“It is the ‘AI regulation moment” intoned the Secretary General of both the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the United Nations itself, before the UN General Assembly passed a unanimous resolution on AI safety, and the G7 Hiroshima Dialogue of AI codes of conduct moved industrialised nations beyond self-regulation. Academic analysts and policymakers need to challenge a reversion to broken models, to ethics washing and to what is now being termed ‘AI washing’. I set out a critical agenda for remembering lessons from the Internet past to assert an AI co-regulatory future.

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• HTTPS://RESEARCH.MONASH.EDU/EN/PERSONS/CHRISTOPHER-MARSDEN

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• HTTPS://WWW.ADALOVELACEINSTITUTE.ORG/RESOURCE/AI-SUPPLY-CHAINS/
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• HTTPS://WWW.PC.GOV.AU/RESEARCH/COMPLETED/MAKING-THE-MOST-OF-THE-AI-OPPORTUNITY

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17. NINA SCHICK (2020) DEEP FAKES AND
THE INFOCALYPSE: WHAT YOU URGENTLY
NEED TO KNOW

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• HTTPS://WWW.BAILII.ORG/UK/CASES/UKUT/AAC/2021/26.PDF
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• HTTPS://WWW.BAILII.ORG/EW/CASES/EWHC/QB/2022/1417.HTML#PARA292
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• HTTP://WWW5.AUSTLII.EDU.AU/AU/JOURNALS/SYDLAWRW/2021/20.HTML

39. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.CLSR.2019.105373

40. HTTPS://SCIENCEMEDIAHUB.EU/SCIENTISTS/TRISHA-MEYER/

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• HTTPS://WWW.EUROPARL.EUROPA.EU/CMSDATA/161725/STOA%20PANEL%20MEETING%2013-12-2018%20-
%20MINUTES.PDF
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44. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

45. ●
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● HTTPS://THECOMMONWEALTH.ORG/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/INLINE/COMMONWEALTH%20CYBERSECURITY%20FOR%20ELECTIONS%20GUIDE.PDF
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47. Option and
form
Typology of regulation Implications/Notes
0 Status quo Corporate Social Responsibility,
single-company initiatives
Note that enforcement of General Data Protection Regulation and the
proposed revised ePrivacy Regulation, plus agreed text for new AVMS
Directive, would all continue and likely expand
1 Non-audited
self-regulation
Industry code of practice,
transparency reports, self-
reporting
Corporate agreement on principles for common technical solutions
and Santa Clara Principles
2 Audited self-
regulation
European Code of Practice of
Sept 2018; Global Network
Initiative published audit
reports
Open interoperable publicly available standard e.g. commonly
engineered/designed standard for content removal to which
platforms could certify compliance
3 Formal self-
regulator
Powers to expel non-
performing members, Dispute
Resolution ruling/arbitration
on cases
Commonly engineered standard for content filtering or algorithmic
moderation. Requirement for members of self-regulatory body to
conform to standard or prove equivalence. Particular focus on
content ‘Put Back’ metrics and efficiency/effectiveness of appeal
process
4 Co-
regulation
Industry code approved by
Parliament or regulator(s) with
statutory powers to supplant
Government-approved technical standard – for filtering or other
forms of moderation. Examples from broadcast and advertising
regulation

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• OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
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• HTTPS://DATA.EUROPA.EU/DOI/10.2759/764631

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55. Portarlington
effect
• Now recognised by FT

56. X remains breaking election
news platform
• Which places it in a highly strategic position for disinformation
• Noted by various interested parties

57. Community Notes instead of content moderation
• Wikipedia uses crowd sourced then vetted moderators
• Musk criticized that approach – and is Community Noted

58. Community Notes: low cost high speed model
• We should study it rather than
• dismiss it as an approach?
• Reddit not dissimilar?

59. European warnings over Israel and Ukraine
disinformation
• Not taken entirely seriously by Musk
• 10 October 2023 – notice prior to action

60. October information notice
• Article 74(2), Digital Services Act

61. Musk doubled down on free speech 30 October

62. Anti Semitic comments
November 2023
• Tried suing Media Matters…

63. Musk regulatory pressure
December 2023
• From Australia!
• Online Safety Act 2021
• finally implemented
• No local regulatory staff…

64. European Commission
• 18 December 2023
• Breach of disinformation requirements
• Digital Services Act 2022, Article 66(1)
• Obligations to counter
• Illegal Content and Disinformation
• Transparency obligations
• Deceptive Design of user interface
• Investigation ongoing

65. But X is miniscule compared to Meta
• Why do we obsess with this trillionaire?
• Not Zuckerberg or Thiel
• Election challenges in 2024 are global
• India, Indonesia, EU, Pakistan
• Online is not the only way to receive news…

66. All things must pass?

67. Giant platforms are occupying AI as well
• Note X does not appear on this chart

68. How do we solve VLOP disinformation?

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