Pain is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon. Everyone has experienced some types or degrees of pain. Pain is the most common reason for physician and also common problems faced by nurses when they are dealing with the patients.
The word pain is derived from the Latin word ‘Poena’ which means punishment. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can significantly interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning.
Pain motivates us to withdraw from potentially damaging situations, protect a damaged body part while it heals, and avoid those situations in the future.
Most pain resolves promptly once the painful stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but sometimes pain persists despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body; and sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease.
The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states:
"Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage".
The processes in the body that are involved in the perception of pain are called "nociception."
Mount castle defined pain as “that sensory experiences evoked by stimuli that injure or threaten to destroy tissue, defined introspectively by every man as that which hurts”.
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classification system describes pain according to five categories:
Duration And Severity,
Anatomical Location,
Body System Involved,
Cause, And
Temporal Characteristics (Intermittent, Constant, Etc)
Acute pain lasts a short time, or is expected to be over soon. The time frame may be as brief as seconds or as long as weeks.
Chronic pain may be defined as pain that lasts beyond the healing of an injury, continues for a period of several months or longer, or occurs frequently for at least months and is more difficult to manage.eg-rheumatoid arthritis
Cutaneous or superficial pain- it is directly precised &readily localized i.e. patient can indicate exactly where it hurt.
Referred pain- pain felt at a site distinct from site of pain. eg-cardiac pain is present in the heart, but felt in the left arm
Intractable pain- persistent, severe pain that cannot be effectively controlled by the usual medication is referred to as “Intractable pain”.
Localized pain- Localized pain arises directly from the site of the disturbance.
Differentiation of neurolapatic pain- severs pain caused by nervous system damage, when the flow of afferent nerve impulse has been partially or completely interrupted. eg accident.
Pain of muscular or bonny origin- the muscular ischemia of intermittent claudication(a in commonly in the legs or arms that comes on with walking or using the arms.) & occlusion vascular induce pain in the extrimities. eg joint pain
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfDolisha Warbi
Definition of pain, classification of pain based on duration, based on location, based on intensity, classification based on etiology, factor influencing pain, signs and symptoms of pain, impact of pain on patient daily life, medical management, surgical management, non-pharmacological management, complementary and alternative therapies, nursing management.
abdominal pain,
abdominal pain left side,
abdominal pain right side,
abdominal pain after eating,
abdominal pain during pregnancy,
abdominal pain covid,
abdominal pain and bleeding not on period,
abdominal pain in early pregnancy,
abdominal pain causes,
abdominal pain treatment,
lower abdominal pain,
lower left abdominal pain,
upper abdominal pain,
lower right abdominal pain,
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfDolisha Warbi
Definition of pain, classification of pain based on duration, based on location, based on intensity, classification based on etiology, factor influencing pain, signs and symptoms of pain, impact of pain on patient daily life, medical management, surgical management, non-pharmacological management, complementary and alternative therapies, nursing management.
abdominal pain,
abdominal pain left side,
abdominal pain right side,
abdominal pain after eating,
abdominal pain during pregnancy,
abdominal pain covid,
abdominal pain and bleeding not on period,
abdominal pain in early pregnancy,
abdominal pain causes,
abdominal pain treatment,
lower abdominal pain,
lower left abdominal pain,
upper abdominal pain,
lower right abdominal pain,
Back pain, whether it lasts a day, a month, or a year, has most of us looking for a way out of it. While back pain is a common concern, the good news is that most back pain is self-limited and will resolve with conservative care.
In this presentation I have tried to explain in brief about pain management, different types of pain, its diagnostic criteria, its physiology, and its treatment approaches both pharmacological and non pharmacological
Unconsciousness. Medical Surgical Nursing pptxPatelVedanti
The brain requires a constant supply of oxygenated blood and glucose to function. Interruption of this supply will cause loss of consciousness within a few seconds and permanent brain damage in minutes.
Unconsciousness:
A state of unarousable responsiveness, where the client is unaware of the self or the surroundings and no purposeful response can be obtained to external stimuli. May be –
Brief – lasting for few seconds to an hour
Sustained – lasting for a few hours or longer
Etiology:
Blood oxygenation problems
Blood circulation problems
Metabolic problems (Diabetes mellitus, over dosage) CNS problems (head injury, stroke, tumor , epilepsy)
STRESS. Medical Surgical Nursing ....pptxPatelVedanti
Stress is a normal human reaction that happens to everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience stress and react to it.
When you experience changes or challenges (stressors), your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s stress.
Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations.
Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger.
For example, if you have an important test coming up, a stress response might help your body work harder and stay awake longer.
But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue without relief or periods of relaxation.
Stress is the non specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it.
-Hans Selye, 1956
Stress is the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them.
-Schafer, 2000
A stressor is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual.
These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and can be either physical or psychological.
Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals more prone to both physical and psychological problems, including heart disease and anxiety.
In psychology, researchers generally classify the different types of stressors into four categories:
Crises/Catastrophes,
Major Life Events,
Daily Hassles/Micro Stressors, And
Ambient Stressors.
Crises/Catastrophes
This type of stressor is unforeseen and unpredictable and, as such, is completely out of the control of the individual.
Examples of crises and catastrophes include: devastating natural disasters, such as major floods, earthquakes, wars, pandemics etc….
Though rare in occurrence, this type of stressor typically causes a great deal of stress in a person's life.
Major life events
Common examples of major life events include: marriage, going to college, death of a loved one, birth of a child, divorce, moving houses etc…
These events, either positive or negative, can create a sense of uncertainty and fear, which will ultimately lead to stress.
For instance, research has found the elevation of stress during the transition from high school to university, with college freshmen being about two times more likely to be stressed than final year students.
Research has found major life events are somewhat rare to be major causes of stress, due to its rare occurrences.
Daily Hassles/Microstressors
This category includes daily annoyances and minor hassles.
Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating personalities, etc.
Often, this type of stressor includes conflicts with other people.
Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not everyone perceives a certain event as stressful.
For example, most people find public speaking to be stressful, nevertheless, a seasoned politician most likely will not.
Daily hassles are the most frequently occurring.
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Similar to pain. Medical Surgical Nursing ......pptx
Back pain, whether it lasts a day, a month, or a year, has most of us looking for a way out of it. While back pain is a common concern, the good news is that most back pain is self-limited and will resolve with conservative care.
In this presentation I have tried to explain in brief about pain management, different types of pain, its diagnostic criteria, its physiology, and its treatment approaches both pharmacological and non pharmacological
Unconsciousness. Medical Surgical Nursing pptxPatelVedanti
The brain requires a constant supply of oxygenated blood and glucose to function. Interruption of this supply will cause loss of consciousness within a few seconds and permanent brain damage in minutes.
Unconsciousness:
A state of unarousable responsiveness, where the client is unaware of the self or the surroundings and no purposeful response can be obtained to external stimuli. May be –
Brief – lasting for few seconds to an hour
Sustained – lasting for a few hours or longer
Etiology:
Blood oxygenation problems
Blood circulation problems
Metabolic problems (Diabetes mellitus, over dosage) CNS problems (head injury, stroke, tumor , epilepsy)
STRESS. Medical Surgical Nursing ....pptxPatelVedanti
Stress is a normal human reaction that happens to everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience stress and react to it.
When you experience changes or challenges (stressors), your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s stress.
Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations.
Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger.
For example, if you have an important test coming up, a stress response might help your body work harder and stay awake longer.
But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue without relief or periods of relaxation.
Stress is the non specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it.
-Hans Selye, 1956
Stress is the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them.
-Schafer, 2000
A stressor is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual.
These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and can be either physical or psychological.
Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals more prone to both physical and psychological problems, including heart disease and anxiety.
In psychology, researchers generally classify the different types of stressors into four categories:
Crises/Catastrophes,
Major Life Events,
Daily Hassles/Micro Stressors, And
Ambient Stressors.
Crises/Catastrophes
This type of stressor is unforeseen and unpredictable and, as such, is completely out of the control of the individual.
Examples of crises and catastrophes include: devastating natural disasters, such as major floods, earthquakes, wars, pandemics etc….
Though rare in occurrence, this type of stressor typically causes a great deal of stress in a person's life.
Major life events
Common examples of major life events include: marriage, going to college, death of a loved one, birth of a child, divorce, moving houses etc…
These events, either positive or negative, can create a sense of uncertainty and fear, which will ultimately lead to stress.
For instance, research has found the elevation of stress during the transition from high school to university, with college freshmen being about two times more likely to be stressed than final year students.
Research has found major life events are somewhat rare to be major causes of stress, due to its rare occurrences.
Daily Hassles/Microstressors
This category includes daily annoyances and minor hassles.
Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating personalities, etc.
Often, this type of stressor includes conflicts with other people.
Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not everyone perceives a certain event as stressful.
For example, most people find public speaking to be stressful, nevertheless, a seasoned politician most likely will not.
Daily hassles are the most frequently occurring.
Testicular torsion occurs when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum.
Testicular torsion is most common between ages 12 and 18, but it can occur at any age, even before birth often severe pain and swelling.
Age Testicular torsion is most common between ages 12 and 18.
Previous testicular torsion
Family history of testicular torsion
Sudden, severe pain in the scrotum
Swelling of the scrotum
Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
A testicle that's positioned higher than normal or at an unusual angle
Frequent urination
Fever
Blood in semen
Redness of scrotum
Gynecomastia & Male Breast Cancer.pptx (Male Reproductive System)PatelVedanti
Gynecomastia is often due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen hormones.
It is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men.
Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly.
Genetic disorder
Malnutrition
Testicular cancer
Aging
Disorder of testes
causes:
Genetic disorder
Malnutrition
Testicular cancer
Aging
Disorder of testes
S/S
Pain, particularly in adolescents
Swollen breast tissue
Breast tenderness
Nipple discharge in one or both breasts
Prostatitis is a disorder of the prostate gland usually associated with inflammation.
Prostatitis often causes painful or difficult urination, as well as pain in the groin, pelvic area or genitals.
Acute bacterial prostatitis: a bacterial infection of the prostate usually with sudden, severe symptoms
Chronic bacterial prostatitis: ongoing or recurring bacterial infection usually with less severe symptoms
Causes:
Bacterial infection
Autoimmune diseases
Pelvic floor muscle spasms
Stress
Bladder infections or bladder stones
Surgery or biopsy requiring use of a urinary catheter
Prostate stones
Urinary retention (not emptying the bladder completely).
UTIs.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate.
It is a growth of abnormal cell in the prostate, it may be malignant or benign.
Alopecia can mean baldness,
Compulsive pulling of hair (trichotillomania) can also produce hair loss.
Hairstyling routines such as tight ponytails may induce Traction alopecia. hot hair irons can also induce hair loss. In some cases, alopecia is due to underlying medical conditions, such as iron deficiency.
Hair styles & Hair treatments (chemicals in relaxers, hair straighteners)
Causes:
Hereditary disorders
Hormonal change
Iron deficiency
Medications (side effects from drugs, including chemotherapy, anabolic steroids, and birth control pills)
Radiation therapy
Stress
Age
Poor nutrition
Hair transplant: A dermatologist or cosmetic surgeon takes tiny plugs of skin, each which contains a few hairs, and implants the plugs into bald sections.
Wigs: As an alternative to medical and surgical treatment, some patients wear a wig or hairpiece. They can be used permanently or temporarily to cover the hair loss. Quality, and natural looking wigs and hairpieces are available.
It is an immune system condition that causes the rapid buildup of skin cells.
It is a long term (chronic) disease.
It is most commonly seen the knees, elbows, trunk, and scalp.
It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands.
It may be occur on areas of the body that have sebaceous glands such as face, neck, back and shoulders.
It is associated with high rail of sebum secretion.
It has two types of acne such as inflammatory, in which the hair follicle is blocked by sebum that may be cause by bacteria and eventually rupture the follicle and second non inflammatory, in which the follicle doesn't rupture but remains dilated.
Acne is a disease that involves the oil glands of the skin.
It is not dangerous.
Acne occurs most commonly during adolescence, and often continues into adulthood. In adolescence, acne is usually caused by an increase in testosterone, which people of both genders during puberty.
There are various types of pimples
Whiteheads - remain under the skin and are very small.
Blackheads - clearly visible, they are black and appear on the surface of the skin.
Papules - visible on the surface of the skin. They are small bumps, usually pink.
Pustules - clearly visible on the surface of the skin. They are red at their base and have pus at the top.
Nodules - clearly visible on the surface of the skin. They are large, solid pimples. They are painful and are embedded deep in the skin.
The word Gastritis comes from two words “gastro” referring to the stomach and “itis” means inflammation.
Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach mucosa.
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
INCIDENCE:
The incidence of gastritis is highest in the fifth and sixth decades of life; men are more frequently affected than women. The incidence is greater in clients who are heavy drinkers and smokers.
Acute gastritis is considered one of the most common type of gastritis. This is a painful inflammation of the lining of the stomach that occur suddenly and may involve bleeding of the stomach mucosa
Chronic gastritis involve s long- term inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and this inflammatory condition of upper digestive system can last for years.
Chronic gastritis, on the other hand, is more often found in older people
Rhinitis commonly known as a stuffy
nose,
is the medical term describing
irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the nose .
It is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
Acute Rhinitis is also known as the common cold.
It may be bacterial or viral.
It may be classified as acute & allergic .
It usually lasts 5 to 7 days.
It may be bacterial or viral or irritants.
Which is caused by Rhinoviruses and Coronaviruses , or bacterial sinusitis .
Sinusitis is an inflammation of the mucus membrane of the Paranasal sinuses.
Pansinusitis is infection of more than one sinus.
This condition in GI system disorder.
Cholecystitis And Cholelithiasis slidesharePatelVedanti
Cholecystitis: It is defined as the inflammation of the Gall Bladder.
Cholelithiasis: Stones in the Gall Bladder specially seen in the neck of the Gall Bladder or the cystic duct.
Most important for in GI system.
Fracture regarding information and also useful in nursing in that types of fracture included and also include treatment regarding fracture , nursing care plan...commonly fracture is more so its very useful for study.....
All information regarding dermatitis definition, causes, risk factors , sign and symptoms and also related treatment and nursing care plan its useful in the nursing.
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Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
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Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
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2. INTRODUCTION
Pain is a complex, multidimensional
phenomenon. Everyone has experienced
some types or degrees of pain. Pain is the
most common reason for physician and
also common problems faced by nurses
when they are dealing with the patients.
3. The word pain is derived from the Latin word
‘Poena’ which means punishment. It is a major
symptom in many medical conditions, and can
significantly interfere with a person's quality of
life and general functioning.
4. Pain motivates us to withdraw from potentially
damaging situations, protect a damaged body part
while it heals, and avoid those situations in the
future.
Most pain resolves promptly once the painful
stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but
sometimes pain persists despite removal of the
stimulus and apparent healing of the body; and
sometimes pain arises in the absence of any
detectable stimulus, damage or disease.
5. DEFINITION:
The International Association for the Study of Pain's
widely used definition states:
"Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or potential tissue
damage, or described in terms of such damage".
The processes in the body that are involved in the
perception of pain are called "nociception."
Mount castle defined pain as “that sensory
experiences evoked by stimuli that injure or
threaten to destroy tissue, defined introspectively
by every man as that which hurts”.
6. CLASSIFICATIONOFPAIN
The International Association for the Study of Pain
(IASP) classification system describes pain according to
five categories:
Duration And Severity,
Anatomical Location,
Body System Involved,
Cause, And
Temporal Characteristics (Intermittent, Constant, Etc)
7. Acc. To Duration
Acute pain lasts a short time, or is expected to
be over soon. The time frame may be as brief
as seconds or as long as weeks.
Chronic pain may be defined as pain that lasts
beyond the healing of an injury, continues for a
period of several months or longer, or occurs
frequently for at least months and is more
difficult to manage.eg-rheumatoid arthritis
8. Acc to Region and system
Cutaneous or superficial pain- it is directly precised
&readily localized i.e. patient can indicate exactly
where it hurt.
Referred pain- pain felt at a site distinct from site of
pain. eg-cardiac pain is present in the heart, but felt in
the left arm
9. Intractable pain- persistent, severe pain that
cannot be effectively controlled by the usual
medication is referred to as “Intractable pain”.
Localized pain- Localized pain arises directly from
the site of the disturbance.
10. Differentiation of neurolapatic pain- severs pain
caused by nervous system damage, when the flow
of afferent nerve impulse has been partially or
completely interrupted. eg accident.
Pain of muscular or bonny origin- the muscular
ischemia of intermittent claudication(a in
commonly in the legs or arms that comes on with
walking or using the arms.) & occlusion vascular
induce pain in the extrimities. eg joint pain
11. Vascular pain- Vascular pain is pain that
develops when there is interruption in
blood flow to a tissue, organ or nerves
Eg. Migraine
12. Acc. toCause
Nociceptive Pain: Nociceptive pain is believed to be
caused by the ongoing activation of pain receptors in
either the surface or deep tissues of the body and
may be classified according to the mode of noxious
stimulation; the most common categories being
"thermal" (heat or cold), "mechanical" (crushing,
tearing, etc.) and "chemical" (iodine in a cut, chili
powder in the eyes).
It is a type of pain caused by damage to body tissue. It feels sharp, like stubbing
the toe, having a sports injury, or a dental procedure
13. There are two types:
"somatic"pain:
pain emanating from muscles, skeleton, skin; pai
n in the parts of the body other than the viscera.
“visceral" pain. Visceral pain is pain that results
from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic,
pelvic, or abdominal viscera (organs).
14. Neuropathic Pain: Neuropathic pain is believed to be
caused by changes in the nervous system that sustain
pain even after an injury heals.
In most cases, the injury that starts the pain involves
the peripheral nerves or the central nervous system
itself. It can be associated with trauma or with many
different types of diseases, such as diabetes.
There are many neuropathic pain syndromes,
◦ such as diabetic neuropathy,
◦ trigeminal neuralgia,
◦ post-stroke pain, and
◦ Some patients who get neuropathic pain describe it as
unfamiliar pain, which may be burning or like electricity.
The pain may be associated with sensitivity of the skin.
15. Psychogenic Pain: Most patients with chronic pain
have some degree of psychological disturbance.
Patients may be anxious or depressed, or have trouble
coping. Psychological distress may not only be a
consequence of the pain, but may also contribute to
the pain itself. "Psychogenic" pain is a simple label for
all kinds of pain that can be best explained by
psychological problems.
Phantom pain
Phantom pain is pain from a part of the body that has
been lost or from which the brain no longer receives
signals. It is a type of neuropathic pain. Phantom limb
pain is a common experience of amputees.
22. Nursingassessment-
History
Location-where, internal or external
Onset & pattern
Constant, intermittent, rhythmic, pulsating or throbbing.
Duration, character &quality- dull, sharp, throbbing,
burning, electric or shooting
Precipitating, aggravating & alleviating factors:-
a) Trigger pain: - smoking, eating, alcohol etc.
b) alters pain:- rest , sleep, heat application
23. Associates symptoms:-nausea restlessness, loss of appetite etc.
Effects on activities of daily living:-driving, work, eating, house
work
Methods of pain relief:-medication, meditation, invasive or non-
invasive methods
Previous experience:-previous experience does not necessarily
means, that a person will accept pain more easily in the future,
but find solution that will minimize his pain
Coping style: - a) family support
b) Exercise
c) Singing (hobby)
27. INTERVENTION
NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
1. Relieves anxiety
◦ stay with the person for a while
◦ Empathy communication.
◦ Therapeutic touch.
2. Distraction & diversion
◦ reading, TV, radio
◦ Meditation, self hypnosis(an unconscious state
where somebody’s mind & actions can be controlled
by another person.)
28. 3. Physical aspect of intervention
Treatment of local irritation & inflammation.
immobilizing decreases pain.
change position.
gentle massage.
Hot or cold application.
check drainage tubes
29. 4. Radiation therapy :
to relive pain caused by pressure from
neoplasm by shrinking a tumor in size.
5. Hypnosis:
After the character of pain or individuals
attitude towards it by disorientation & dissociation.
6. Behavioural techniques
a) Meditation
b) Relaxation
c) Yoga
d) Autogenic training
e) Progressive relaxation training.
30. 7. Operant conditioning : by praising a person for
performing a task that previously was not done
because of pain.
8. Bio- feedback : techniques that provide person with
information about changes in bodily function of
which the person is usually unaware.
9. Placebos : they are pharmacologically inactive substance e.g.
vit. , distilled water
The person believes & trusts that a pain –relieving medication is
being administrated.
31. PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
It includes
Analgesics
NSAIDs:
◦ It blocks the impulses mainly in the periphery and
decrease inflammatory related pain
◦ Eg. Ibuprofen, sodium salicylate, indomethacin.
Opioid analgesic :
morphine acts mainly on CNS to alter pain perception.
32. Anesthetic agent
Local Anaesthetic Agent
◦ It reduces pain associated with thoracic or abdominal surgery
when injected by the surgeon intercostals .local anaesthetic agent
are rapidly absorbed into the blood stream.example.EMLA
(emulsion of local anesthaticcream), lidocaine5%
Intraspinal administration-
intermittent or continuous administrator local anaesthetic
agent through an epidural cather has been used for years to
produce anaesthesia during surgery
33. Biologicalbasedtechnique
1. Acupuncture: through the acupuncture pins
vital energy flows. Acupuncture is used as
analgesic. Needle stimulation elicits biochemical
changes due to release of endorphins.
2. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator
(TENS) It’s a battery operating unit with
electrodes to the skin. It produces vibration
tingling & buzzing sensation in area of pain &
reduces pain.
34. THE NEW TRENDS IN PAIN MANAGEMENT
Nerve blocks: nerve blocks are performed by injecting
various substances close to nerve, thereby blocking
their conductivity.
-stimulation procedures
-interruption of pain pathway
Neuro surgical procedures:
Cordotomy
Rhizotomy
35. Neuro surgical procedures:
Cordotomy
is a surgical procedure that
disables selectedpain-
conducting tracts in
the spinal cord, in order to
achieve loss of pain and
temperature perception.
This procedure is
commonly performed on
patients experiencing
severe pain due
to cancer or other diseases
for which there is currently
no cure
36. Rhizotomy
Rhizotomy is a surgical
procedure to sever
nerve roots in the
spinal cord. The
procedure effectively
relieves chronic back
pain and muscle
spasms.
Sensory nerve roots
are destroyed where
they enter spinal cord