-gel process with Supercritical drying
Thermal insulation in buildings and
cryogenic energy storage
High specific strength of 8 Mpa , ultra-low density
of 0.011 g/cm3, and tuneable surface textures
3
PVA/ Nano clay/graphene
oxide Sol- gel synthesis with freeze-drying
Thermal insulation and enhanced
sound adsorption in building
Thermal conductivity 0.0255-0.0289 W/mK,
Higher thermal stability, Sound coefficient of 0.50
with a thickness of 2cm
4
Cellulose aerogels from
pineapple waste
Pineapple-leave fibers (PALF) are developed
successfully by using an adhesive agent, (PVA),
and (DI) water as a solvent, followed by a
freeze-drying process
Commercial thermal energy absorber,
acoustic insulation
High porosities of nearly 99%, ultra-low densities of
(0.013–0.033) g/cm3, and a microporous structure,
low thermal conductivities of (0.030–0.034) W/m.K,
Compressive modulus of (1.64–5.34 kPa)
5
Cellulose–SiO2 composite
hydrogel
Immersion method with controlling the
hydrolysis–fasculation rate with freeze-drying
technology and the
cold plasma modification technology
Heat insulation
material, acoustic insulation,
Photoluminescence response
Low thermal conductivity 0.026 W/m.K, contact
angle of 132◦ , lower density 0.233 g/cm3 and higher
porosity 84.88%
6
Waste tire fibers into
advanced aerogels Sol-gel synthesis with freeze drying
Thermal and acoustic insulation in
cabins, vehicles, buildings, and
aerospace.
Robust mechanical performance, Young’s modulus
965.6 kPa, Low density 91 mg/cm3, Highly porous
structure (~90 %), High sound absorption efficiency
(Noise reduction coefficient of 0.56), and low
thermal conductivity (0.035-0.049 W/mK)
7

Contd….
06-02-2024 9
Types of Aerogel Synthesis process Applications Properties Ref.
Green aerogels from rice
straw
Rice straw fibers were dispersed
along with reinforces (PVA or
cationic starch) followed
by freeze-drying
Thermal, acoustic insulation
and oil spill
cleaning applications
Low densities (0.05–0.06 g/cm3), high
porosities (~97%), excellent heat reduction
properties with low thermal conductivities
(0.034–0.036 W/m.K), good mechanical
properties (Young modulus up to 47 kPa) and
oil adsorption efficiency proven with the
capacity up to 13 g/g.
8
Lightweight and Flexible
Phenolic Aerogels
Phenolic aerogel reinforced with
three-dimensional
melamine foam (MF) through
sol-gel polymerization with
subsequent supercritical drying
Excellent acoustic and
thermal insulation ,
fireproofing material
Exhibiting a promising
prospect in industrial
applications
Low density (∼0.112 g·cm-3), high flexibility,
excellent flame retardency, hydrophobic
property (135°), and acoustic and thermal
insulating property (0.021 W/mK at room
temperature)
9
Silica-aerogel/UPVC
composites
Two-step sol–gel process with
subsequent supercritical drying
Sound and heat insulation
Low density (∼0.116 g·cm-3), thermal
conductivity from 0.198 to 0.091 W/m/K.
sound absorption of at the frequency range of
63–6300Hz
10
Recycled Polyethylene
Terephthalate
Aerogels from Plastic
Waste
Cross-linkers using freeze-drying
process.
Thermal and acoustic
insulation
Highly porous structure (98.3–99.5%), low
density (0.007–0.026 g/cm3), hydrophobicity
with contact angle of 120.7–149.8◦, Low
compressive Young’s modulus (1.16–2.87
kPa), Low thermal conductivity 0.035–0.038
W/m.K
11

RESEARCH GAP
 The enormous literature is available on the cellulose-silica, PTFE, silica nanocrystals, waste tyre fibers,
sugarcane bagasse, rice straw in application with thermal and acoustic insulation, oil absorption whereas a very
few research had been carried out using agricultural and bio-waste.
 Many researchers had synthesized the Silica-cellulose hybrid aerogel by the help of chemical precursors
(MTMS, TEOS, TMCS, TMOS etc.)
 The literature on size and shape of particles silica and cellulose developed after a subsequent freeze or
supercritical drying in hybrid aerogel is very less.
 To provide the structural, mechanical, and physicochemical properties of aerogels (Pore size, surface area)
production parameters can be modified by adding functional groups.
 Conventional materials have been associated with health and environmental problems as well as low insulation
and flammability.
06-02-2024 10

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH WORK
Synthesis of cost-effective superhydrophobic hybrid silica-cellulose aerogels for efficient
thermal insulation, acoustic absorption, energy storage and oil absorption applications.
Synthesis of shape stabilized(Aerogel) based PCM for enhanced thermal energy storage
Optimization of dependent variables for synthesis of hybrid aerogels
CFD modelling of porous materials for heat transfer application.
06-02-2024 11

SYNTHESIS OF COST-EFFECTIVE SUPERHYDROPHOBIC HYBRID SILICA-
CELLULOSE AEROGELS FOR EFFICIENT THERMAL INSULATION, ACOUSTIC
ABSORPTION, ENERGY STORAGE AND OILABSORPTION APPLICATIONS
06-02-2024 12
OBJECTIVE 1

06-02-2024 13
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
SYNTHESIS OF SILICAAEROGEL

06-02-2024 14
SYNTHESIS OF CELLULOSE AEROGEL:-

06-02-2024 15
SYNTHESIS OF HYBRID SILICA-CELLULOSE AEROGEL
15

CHARACTERIZATION
06-02-2024 16
X-ray diffraction analysis
FTIR analysis
2Θ POSITION LATTICE PLANE COMPOUND
12.5° (111) Natural Cellulose
23° (012) Amorphous silica
36° (010) Calcite and kaolinite
WAVELENGTH BOND WAVELENGTH BOND
2950 C-H 740 Si-C
1080 Si-O-Si
1440 Si-OH

06-02-2024 17
SEM and EDS analysis
Element
Weight
%
Atomic
%
O 46.11 60.04
Si 53.89 39.96
Total 100.00
Element
Weight
%
Atomic
%
C 28.56 37.64
O 51.88 51.33
Si 19.56 11.03
Total 100.00

06-02-2024 18
Contact angle characterstics
Aerogel Sample
SSA (m2/g)
±2.5
Pore size(nm)
±0.05
Pore volume
(ml/g)
Porosity
±0.2%
Pure silica 332.040 3.518 0.2143 96.9
Cellulose 210.324 3.342 0.3210 93.8
Silica + 1 wt.%
cellulose
199.284 3.645 0.3193 92.3
Silica+ 2 wt.%
cellulose
246.314 3.684 0.3846 94.2
Silica+4 wt.%
cellulose
298.341 3.921 0.4214 95.1
N2 adsorption hystersis

06-02-2024 19
Physical Characteristics
Sample
Density
(g/cm3)
Thermal conductivity
(W/mK)
Sound absorption
coefficient
Pure cellulose 0.039±0.002 0.041±0.002 0.402-0.468
Pure silica 0.128±0.002 0.018±0.002 0.685±0.002
Silica + 1.0 wt.% cellulose 0.148±0.002 0.038±0.002 0.453±0.002
Mechanical Characteristics
Sample aerogel
Young's modulus
(kPa)
Silica+1.0 wt.% cellulose 85±2

06-02-2024 20
Acoustic absorbtion characterstics TGA Characterstics

FLAME RETARDENCY
06-02-2024
21
T=10 sec
T= 10 Min
T=40 sec T=60 sec T=90 sec T=110 sec
T= 6 Min T= 5 Min T= 2 Min
Final Sample

06-02-2024 22
ACOUSTIC INSULATION
Distance of
Noise
Measurement
Without
insulation
Polyurethane
Foam
(2cm)
Polystyrene
box (2cm)
Glass Fiber
(1 cm)
Plywood
(2cm)
Cellulose-silica
aerogel
(1cm)
5 cm 98.2 79.6 78.6 75.2 74.6 70.3
10 cm 93.4 76.0 74.9 72.6 71.8 67.9
15 cm 84.2 73.9 73.2 69.3 68.4 65.4
20 cm 79.3 70.9 71.8 64.7 64.5 63.4
NOISE SOURCE – 115.2 dB

OILABSORPTION CHARACTERSTICS
06-02-2024 23
T=0.44 sec
T=0.82 sec
T=1.25 sec
T=0.14 sec

06-02-2024 Debabrata Panda, 519CH1017 24
Contd….
Maximum oil absorption capacities Oil absorption capacity

OILABSORPTION KINETICS
The pseudo-first and second-order equations can be written in a linear form as follows:
t
k
Q
Q
Q
t
e
e
1
ln 

2
2
1
1
e
e
t Q
k
t
Q
Q
t


Sl No Oil sample
Density at
STP (g/cm3)
Viscosity, Pa.s
10 °C 30 °C 50 °C 70 °C
1 Engine oil 0.901 1.61235 1.58422 1.31245 1.18654
2 Brake oil 1.056 0.58521 0.19621 0.0463 0.0181
3 2T oil 0.836 0.71234 0.22006 0.13552 0.06060
4 Vegetable oil 0.891 0.98295 0.15531 0.091057 0.03807

Pseudo First Order Model

Pseudo Second Order Model

Regeneration capability Comparative assessment

Optimization of Oil Absorption
Level of independent variables for design of experiment
Variable Code
Factor
-α -1 0 +1 +α
Cellulose (wt%) A 1 2 3 4 5
Kymene
concentration (ml)
B 6 7 8 9 10
Ethanol (ml) C 11 12 13 14 15
Design of experiments for oil absorption
Run Cellulose (Wt.%)
Kymene
Conc. (ml)
Ethanol
(ml)
Oil Absorption Capacity (g/g)
Experimental Calculated
1 1 8 13 42.86 43.21
2 2 8 13 41.56 41.97
3 2 8 13 44.56 44.92
4 4 6 15 41.34 41.62
5 2 8 13 43.52 43.87
6 1 10 15 41.67 41.89
7 1 6 15 48.89 45.18
8 2 8 16 42.34 42.98
9 4 10 11 48.25 48.78
10 4 6 11 41.86 42.35
11 4 10 15 44.01 44.64
12 2 5 13 44.04 44.28
13 2 8 13 43.14 43.64
14 1 10 11 43.98 44.14
15 2 11 13 44.12 43.92
16 2 8 10 43.95 43.90
17 1 6 11 43.86 43.92
18 2 8 13 43.92 43.23
19 2 8 13 43.68 43.02
20 5 8 13 43.54 42.46
Oil absorption capacity (g/g) = 0.2635A + 0.6605B -
0.6434C + 1.61AB - 0.5147AC – 0.8650BC + 43.91

ANOVA table for maximum oil absorption capacity
Attributes Sum
squares
DOF Square
Mean
F-Values p-values Remarks
Model 37.60 6 6.27 12.77 <0.0001 Significant
A-Cellulose 0.8699 1 0.8699 1.77 0.2059
B-Kymene
Conc.
5.34 1 5.34 10.88 0.0058
C-Ethanol
amount
5.06 1 5.06 10.32 0.0068
AB 21.58 1 21.58 4.99 <0.0001 Significant
AC 2.20 1 2.20 4.49 0.059
BC 5.99 1 5.99 12.20 0.0040
Residual 6.38 13 0.4906
Lack of Fit 1.6 8 0.2033 0.2139 0.9729
Pure Error 4.75 5 0.9504
Cor Total 43.98 19
Comparison of calculated and experimental values
of oil absorption
Contour plot of significant factors on oil absorption

SYNTHESIS OF SHAPE STABILIZED(AEROGEL) BASED PCM FOR
ENHANCED THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
06-02-2024 31
OBJECTIVE 2

06-02-2024 32
32

06-02-2024 33
Synthesis of hybrid nanoparticle PCM
15-Jan-2020 33
PEG 6000
Magnetic stirring (800C, 3hr) Ultra sonication (6hr, 800C)
Paraffin
Wax
Nickel Cobaltite
Nickel Ferrite
Pouring In a Mould
• Various weight percentage of Nickel Cobaltite and Nickel ferrite were mixed in Base PCM.
• After solidification in the mould the hybrid nanoparticle base PCM were removed and characterized.

XRD Characterisation
41.8°, 43.7°, 51.02° (311), (400),(422) NiFe2O4
36.6°, 43.7° 50.9° (220), (311), (-111) NiCo4O4
25.4°, 28.70° (110), (200) Paraffin Wax
21.24°, 27.84°
32.50°
(120),(032),(131) PEG-6000
25.16, 27.86,
31.80°, 34.16°,
42.34°,47.34°
(120),(110),(311),
(220), (113), (222)
C1, NiO, Fe3O4

06-02-2024
35
FTIR Characterisation
5 wt.%
4 wt.%
2 wt.%
1 wt.%
Bond Wavelength
C-H 1300-1500
Fe-O 400-500
Ni-O 300-500
-CH3 2917
-CH2 2849

SEM and EDS analysis
Element Weight%
C 48.76
O 47.66
Fe 0.51
Co 1.36
Ni 1.72
Totals 100.00

Experimental set-up
Fin Design for experimental set-up and CFD modelling
Naturally cooled Fin experimental set-up
Nanoparticle PCM based Fin cooling
experimental set-up

CONCLUSION
06-02-2024 38
• A facile and cost-effective way was used to develop an ultra-light hybrid silica-cellulose aerogel
with 1,2 and 4wt.% of cellulose concentration by an effective sol-gel process with freeze-drying.
• With a Silylation process, the synthesized hybrid aerogel exhibits a superhydrophobic
characteristic with a Water contact angle of 163.4°, 166°, and 168.5° for cellulose fiber
concentrations of 1,2 and 4 wt.%, respectively.
• The thermal conductivity of hybrid silica-cellulose aerogel (0.038-0.032 W/m.K) decreases with a
decrease in density (0.148-0.136 g/cm3).
• A sound absorption coefficient of 0.453-0.628 at low frequency(1500 Hz) and 0.86-0.94 at high
frequency (3600 Hz) was achieved due to the trap of acoustic waves in the nanoporous structure.

CONCLUSION
06-02-2024 39
• The recycled hybrid aerogel provides an excellent oil absorption capacity of 48.78 g.g-1 with 94%
retention capacity and regeneration capacity up to 6 cycles for 1 wt.% of cellulose fiber
concentration, which is approximately thrice of the commercially used polypropylene mats.
• An optimized parameter of 2wt.% of cellulose concentration, 8ml of Kymene, and 13 ml of ethanol
achieves a maximum oil absorption capacity of 48.78g/g. Moreover, the experimental values of
48.89 g/g of oil absorption were observed with 2 wt.% of cellulose concentration, 9ml of Kymene,
and 14ml of ethanol.
• An enhanced mechanical strength (Increase of compressive moduli 85-165kPa) compared to silica
aerogels was also observed for hybrid aerogel.

FUTURE WORK
• To synthesize Graphene, polymer, and agro-waste based aerogel and its characterization.
• Preparation of an experimental set-up of thermal energy storage for aerogel enhanced phase
change material.
• Optimization of parameters for thermal energy storage.
• CFD Modelling of heat and mass transfer through the synthesized aerogel.
06-02-2024 40

• Research articles published:
1. Debabrata Panda, Krunal M. Gangawane, “Superhydrophobic hybrid silica-cellulose aerogel for enhanced thermal,
acoustic, and oil absorption characteristics”, Journal of Material Science SCI, (I.F. 4.68), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-
022-07506-z, July 2022,
2. Debabrata Panda, Krunal M. Gangawane, “Development of superhydrophobic hybrid silica-cellulose aerogel as promising
thermal insulation and sound absorption” International Journal of Material Research, SCI, (I.F. 0.68) July 2022,
ACCEPTED.
3. Debabrata Panda, Krunal M. Gangawane, “Hybrid NiFe2O4-Ni2CO4O4 nanoparticles-based eutectic phase change
materials for enhancement of thermal efficiency of pin-fin heat sink arrangement” Journal of energy storage, SCI, (I.F.
8.90), Jan 2023, Accepted.
Book Chapters
1. Debabrata Panda, A. Kumar, K. M. Gangawane, and M. A. Mohamad, "Overview of Different Computational Approaches
for Heat and Mass Transfer in Food Processing", Advanced Computational Techniques for Heat and Mass Transfer in Food
Processing, ch.1, no.1, pp.1-20, CRC Press Taylor and Francis 2022.
2. Abhishek Kumar Lal, Ram P. Bharti, Debabrata Panda, "Overview of Different Computational Approaches for Heat and
Mass Transfer in Food Processing", Advanced Computational Techniques for Heat and Mass Transfer in Food Processing,
ch.2, no.1, pp.21-35, CRC Press Taylor and Francis 2022.
3. Debabrata Panda, Krunal M. Gangawane, “Next-generation Energy Storage And Optoelectronic Nanodevices” Chapter-15,
Bentham Publications, 2022.
RESEARCH OUTPUT

• Research articles communicated:
1. Debabrata Panda, Krunal M. Gangawane, Cost effective superhydrophobic cellulose/silica hybrid aerogel with hierarchical
nanoporous structure for effective oil absorption and recovery- an optimization study, Sadhana.
2. Shubham saraf, Debabrata Panda, Krunal M. Gangawane, Expanded graphite nanoparticles-based eutectic phase change
materials for enhancement of thermal efficiency of pin-fin heat sink arrangement, Thermal Science and Engineering
Progress
RESEARCH OUTPUT

ROADMAP
06-02-2024 43
Item/ Time
Jan'20 -
Jun'20
Jul'20 -
Jan'21
Jan'21 -
Jun'21
Jul'21 -
Jan'22
Jan'21 -
Jun'22
Jul'22 -
Jan'23
Jan'23 -
Jun'23
Jul'23-
Jan'24
Remarks
Literature review Ongoing activity
Completion of coursework Completed
Synthesis and Characterization of
Silica, cellulose, hybrid aerogels
Completed
Comparison of oil absorption,
acoustic, thermal properties with
conventional materials
Completed
Preparation of an experimental set-up
for thermal energy storage
In progress
Optimization of parameters for setting
the inputs for better performance
In progress
CFD modelling of porous Nano
materials for heat & mass transfer
with respective to energy
In progress
Validation with experimental results In progress
Thesis writing and submission In progress

REFERENCES
06-02-2024 44
[1] Kehrle J, Purkait TK, Kaiser S, Raftopoulos KN, Winnacker M, Ludwig T, Aghajamali M, Hanzlik M, Rodewald K, Helbich T,
Papadakis CM. Superhydrophobic silicon nanocrystal–silica aerogel hybrid materials: synthesis, properties, and sensing application.
Langmuir. 2018 Mar 31;34(16):4888-96.
[2] Heath L, Zhu L, Thielemans W. Chitin nanowhisker aerogels. ChemSusChem. 2013 Mar;6(3):537.
[3] Lavoine N, Bergström L. Nanocellulose-based foams and aerogels: Processing, properties, and applications. Journal of Materials
Chemistry A. 2017;5(31):16105-17.
[4] Simón-Herrero C, Peco N, Romero A, Valverde JL, Sánchez-Silva L. PVA/nanoclay/graphene oxide aerogels with enhanced sound
absorption properties. Applied Acoustics. 2019 Dec 15;156:40-5.
[5] Do NH, Luu TP, Thai QB, Le DK, Chau ND, Nguyen ST, Le PK, Phan-Thien N, Duong HM. Heat and sound insulation
applications of pineapple aerogels from pineapple waste. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2020 Feb 15;242:122267.
[6] Shi J, Lu L, Guo W, Zhang J, Cao Y. Heat insulation performance, mechanics and hydrophobic modification of cellulose–SiO2
composite aerogels. Carbohydrate polymers. 2013 Oct 15;98(1):282-9.
[7] Thai QB, Chong RO, Nguyen PT, Le DK, Le PK, Phan-Thien N, Duong HM. Recycling of waste tire fibers into advanced aerogels
for thermal insulation and sound absorption applications. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2020 Oct 1;8(5):104279.
[8] Nguyen ST, Do ND, Thai NN, Thai QB, Huynh HK, Phan AN. Green aerogels from rice straw for thermal, acoustic insulation and
oil spill cleaning applications. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2020 Oct 1;253:123363.
[9] Wu K, Dong W, Pan Y, Cao J, Zhang Y, Long D. Lightweight and Flexible Phenolic Aerogels with Three-Dimensional Foam
reinforcement for Acoustic and Thermal Insulation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2021 Jan 19;60(3):1241-9.
[10] Eskandari N, Motahari S, Atoufi Z, Hashemi Motlagh G, Najafi M. Thermal, mechanical, and acoustic properties of
silica‐aerogel/UPVC composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2017 Apr 10;134(14).
[11] Koh HW, Le DK, Ng GN, Zhang X, Phan-Thien N, Kureemun U, Duong HM. Advanced recycled polyethylene terephthalate
aerogels from plastic waste for acoustic and thermal insulation applications. Gels. 2018 Jun;4(2):43.

PREFFERED CO-SUPERVISOR
• Dr. Akhilesh kumar Sahu
• Dr. Mahendra Chinthala

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