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kvam¿´v sh_v
entm F. Xc-I≥
‰m≥ {]km-[w

kvam¿´v sh_v
entm F. Xc-I≥
email: linoatharakan@outlook.com
Mob:9496411481
{]km-Z-I¿ : ‰m≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥, ]p-eq¿
Ih¿ Unssk≥ : freshmindideas.com
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BZy-]-Xn∏v : BKÃv 2016

ka¿∏Ww
A£-c-ap-‰-tØ°v BZyw ssI ]n-Sn®v S-Ønb
{]nb ]∏m-bv°v...

s{]m^. tUm. B¿. Pp_n
(tIcfm bqWn-thgvkn‰n sk-‰wKw)
{]n≥kn-∏mƒ,
am¿tØmΩm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvtm-f-Pn, NS-b-aw-Kew
Adn-hp-Isf {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-emWv A≤ym-]--Øns‚
{]k‡n. A≤ym-]--Øns‚ ]e apJ-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv Fgp-Øv. A£-
c-ß-fn-eqsS ]pØ≥ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ km[m-c-W-°m¿°v
ap∂n¬ anI-thmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°phm≥ Hcp √ {iaw Cu teJ--
ßfn-eqsS km[n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂Xv X¿°-a‰ Imcy-am-Wv. hnh-c-
km-t¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS ]e hnj-b-ßfpw Adn-hp-Ifpw `wKn-bmbn
tIm¿Øn-W°n hmb--°m-cv Ahs‚ Nn¥-Isf AXym-[pnI
kmt¶-XnI km[y-X-I-fpsS Xe-ß-fn-te°v Cu ]pkvXIw Ωsf
sIms≠-Øn-°p-∂p. hmb--bpsS ]pXnb Ap-`h-ß-fn¬ FØn-
°m≥ teJ-I≥ S-Øp∂ {ia-ßƒ Fgp-Øns‚ emfn-Xy-Øn-te°v
hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p. mw Adn-™n-cn-t°≠, ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-Iƒ
ssIsh-≈-bn¬ sIm≠p--S-°p∂ qX hnhckmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zysb
A£-c-ß-fn-eqsS km[m-c-W-°m-c-n-se-Øn-°m≥ teJ--ßƒ°p
km[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
kmt¶XnI anI-hn¬ Hcp-]mSv Zqcw ]n∂n-Sp∂ ΩpsS ]pXnb
Xe-ap-d-bpw, ]pXnb Adn-hp-Isf tXSp∂ ]gb Xe-ap-dbpw Hcp-
t]mse CjvS-s∏-Sm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ Hcp ]pkvX-I-amWv "kvam¿´v
sh_v'. Hcp]t£ Fgp-Øns‚ DtØ-Pw hcpw Xe-ap-dbv°v ssIam-
dmpw Ct±-l-Ønp Ign-bp-sa∂ kqN--bn-te°v Cu ]pkvXIw
hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p. am‰w An-hm-cy-am-Wv, F∂m¬ √ am‰-ßsf
Dƒs°m-≈p-hmpw tami-am-b-hsb X≈n-°-f-bp-hmpw mw {]m]vX-
cm-I-Ww. Hcp √ hmb Ap-`-h-Øn-te°v Cu ]pkvXIw Ωsf
Iq´p-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip∂p F∂ kXyw a- n¬ Hm¿Øp-sIm≠v Cu
A£c°q´-ßsf an-®p-sIm≠v ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

Hcp nan-jw...
C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvtm-fPn hmbphpw hkv{Xhpw t]mse
Hcp An-hm-cy-X-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ap-jys‚ PohnX kml-N-cy-ß-
fn¬ ng-ep-t]m-se, B{K-ln-®mepw Hgn-hm-°m-m-ImØ Hcp {]Xn-
`m-k-ambn amdn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp D]-I-cWw F∂-Xn¬ n∂pw
Iq´mfn F∂-Xn-te°v Iºyq-´¿ amdn-°-gn-™n´p Ime-sa-{Xtbm Ign-
™p. apjy Pohn-X-Øns‚ s´-√mbn Xo¿∂n-cn-°p∂ Cu D]-I-
cWØns‚ Poh-m-Un-bmWv hnhc kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw AXns‚
Ap-_‘ sSIvtm-f-Pn-I-fpw. C≥^¿ta-j-p-I-fpsS IrXy-amb {Iao-
I-c-Whpw hnIm-khpw AXns‚ {]mtbm-KnI ASn-ÿm--Øn¬
]n¥p-Wbpw ¬IpI F∂XmWv Hmtcm Iºyq-´¿ sSIvtm-f-Pn-I-
fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm I¿Ø-hyw.
hnhc kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS A¥ taL-e-I-fn¬ Nne-Xn-
eqsS Hcp FØn-tm-´-amWv Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-eqsS S-Øp-∂-Xv.
C≥t^m ssIcfn F∂ ae-bm-f-Ønse {]apJ Iºyq-´¿ amK-kn-
n¬ Rm≥ ]e h¿j-ß-fn¬ Fgp-Xnb Nne teJ--ßƒ t{ImUo-
I-cn®p Xøm-dm-°nb ]pkvX-I-amWv "kvam¿´v sh_v' hnhc kmt¶-
XnI hnZy-bpsS ]e Xe-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ]pkvX-I-Ønse
teJ--ßƒ GXp kmt¶-XnIXe-Øn¬ n¬°p-∂-h¿°pw a- n-
em-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ {Iao-I-cn-°m≥ Rm≥ {ian-®n-´p-≠v.
Fs‚ Cu teL--ßƒ Rm≥ Hcp _p°v cq]-Øn¬ {Iao-
I-cn-°p-tºmƒ Fs‚ Fgp-Øns‚ BZy Ime-ß-fn¬ Fs‚ Fgp-
Øns hm°p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Xncp-Ø-ep-I-fn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n®,
t{]m’m-ln-∏n® s{]m^. Fw.-B¿. taml≥Zm-kv, Fs‚

kl{]h¿Ø-I¿ Bbn-cp∂ {io. knp tkma≥, {ioa-Xn. Bs·kv
So tPm¨ F∂n-h-tcmSp≈ IS-∏mSv ad-°m≥ ]‰p-∂-X-√. Hcp
Nncn-bn-eqsS DtØ-Pw Xcp∂ {io. {]Pn Ipcy≥ sFk-°n-tmSpw
Cu hcn-I-fn-eqsS µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
{]m¿∞--bn-eq-sSbpw hm’-ey-Øn-eq-sSbpw ssIØmßv
Xcp∂ kvtl-n-[n-bmb aΩntbmSpw, kzImcy ka-b-ßƒ Fs‚
Fgp-Øn-mbn th¿Xn-cn®v X∂- Fs‚ Pohn-X-kJn tj¿fntbmSpw,
aI≥ am-entm-Sp-ap≈ lrZ-b-Øns‚ IS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ Ahkm-n-°p-
Ibn-√.
hmb--bn-eq-sSbpw hm°p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Fs∂ Hmtcm nan-
jhpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Fs‚ hnZym¿∞n kaq-l-tØmSpw Rm≥
IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. CXnse teJ--ßƒ AXns‚ DZy-aw, Dt±iw
]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂Xv nß-fpsS hnes∏´ {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv.
Cu teJ--ßƒ hf¿∂p-h-cp∂ bph Xe-ap-dbv°pw A≤ym-]-
I¿°pw sSIvtm-f-Pnsb CjvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kvtln-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ F√m-h¿°pw {]tbm-P--s∏-Ss´ F∂p Biw-kn-®p-
sIm≠pw Cu _p°v hmbn-°p-hm-mbn sXc-s™-SpØ F√m-
h¿°pw lrZy-amb IrX-⁄X FgpXn tN¿Øp-sIm≠pw "kvam¿´v
sh_v' nßƒ°mbn ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
entm F. Xc-I≥

Xm-fp-I-fn¬...
Bºn-b‚v C‚-en-P≥kv 1
Iºyq-´nwKv taL-ß-fn¬ 19
sF.-]n. Snhn 36
{Ko≥ Iºyq-´nwKv 53
sh_v 3.0 73
lyqa≥ Iºyq-´¿ C‚¿t^kv 91

ap-jy≥ C‚¿s‰v F∂ {]Xn-`m-ksØ kvtln®p XpS-
ßn-bn´v Ime-ßƒ A[n-I-am-bn-´n-√. ktµ-i-ßƒ ssIam‰w sNø-
s∏-SpI F∂ e£y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp≈ [¿Ωw `wKn-bmbn n¿h-ln®p
h∂n-cp-∂-t∏m-gmWv "ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-SpI' F∂-Xn¬ n∂pw "{]N-
cn-∏n-°pI' F∂-Xn-tebv°v Nph-Sp-am‰w kw`-hn-®Xv. "c≠mw Xe-
apd C‚¿s‰v' Bi-b-{]-N-c-W-Øns‚ henb hmXm-b--ßƒ ap-
°p-ap-∂n¬ Xpd-∂n-´p. AhnsS B DZyaw AXns‚ ]mc-ay-Øn¬
FØn-°-gn™p F∂ tXm∂¬ Bbn-Øp-S-ßn-b-t∏m-gm-Wv, sSIvtm-
fPn Bcp-a-dn-bmsX ASpØ NphSv hbv°p-∂-Xv. "C‚¿s‰v Hm^v
XnwKvkv'. FhnsSbpw, GXv km[--ß-fnepw hkvXp-°fnepw C‚¿s-
‰ns‚ km∂n-≤yw. ne-°-ÆmSn apX¬ hmbn-°p∂ ]{Xw- hsc
C‚¿s‰v Ft-_nƒUvîUnssh-kp-Ifmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.-
C‚¿s‰pw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv KmUvP-‰p-I-fmepw Np‰-s∏´ Hcp temI-
amWv "C‚¿s‰v Hm^v XnwKvkv'
kvam¿´v sh_v 1

C‚¿s‰v Hm^v XnwKvkv
Rm≥ nßsf Aev]-t-c-tØbv°v Hcp "kvam¿´vtlm-an'-
tebv°v B-bn-°mw. atm-l-c-amb Hcp apd-n. AXn-p-≈-n-tebv°v
mw {]th-in-®-t∏mƒ Xs∂ sse‰p-Iƒ {]Im-in-®p. F. kn. AXns‚
XWp∏v {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. At∏m-ƒ nß-fpsS t^m¨ dnwKv
sNøp∂p. AXv a nem-°n-b- tlmw Xotb-‰¿ knÃw AXnse
atm-l-c-amb ]m´ns‚ i_vZw Xnsb Ipd-bv°p-∂p. Dd-ßp-hm-
mbn InS-bv°-bv°-cp-In¬ FØp∂ nßsf atm-l-c-amb
Ãocntbm ku≠v kzmKXw sNøp-∂p. A¬∏-tcw Sn. hn. ImWp-
hm≥ Xocp-am-n® nßƒ ap∂n-ep≈ henb F¬. kn. Un. kv{Ion¬
tm°n "Hm¨' B-°m-p≈ "thmbvkv Iam‚ v'î¬Ip-∂p.- t-ctØ
sjUyqƒ sNbvX-X-p-k-cn-®p≈ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ Sn.hn. bn¬ an∂n-a-
d-bp-∂p.
apgp-h≥ Bt´m-ta-‰Uv Bb I´nentebv°v cm{Xn Dd-°-Øn-
mbn InS-°p∂ nß-fpsS apgp-h≥ sl¬Øv Ãm‰kpw C‚¿s-
‰n-eqsS tamWn-´¿ sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Dd-°Ønepw Hcp sl¬Øv
sN°∏v Xs∂ S-°p-∂p. C‚¿s-‰n¬ sjUyqƒ sNbvXn-cn-°p∂
Aemdw t¢m°v nßsf cmhnse DW¿Øp-∂p. thmbvkv Iam‚ v,
Aemdw n¿Øp-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. nßƒ s_Õn¬ n∂pw
Im¬ Im¿]-‰n¬ Nhn-´p-tºmƒ Xs∂ _mØvdq-anse lo‰¿ HmWm-
Ip-Ibpw In®-Wnse tIm^n-ta-°¿ tIm^n Xøm-dm°n Ign-bp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Ipfn®v {^jmbn aSßn h∂ nßƒ°v {UknwKv
dqans‚ `nØn-bnse Unkvtπ-bn¬ C∂sØ Xm¶-fpsS t{]m{Kmw
sjUyqƒ Hmtcm-∂mbn sslsse‰v sNøp-∂p. nß-fpsS C∂sØ
t{]m{Km-ans‚ coXn-bv°-p-k-cn-®p≈ {U v, knÃw Xs∂ n¿t±-
in-°p-∂p. nß-fpsS sh¿Nz¬ CtaPn¬ nßƒ°n-jvS-s∏´ {Ukv-
˛-I-f¿ tImºn-t-j-p-Iƒ Bt´m-am-‰-°mbn [cn®p ImWn®p Xcp∂p.
ssUnwKv tS_n-fnse tS_nƒ˛tSm∏v Hcp S®v sk≥sk-
‰ohv Sm_vse‰v ]n. kn. Bbn ]cn-h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-Wv. nß-fpsS C˛-
sa-bn-¬ nßƒ°v hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®p Xcp∂ klm-bn-bmbn AXv
amdp-∂p. Hm¨sse≥ yqkv t]∏-dp-Iƒ Hcp hnc¬]m-S-I-e-Øn¬
Xøm-dmbn n¬°p-∂p. {U v sNbvXv ]pd-Øn-d-ßp∂ nßsf
ImØpn¬°p-∂Xv, ]q¿Æ-ambpw C‚¿s‰v Ft-_n-fmb ImdmWv.
kvam¿´v sh_v2

Pn.-]n.-Fkpw C‚¿s‰v Ft-_nƒUv Ãocn-tbmbpw Hs° AXn-
epƒs∏-Sp-∂p. AsX, hnkva-b-ßƒ Xocp-∂n-√. CXv Hcp ^m‚-kn-
I-Y-b-√. ]Øv h¿j-Øn-p-≈n¬ tIc-f-Ønse hoSp-I-fn¬ kw`-hn-
°m-hp∂ henb am‰-ß-fpsS sNdnb hnh-c-ßƒ am{Xw. C‚¿s-
‰n¬ Pohn®v C‚¿s-‰n¬ Dd-ßp∂ Hcp Xe-apd ap°v ap∂n¬
krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ t]mIp-∂p. hm®v apX¬ k¨•mkv hsc, t]
apX¬ slb¿ ¢n∏v hsc C‚¿s-‰p-ambn IW-IvSm-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp
temIw. "C‚¿s-‰v Hm^v XnwKvkv' AXv nß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬
CS-]-g-Ipw, klm-bn-°pw, PohnXw Zo]vX-am-°pw.
Bw_n-b‚ v C‚en-P≥kv (Aml)
Bw_n-b‚ v (Ambient) F∂m¬ Np‰p-]m-Sv, ]cn-ÿnXn F∂mWv
A¿∞w. Hcp ap-jy≥ C‚en-P‚ v hkvXp-°-fm¬ Np‰-s∏´v
n¬°p∂ kml-N-cy-amWv Bw_nb‚ v- C‚-en-P≥kv F∂p ]d-
bmw. F∂m¬ Xs∂bpw AmI F∂Xv Hcp imkv{X-am-tbm, Ie-
bmtbm AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ Hcp ImgvN-∏m-Smtbm ImWmsa∂Xv Hmtcm-
cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw ho£WtImWp-I-fm-Wv. AmI bv°v AXn¿h-c-ºp-I-
fn-√. F{X sNdnb Af-hnepw F{X-am{Xw henb ne-bnepw am‰-s∏-
Sm-hp∂ AXns C‚-en-P‚ v F¨h-tbm¨sa‚ v F∂v hnfn-°mw.
C∂v ΩpsS hoSp-I-fn¬ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv
KmUvP-‰p-Iƒ D≠m-Ipw. Sn.-hn., samss_¬, Iºyq-´¿, F. kn.
Aßs F¥p-am-bn-s°m-≈s´, ]t£ AsX√mw Unssh-kp-I-
fmbn Xs∂-bmWv mw ImWp-∂-Xv. AmI bn¬ CØcw Unssh-kp-
I-sf√mw ΩpsS hoSns‚ As√-¶n¬ ΩpsS Np‰p-]m-Sns‚ Ah-
ÿ-bp-ambn Cgp-In-t®-cp∂p. Bbn-c-°-W-°nv sk≥k-dp-I-fp-tSbpw
kzn®p-I-fp-tSbpw Fw_Õv Unssh-kp-I-fp-tSbpw klm-b-tØmsS
Hcp Sow Bbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Cu Unssh-kp-Iƒ F√mw Hcp
n»_vZ klm-bn-bmbn GXv kml-N-cy-Ønepw tΩm-sSm∏w D≠m-
Ip-∂p.
"C≥^¿ta-j≥ skmssk‰n sSIvtm-f-Pokv AssUz-kdn
{Kq∏v' (ISTAG) bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ ΩpsS Np‰p-]m-Sp-a≈ F√m
hkvXp-°-fpw hoSv, Hm^o-kv, Imdp-Iƒ, ÿm]--ßƒ, K-c-ßƒ
F√m-sam-∂n®v Hcp "s]¿th-kohv s‰vh¿°v' krjvSn-°p-Ibpw
samØ-Øn¬ Hcp-an®v {]h¿Øn®v hnh-c-ßsf tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw
t{]mk v sNøp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp C‚-en-P‚ v s‰vh¿°mbn
am‰s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv "Bw_nb‚ v C‚-en-P≥kv'.
kvam¿´v sh_v 3

C∂sØ ImeØv bq_n-Izn-‰kv Iºyq-ńwKv (Ubi Comp) s‚
XpS¿kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bmWv CXv F∂p-]-d-bmw. GXv Unssh-kp-I-fnepw
ssat{Im t{]mk- -dp-Iƒ kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v {]h¿Øn-°pI F∂- Hcp
Ime-L-´w. ASpØ Hcp-]-Sn-IqSn IS∂p Nn¥n-®m¬ AmI D]tbm‡m-
hns‚ kz`m-h-tØbpw Bh-iy-ß-tfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw {]Xn-I-
cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn-tebv°v FØp-∂p. Npcp-
°Øn¬ bq_n-Izn-‰kv Iºyq-ńw-Kn-t‚bpw tkmjy¬ bqk¿
C‚¿t^kp-I-fpw ka-z-bn-°p∂ _nµp-hn¬ AmI bmYm¿∞y-amIpw.
AmI bpw kmaq-ln-I-amb Nne ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw
kaqlw AYhm Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂pw am‰w B{K-ln-°p-
∂-h-bm-Wv. B am‰-Ønv IqSp-X¬ ndw ¬Ip∂ Ime-L-´-amWv
hnhc kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS hnπ-h-Im-e-L-´w. Hcp hyh-km-bnI hyh-
ÿn-Xn-bn¬ n∂pw "hnh-c-ß-fpsS kaq-l-ambn' C∂v ΩpsS Np‰p-
]mSv am‰-s∏-Sp-∂p. B Hcp am‰-Øn¬ hfsc hni-meambn Nn¥n-
t°≠ Hcp hm°mWv AmI. hnhckaqlw (Information Society) Ipd®v
Iºyq-´-dp-I-fpw, Iptd-tbsd Bi-b-hn-n-ab D]m-[n-Ifpw IqSn-t®-cp-
∂-h-b-√. adn®v ÿmbn-bm-bXpw (Fixed) A√m-Ø-Xp-amb (Mobile)
sSIvtm-f-PnIfm¬ Np‰-s∏´ ap-jy≥ kZm hnh-c-ß-fpsS temIØv
Bbn-cn-°p∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-am-Wv.
]e D]-tbm-‡m-°-f-pambn hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ {]Xn-I-cn-
°p-Ibpw tbmPy-amb coXn-bn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw sNøp∂ hnh-n[ßfmb lm≥Uvsl¬Uv, shb-d-_nƒ,
ssat{ImUnssh-kp-Ifpw, Bw-_n-b‚ v samss_¬ s‰vh¿°p-I-
fpw, Iºyq-ńwKv ]h-tdm-Sp-IqSnb hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb s]cn-^-d-ep-Ifpw
sIm≠v kºp-jvS-amb Hcp Np‰p-]mSv B kaq-l-Øns‚ samØ-
Øn-ep≈ LS--sb-Øs∂ am‰n-a-dn-®n-cn°pw F∂Xv nkw-ibw
]d-bmw.
ùXn-I-]-c-ambpw _u≤n-I-]-c-ambpw AZr-iy-amb Unssh-
kp-I-fm¬ Np‰-s∏´ B Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Unssh-kp-Isf Iºyq-t´-j-
W¬ Unssh-kp-Iƒ F∂pw hnfn-°m≥ km[y-a-√. adn®v ap-jys‚
ssZw-Zn Pohn-XsØ im‡o-I-cn-°p∂ (Augment) Itºm-W‚p-I-
fmbn am‰-s∏-Spw.
kvam¿´v sh_v4

hfsc hyXykvXßfmb D¬∏-∂-ßfpw, tkh--ßfpw Cu
taJ-e-bn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn™p hcmw. DZm-l-c-W-Ønv tlmw
s‰vh¿°nwKv, hy‡n-KX Bi-b-hn-n-ab am¿§-ßƒ, sshhy‡nI-
amb tkh--ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh ap-jys‚ {]h¿Ø--ßƒ IqSp-
X¬ Imcy-£-a-am-°pw. CØcw D]m-[n-I-sf√mw ap-jys‚ ssZw-
Zn Pohn-X-N-cy-Isf hf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o-n-°p-Ibpw Cu tkh--
ßƒ ap-jys‚ samØ-Øn-ep≈ kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw ka-b-hpw,
_u≤nI I¿Ω-ti-jnbpw F∂p-th≠ ap-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ B¥-
cn-I-amb F√m Ah-ÿ-tbbpw hf¿Øp-hmpw im‡o-I-cn-°p-
hmpw klm-b-I-am-Ipw.
kmaq-ly-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ AmI sb ho£n-°p-I-bm-sW-
¶n¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Nne nK-a--ß-fn¬ ap°v FØn-t®-cmw.
1. kpK-a-amb ap-jy-k-º¿°w km[y-am-Ipw. ap-jy-pw, sajo-
p-I-fp-ambn kzm`m-hn-I-ambn CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ S-Øp-hm≥
km[n-°p∂ kml-N-cy-ap-≠m-Ipw.
2. kmwkv°m-cn-Ihpw `uXn-I-hp-amb hf¿® e£y-am°n
Adnhpw Ignhpw sXmgnepw ne-hm-chpw Db¿Øp-hm≥
DX-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ hy‡n-Isf klm-bn-°pw.
3. hniz-kvXhpw kqc-£n-X-hp-amb coXnbn¬ hnh-cßfpsS
tiJ-c-Whpw t{]mk- nw-Kpw km[y-am-Ipw.
4. kmt¶-XnI ⁄m-an-√m-Ø-h-cn-tebv°v kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ
emL-h-tØmsS IS∂p sN√pw.
ta¬∏-d™ Bi-bßƒ Iºyq-´nwKv sSIvtm-f-Pn-sbbpw
AXv ASn-ÿm-am°n {]h¿Øn-°p∂ AmI Hcp kmt¶Xn-I-hn-Zy
F∂-Xn-ep-]cn Hcp tkh--ta-J-esb∂ ne-bn-tebv°v Db¿Øp-
Ibpw AXv Hcp ap-jys‚ hy‡n-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb D∂aw
AZr-iy-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn-eqsS km[y-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
kmt¶-Xn-I-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ
AmI bv°v AXns‚ e£y-]m-X-bn¬ hfsc henb sh√p-hn-
fn-Iƒ tcn-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. Hcp C‚-en-P‚ v Np‰p]mSv krjvSn-°p-hm≥
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ `mhn kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ XnI®pw Bh-iy
ambnhcmw.
kvam¿´v sh_v 5

♦ Fw_-UUv C‚-en-P≥kv
♦ anUn¬sh-b¿ B‚ v Unkv{Sn-_yq-Úv knÃw
♦ sF.-]n. samss_¬ & hb¿se v
♦ aƒń sUmsa-bn≥ s‰vh¿°v amt-Pvsa‚ v
♦ ssat{Im & H]vtSm Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv
♦ skIyq-cn‰n & ss{]hkn sSIvtm-f-Pokv
♦ AtUm-]v‰ohv C‚¿t^kv
♦ aƒńenwKz¬ Ub-temKv tamUvkv.
ta¬∏-d-™-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm--Øn¬ hfsc n¿Æm-b-I-amb
Nne ASn-ÿm kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ hf-tc-≠-Xp-≠v. lm≥Uv
sl¬Uv Unssh-kp-Ifpw shb-d-_n-ƒ Unssh-kp-Ifpw IqSp-X-embn
hnI-kn-°-Ww. ap-jys‚ GsXm-cm-h-iy-Ønpw hniz-kn-°m-hp∂
Iq´m-fn-bmbn AXnv amdm≥ km[n-°-Ww. IqSmsX ]e C‚¿Hm∏-
td-‰nwKv Unssh-kp-Ifpw henb _m≥Uv hnUvØn¬ (Wire, Wireless
Mobile, Fixed) H∂n®v Bibhnn-abw km[n-°p∂ Hcp k¶o¿Æ-
amb s‰vh¿°v ne-hn¬ htc-≠-Xp-≠v. GXv `mj-bnepw GXv coXn-
bnepw n¿t±iw ¬Ip-hmpw AXv kzoI-cn-°p-hmpw AXn≥{]-
Imcw {]Xn-I-cn-°p-hmpw km[n-°p∂ C‚¿t^kp-Iƒ CXn-sms°
apI-fn-embn ne-sIm-≈-Ww.
B¿°n-sS-Iv®¿
AmI ˛ bpsS B¿°n-sS-Iv®-dn¬ ASn-ÿm--ambn ùXn-I-am-
bXpw bYm¿∞-am-b-Xp-amb Hcp Np‰p-]mSv D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. B
]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ IqSn n¬°p∂ Nne Itºm-W‚p-I-fmWv B Np‰p-
]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn kwth-Zw S-Øp-I.
AXn-m¬ AmI ˛sb ap°v C{]-Imcw n¿∆-Nn-°mw.
Aml System = (E,IC,I)
E = Enviornment
IC = Intreraction Constraints
I = Interactors
kvam¿´v sh_v6

F≥h-tbm¨sa‚ v (E-Enviornment)
DZml-c-W-Øn-v ho-tSm, tlmkv]n‰tem, ^mIvS-dn-tbm,
sXcpthm, hnam--Øm-h-f-tam, s{Sbn-tm, hml--ßtfm XpSßn
F¥pw F≥h-tbm¨sa‚mbn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw.
C‚dm£≥ I¨kvs{Sbv≥kv (IC- Intraction Constraints)
Ebpw Ibpw- XΩn¬ ktΩ-fn-°p-hm-p≈ hnhn-[-ß-fmb klm-
bn-Iƒ BWv sk≥k-dp-I-fpw, {]h¿Øn-°m-p≈ BIvt®t‰gvkv
(Actuators), C‚-dm-£≥ A¬tKm-cn-Xhpw nb-a-ß-sfm° tNcp-∂-
XmWv C‚-dm-£≥ I¨kvs{S-bv≥kv.
C‚-dm-IvtSgvkv (I-Interactors)
C‚dm-IvtSgvkv Xo¿®-bmbpw
Cu Ah-ÿ-I-fpsS KpW-t`m-‡m-
°-fmIpw ap-jy-tm, tdmt_mt´m
F¥pw. ta¬∏-d-™n-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw
hnh-c-ß-fpsS imJ-Iƒ ]e taJ-e-
bn-tebv°v F{]-Imcw Hgp-
Ip∂psh∂v a- n-em-°n-Ø-cpw.
Cu n¿∆-Nw aq∂v ASn-
ÿm LS-I-ß-fn-tebv°v hnc¬
Nq≠p∂p Ft∂-bp-≈q AXn¬ Hmtcm∂pw GXv ne-bn-tebv°pw
hf-cp-hmpw am‰-ß-ƒ kw`-hn-°mpw km[y-X-bp-≈-h-bm-Wv.
sk≥k-dp-Ifpw BIvt®z-‰-dp-Ifpw anUn¬h-b-dp-Ifpw
mw Cu teJ-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂ knÃ-Øn¬ ItºmW‚p-
Iƒ bYm¿∞ Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ Cgp-In-t®¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-bmWv.
AXm-bXv B Itºm-W‚p-Iƒ tcn´pXs∂ Np‰p-]mSpIfp-ambn
CS-s]-Sep-Iƒ S-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. CØcw knÃw Nne sk≥k¿
Unssh-kp-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn CS-s]´v
hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
AXn-m¬ Xs∂ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ am‰n n¿Ø-s∏-Sm≥ ]‰m-
Ø-Xp-amb Itºm-W‚p-IfmWv sk≥k-dp-Iƒ/Actuators. C∂v
kvam¿´v sh_v 7

AØcw Unssh-kp-I-fpsS henb coXn-bn-ep≈ Kth-j-Whpw
n¿Ωm-Whpw i‡n-bmbn ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂p-≠v. Ne--ßƒ a- n-
em-°p-∂-Xn-mbn C≥{^m-sdUv sk≥k-dp-Iƒ, B¿.F^v.sF.Un.
SmKp-Iƒ, a¿±-hpw, `mchpw sIan-°¬ hmX-I-ßƒ, apX-em-b-hbpw
a‰pw a- n-em-°p-hm-p≈ qX--amb sk≥k-dp-Iƒ hsc CXn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
IqSmsX sl¬Øv sIb¿ Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ°mbn sªUv
{]j¿, jpK¿ seh¬, lm¿´v _o‰v XpS-ßn-bh hni-I-ew sNøp-
hm-p≈ hnhn[ XcØn-ep≈ sk≥k-dp-Ifpw htbUv BbtXm
hb¿se v BbtXm Bb s‰vh¿°n¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.
CXnv c≠npw AXn-t‚-Xmb KpW-ßfpw tZmj-ß-fp-ap-≠v. htbUv
s‰vh¿°v IqSp-X¬ hnizm-kyhpw sX‰p-Iƒ Ipdhpw kw`-hn-°p-
tºmƒ hb¿se v s‰vh¿°n¬ ssIImcyw sNøp-hm≥ IqSp-X¬
CW-ßnbXmbn-cn-°pw.
AmI kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ
samss_¬ sSIvtm-fPn
`mhnbpsS kmt¶XnI hnZy-bmb AmI- bv°v Icp-tØ-Im≥
tdUntbm B3G (Beyond 3G) sSIv-tm-f-Pn-I-fmb 4Pnbpw 5Pnbpsams°
ne-bp-d-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. hymh-km-bn-I-]-c-ambpw kmt¶-Xn-I-]-c-ambpw InS-
]n-Sn-°p∂ ]e hnπ-h-I-c-amb Bi-b-ß-fpw ]e sSIvtm-f-PnÃpw
CXn-tm-SIw Xs∂ ]pd-Øp-hn-´n-´p-≠v. WAP (hb¿se v Bπn-t°-
j≥ t{]mt´m-tImƒ), D]-tbm-‡m-°-fpsS ÿmw a- n-em°n
k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ e`y-am-°p∂ semt°-j≥ IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥ k¿∆o-
kp-Iƒ (LCS), MExE F∂ samss_¬ tÃj≥ Bπn-t°-j≥ FIvkn-
Iyq-j≥ F¨h-tbm¨sa‚ v XpS-ßn-bh D]-tbm-‡m°fpsS hnh-
c-ßsf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-Ibpw Bib kwth-Zw km[y-am-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. knw Im¿Uv ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn-mbn UMTS
SIM Application Toolkit XpS-ßn-bh CXn¬ NneXv am{Xw.
samss_¬ sSIv-tm-fPnbpsS klm-b-tØmsS shb-d-_nƒ
Unsshkp-I-fpsS irwJe krjvSn-°p∂ t_mUn Gcnbm
s‰vh¿°v (BAN) AmI bv°v apX¬°q´mIpw. apgp-h≥ Unssh-kp-I-
fp-am-tbm, sXc-s™-SpØ Itºm-W‚p-I-fp-amtbm _‘w
ÿm]n°phmpw B s‰vh¿°v hb¿se v/htbUv
kvam¿´v sh_v8

IΩyqWnt°j-n¬ A[-- njvT-nX-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-hmpw BAN D]-
tbm-Kn®v km[y-amIpw. A{]-Im-c-ap≈ s‰vh¿°p-Iƒ hfsc thKw
tIm¨^n-K¿ sNøp-hmpw GXp-Xcw tU‰mtbbpw (Audio/ Video/
Internet) t{]mk v sNøp-hm≥ km[n-°p-Ibpw thWw. apºv Ωƒ
a- n-em-°n-bn-´p≈ Personal Area Netwok (PAN) BAN Bi-b-hp-ambn
hfsc tN¿∂p n¬°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Bi-b-]-c-ambn BAN Unssh-kp-
IfpsS s‰vh¿°p-Isf nb-{¥n-°p-tºmƒ PAN D]-tbm‡m-°-
fpsS s‰vh¿°ns krjvSn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
kt∏m¿´nwKv sSIvtm-f-Pn-Iƒ
AmI-bpsS tkh--ßƒ bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬ FØp-∂-Xn-mbn
Nne {][-m sSIn-tm-f-Pn-I-fpsS Bh-iy-ap-≠v. AXn¬ NneXv NphsS
tN¿°p-∂p.
hnj≥ sSIvtm-f-Pokv
ap-jys‚ IÆns‚ {]h¿Øw hfsc k¶o¿Æhpw hnkva-
b-I-c-hp-am-Wv. C∂v e`y-am-bn-cn-°p∂ 3Un hnj≥ sSIvtm-fPn-Iƒ
c≠v Imcy-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv.- Ão-cn-tbm-kvtIm∏n, tlmtfm-
{Km-^n.
Ãocn-tbm-kvtIm∏n F∂ Bibw ap-jys‚ IÆns‚
{]tXy-I-X-Isf Ap-I-cn-°p-hm≥ IqSp-X¬ {]m]vX-am-Wv. Hcp hkvXp-
hns‚ Bgw (D≈v) a- n-em-°p-hm≥ AYhm Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ Par-
allax Effect F∂ kn≤m¥w aqew km[yam-Ip-∂p. IqSmsX ]e hnj≥
sSIvtm-f-Pn-I-fnepw AWnbdbn¬ Hcp-ßp-∂p-≠v. 3Un Iºyq-´¿
Unkvtπ-Ifpw IÆn-tebv°v Nn{X-ßsf tcn´v FØn-°p-hm≥ km[n-
°p∂ hfsc sNdnb Iyma-d-Iƒ, IrjvW-a-Wn-bpsS Ne--ßƒ
H∏n-sb-SpØv AXn--p-kr-X-ambn Unssh-kp-Isf nb-{¥n-°p-hm≥
km[n-°p∂ ‘Eye ball tracking’ kmt¶-Xn-IX XpS-ßn-bXv AXn¬ NneXv
am{Xw.
kvam¿´v UÃv
knen-°¨ Xcn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ qX kmt¶-XnI hnZy-
bmWv kvam¿´v UÃv. "s_¿°nen bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n'-bpsS et_m-d-´-
dn-bn¬ krjvSn-°-s∏´ Hcp an√o-ao-‰-dn¬ Xmsg am{Xw hen-∏-ap≈
kvam¿´v sh_v 9

BIvSohv knen-°¨ IW-ß-fmWv AXv. Cu sNdp-s]m-Sn-Iƒ kzbw
Bh-iy-amb ]h¿ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-Ibpw (self powered) XΩn¬ Bi-
b-hn-n-abw S-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. CØcw LS-I-ßsf tam´vkv
F∂pw hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. C{Xw Xcn-Iƒ kqcy-{]-Im-isØ sshZyp-Xn-
bmbn am‰p-I-bpw, hnh-c-ßfpw tU‰m-Ifpw tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw a‰p-
≈-h-bp-ambn Bi-b-kw-th-Z-w km[y-am-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.-C-Øcw
kvam¿´v UÃpIƒ H∂n®v Hcp s‰vh¿°v krjvSn-°p-Ibpw AtIw
sNdnb sk≥k-dp-I-fp-tSbpw sNdp tdmt_m-´p-I-fp-tSbpw klm-b-
tØmsS A¥-co-£Ønse sNdnb am‰-ßƒ t]mepw (NqSv, {]Im-
iw, Iº-w, Im¥nI hyXn-bm--ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh) Is≠-Øp-hmpw
hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p-hmpw km[n-°p-∂p. Cu hn`-m-K-Øn¬ hcp∂
as‰mcp hnπ-I-c-amb I≠n-]n-Sp-Ø-amWv kvam¿´v s]bn‚ v. mtm
sSIvtm-fPn ASn-ÿm--am°n n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p∂ CØcw s]bn‚p-
Iƒ G‰hpw sNdnb s]m´-ep-Ifpw hnS-hp-Ifpw Is≠Øn sI´n-S-
Øns‚ cq]-I¬]--bnse XI-cm-dp-Ifpw yq-X-Ifpw n¿Æ-bn-°p-
hm≥ km[n-°pw. B taJ-e-bnse henb am‰-ßƒ AmI bv°v IqSp-
X¬ Icp-X-tØ-Ipw. CØcw sSIvtm-f-Pn-IfpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
F∂Xv Hcp sk°‚n¬ AtIw Intem-ss_‰v tU‰m-Iƒ hfsc
Ipd™ ]h¿ D]-t`m-K-Øn¬ ssIam‰w sNøp-hm≥ km[n°pw.
tdUntbm dotIm¨^n-K-d-_n-en‰n
tdUntbm dotIm¨^n-K-d-_n-en‰n AYhm tkm^v‰vshb¿
tdUntbm F∂Xv Hcp Iq´w kmt¶-XnI k{º-Zm-b-ß-f-ptSbpw,
nb-a-ß-fp-tSbpw klm-b-tØmsS tdUntbmthhp-I-tfbpw
_m≥UvhnUvØn-tbpw tkm^v‰vshb¿ klm-b-tØmsS
dotIm¨^n-K¿ sNøp-∂p. AXm-bXv tkm^v‰vshb¿ ]n¥p-W-
tbmsS tIm¨^n-K¿ sNø-s∏-Sm-hp∂ hb¿se v πm‰vt^m-am-Wv.
hfsc efn-X-ambn ]d-™m¬ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fpsS hyXn-bm--ßƒ°-
p-k-cn®v _m≥UvhnUvØpw, {Sm^nIv ]mt‰Wpw a‰pw kzbw {Iao-
I-cn-°p∂ Hcp tdUntbm knÃ-amWv CXv.
t{_mUvIm-Ãv B‚n--bn¬ n∂pw e`n-°p∂ knK-ep-Iƒ
GsXm-cmƒ°pw Hcp-t]mse e`y-am-Ipw. F∂m¬ kvam¿´v B‚o
Hcp IÃ-ssakvUv t]gvk-W-ssekvUv B‚o--bm-Wv. B‚n--bn¬
n∂p≈ kn·-ep-Iƒ Hcp bqk¿°mtbm, Hcp s‰vh¿°n
tebv°mtbm am{Xw tIm¨^n-K¿ sNøphmpw hnX-cWw sNøp-
kvam¿´v sh_v10

hmpw km[n-°p-∂p. AXns‚ tdUn-tb-j≥ ]mt‰¨ Bh-iym-p-
k-cWw Bt´m-am-‰-n°mbn Zni am‰p-Ibpw {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
CXv hfsc k¶o¿Æ-amb- -A¬tKmcnXw ASn-ÿm--am-°n-bmWv
kn·-ep-Isf t{_mUvImÃv sNøp-∂-Xv.
AmI bpw bp_nIzn‰kv Iwºyq-ńwKpw (Ubi Comp)
AmI- bpsS ASn-ÿm Bibw krjvSn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv aq∂v
Imcy-ß-f-n¬ n∂p-am-Wv. bp_n-Izn-‰kv Iºyq-ńwKv, IΩyq-Wn-t°-
j≥ IqSmsX C‚-en-P‚ v bqk¿ C≥t^-kpw, ùXn-I-amb
s‰vh¿°n-epw- -A-h-ÿ-bnepw nen¬°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ AZr-iy-
amb km∂n-≤ybw sIm≠v bqk¿°v k¿∆okp-Iƒ e`y-am-°p∂
Hcp Iºyq-ńwKv Bi-b-amWv bq_n-Izn-‰kv Iºyq-ńwKv (Ubi Comp)
FhnsSbpw Ft∏mgpw Iºyq-ńwKv km∂n≤yw. Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ AtIw
Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ nKq-V-ambn krjvSn-°p-Ibpw AXv Ahn-sS-
bp≈h¿°v- A-h-cpsS Bh-iy-Øn-mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hmpw km[n-
°p-∂p. Ubi Comp ¬ Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ F∂Xv Hcp ]n.-kn.-bpw
Iot_m¿Upw tamWn-‰dpw Hs° tN¿∂-sX∂v Icp-X-cp-Xv. bqk¿
tU‰m t{]m kv sNø-s∏-Sp∂ sNdnb Unssh-kp-Iƒ apX¬ GXv
C‚¿s‰v Ft-_nƒUv Iwtºm-W‚p-I-tfbpw ap°v (Ubi Comp)
Iºyq-´¿ F∂v hnfn-°mw.
Ubi Comp BZy-ambn temI-Ønv ¬In-bXv kntdmIvkv
]m¿°nse {]i-kvX-mb imkv{X-⁄≥ Mark D Weicer BWv. `nØn
apX¬ tS_n-fns‚ apI-fn¬ hsc GXv Unssh-knepw Iºyq-´¿
sSIvtm-fPn km[y-amIpw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Zo¿L-
ho-£-Ww. qdp-I-W-°nv Iºyq-´-dp-I-fp-ambn Htc kabw Bib
hn-n-abw S-Øp-Ibpw hb¿se- mbn Unssh-kp-Iƒ XΩn¬
kwth-Zn-°p-hmpw km[n-°p∂ Ahÿ kz]v-Xp-ey-am-bn-cp-∂p.
c≠v {][m hm°p-Iƒ sIm≠v Ubi Comp s n¿∆-Nn°mw
1. bp_n-Izn‰n : ìFhn-tSbpw Iºyq-ńwKv Hcp Unssh-kp-amtbm
Iwºyq-´-dp-amtbm am{Xw kwth-Zw S-ØmsX samss_¬ t^m¨,
Sm_vse‰v, tm´v_p°v, ]n.kn., em]vtSm∏v XpSßn GXv Iºyq-ńwKv
Unssh-kp-Iƒ XΩnepw hb¿se- mbn s‰vh¿°v sNø-s∏-ń-cn-
°p-I.
kvam¿´v sh_v 11

2. {Sm≥kvs]-c≥kn : Iºyq-ńwKns‚ AZriy km∂n≤yw (Invisible
Service Provider). ΩpsS ssZw-Zn Pohn-X-Øns‚ `m-K-amb GsXmcp
km[--Ønepw; (D-Zm-l-c-W-Ønv tai-∏p-dw, IÆm-Sn, s]≥Ãm‚ v,
_p°p-Iƒ, InS-°) AZr-iy-amb Hcp Iq´m-fn-bm-bn, klm-bn-bmbn
n¿t±-i-Ipw D]-tZ-iI-pambnØo-cp-I. Cu c≠p hm°p-Ifpw
Iqń-t®-cp-∂n-SØv Ubi Comp ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂p. Nne sSIn-tm-f-Pn-
Ãp-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Ubi Comp F∂Xv aq∂mw-L´ Iºyq-ńw-
Km-Wv.
1˛mw L´w: AtIw Bƒ°m¿°v Hcp Iºyq-´¿
(DZm: sabn≥ s{^bnw)
2˛mw L´w: Hcp Bƒ°v Hcp AtIw Iºyq-´¿
(DZm:]n.-kn.)
3˛mw L´w: AtIw Iºyq-ńwKv sSIvtm-f-Pn-Iƒ AtIw
Bƒ°m¿°v (DZm : bq_n-Iznkv Iºyq-ńwKv)
ΩpsS Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp `mKw t]mse (DZm: Ce-Iv{Sn-
kn‰n t]mse) AZr-iy-ambn Ahn-`m-Py-L-SIw t]mse `mhn Iºyq-
´-dp-Iƒ sΩ ]n¥p-Scpw.
bp_n-Iznkv Iºyq-ńwKv
{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ/km[y-X-Iƒ
Hcp bp_n-Izn-kv Iºyq-ńwKv (Ubi Comp) s‰vh¿°nv Nne
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
sS¿an-¬ & bqk¿ C‚¿t^kv
bq_n-tImw_v˛¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂tXm {]h¿Øn-°p-∂tXm
Bb Unssh-kp-Iƒ°v hy‡hpw kpXm-cy-hp-amb Unkvtπ
knÃhpw hfsc s]s´∂v {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw {]Xyp-Øcw e`y-am-
°p-hm≥ Ign-hp-≈-Xp-amb bqk¿ C‚¿t^kpw D≠m-I-Ww. CØcw
s‰vh¿°n¬ ]e-t∏mgpw hfsc sNdnb Unkvtπ Bbn-cn-°p-sa-
¶nepw AXns‚ Hu´v]p´v bqk-dpambn hfsc thKw Bib
ssIam‰w km[y-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ qX-hpw hy‡hpw kq£vahpw
Bbn-cn-°pw. AXp-t]mse C≥]p´v ¬Ip∂ C‚¿t^kpw aoUn-
bbpw bqk¿ {^≠ven Bbn-cn-°-Ww. an°-t∏mgpw s]≥
kvam¿´v sh_v12

UnsshkpIƒ, lm≥Uvssd‰nwKv sd°-ss·-tk-j≥, kv]o®v sd°-
ss·-tk-j≥ XpS-ßnb sSIvs-f-Pn-Iƒ bqk¿ C‚¿t^kn¬ D]-
tbm-Kn-°mw.
sNehv Ipd™ Unssh-kp-Iƒ
bp_ntImw_n¬ ASn-ÿm--s∏-Sp-Ønb Unssh-kp-Iƒ
s]mXpth hne Ipd™Xpw AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ Db¿∂ aqeyw
e`y-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Iºyq-ńwKv sSIvtm-fPn Bbn-cn-°pw.
CXnse Unssh-kp-Iƒ°v km[m-cW Iºyq-´-dp-I-fpsS hen-∏-tam,
cq]tam D≠m-Ip-I-bn-√. adn®v Fw_-UUv sSIvtm-f-Pn-bpsS km[y-
X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v sNdp Unssh-kp-I-fn¬ Iºyq-ńwKv hnZy-Iƒ
e`y-am-°p-I-bmWv ChnsS sNøp-∂-Xv.
Db¿∂ _m≥UvhnUvØv
bp.kn. s‰vh¿°n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hyXy-kvX-amb Unssh-
kp-Iƒ XΩn¬ hy‡hpw i‡-hp-amb coXn-bn¬ Bi-b-hn-n-abw
km[y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Db¿∂ _m≥UvhnUvØn-ep≈ IΩyq-Wn-t°-
j≥ km[y-am-I-Ww. F¶n¬ am{Xta ]e Unssh-kp-Ifpw Htc
kabw XΩn¬ Bibhnnabhpw tU‰m ssIam-‰hpw km[n-°p-I-
bp-≈q.
AZr-iy-amb ^b¬knÃw
bq_n-tImw_v˛¬ ne-n¬°p∂ Hcp kn≤m¥amWv ""C≥hn-
kn-_nƒ ^b¬knÃw'' (A-Zr-iy-amb ^b¬ knÃw). km[m-cW
Iºyq-´¿ D]-tbm-‡m-hnv Ah-bpsS πm‰vt^m-an¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
tU‰mkvs{SIv®¿, t^m¿am‰v XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-∏‰n Hcp ASn-ÿm
hnhcw D≠m-tI≠nbn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ bp.-kn. ASn-ÿ-m--am°nb
AmI knÃw nb-{¥n-t°≠ Ah-ÿ-bn-tebv°v D]-tbm-‡mhv
FØm≥ ]mSn-√. adn®v GXv D]-tbm-‡m-hnpw hfsc Am-bm-
kw, ap-jy≥ ap-jy-p-ambn kwh-Zn°pw {]Imcw Iºyq-ńwKv
Unssh-kp-I-fpambn Bi-b-hn-n-abw S-Øp-hm≥ km[n-°-Ww. Hcp
Unsshkn-t‚tbm Iºyq-ńwKv Bπn-t°-j-t‚tbm t^m¿am-t‰m, CS-
tam, ÿnXntbm Hcp hnhc ssIam-‰-Ønv XS- -am-I-cp-Xv.
kvam¿´v sh_v 13

Bt´m-am-‰nIv C≥Ã-te-j≥
apºv {]kvXm-hn®t]mse Hcp Unssh-kn-t‚tbm knÃ-Øn-
t‚tbm tIm¨^n-K-tdjntem tU‰-bp-tStbm Aπn-t°-j-t‚tbm
LS--bntem Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Itfm hyXn-bm--ßtfm hcp-ØmsX
AYhm bqk¿°v B hyXn-bm--ßƒ hcp-Øp-hm-p≈ kml-Ncyw
krjvSn-°msX tU‰m ssIam-ddw km[y-am-IWw.
t]gvk-W-ssekvUv C‚¿t^kv
t]gvk-W-sse-tk-j≥ F∂ Bibw `mhn Iºyq-´-dn¬
hfsc {]m-[m-y-a¿ln°p∂ H∂m-Wv. sshhy-‡n-I-ambî(Personalized)
Iºyq-ńwKv km[y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ B Unsshkv D]-tbm-‡m-hn-s,
Abm-fpsS ioe-ßsf, Abm-fpsS coXn-Isf {Kln-°p-hmpw AXv
ASn-ÿm--am°n {]h¿Øn-°p-hmpw Ign-b-Ww. Hmtcm bqk¿°pw
Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb coXn°pw ine-Øn-p-a-p-k-cn®v Iºyq-ńwKv dnkƒ´v
hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXv B Unssh-kp-ambn IqSpX¬ _‘-
s∏-Sp-t¥mdpw IqSp-X¬ hy‡hpw kv]jvS-hp-amb Xqcp-am--ßƒ
FSp-°p-hm≥ AXns {]m]vX-am-°pw.
kzIm-cy-Xbpw kpc£nXXzhpw
kzIm-cyX GsXm-cmfpw B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Xs‚ hnh-c-
ßƒ as‰m-cmƒ a- n-em-°p-∂Xv GsXmcp Ime-L-´-Ønepw
{]bmk-ap-≠m°p-∂-Xm-Wv. t]gvk-W-ssekvUv Iºyq-ńwKv
Nn{Xw IS∏mSv: lifesciences.ieee.org
kvam¿´v sh_v14

nen¬°p∂ Hcp s‰vh¿°n¬ AXnse D]-tbm-‡m-°-fp-sS-
sb√mw tU‰mbpw C≥^¿ta-jpw hy‡n-]-c-amb ioe-ßfpw B
s‰vh¿°n¬ e`y-am-Wv. B hnh-c-ß-fpsS kpc-£n-XXzw AmI bpw
hfsc {]m[m-ya¿ln-°p-∂p.
s‰vh¿°n-ep≈ AwKo-Ir-X-tam, A√m-ØtXm Bb D]-
tbm-‡m-°ƒ°v as‰m-cm-fpsS hnh-c-ßƒ e`y-am-IcpXv.
AXnm¬Øs∂ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ hb¿se v F≥{In-]vj≥
KthjW-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.
Unssh-kp-Iƒ
ap°v e`y-am-Ip∂ GsXmcp Unssh-knepw km[y-am-Ip∂
Iºyq-´nwKns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßƒ bq_n-tImw_v˛ s‚ Kth-j-W-Øn¬
henb {]m[m-y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. sNdnb hm®v apX¬ samss_¬,
]n.Un.F. sajo--dn-Iƒ, Sn. hn.,- B-t´m-sam-ss_¬ XpSßn GsXmcp
km[--Ønepw CXns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-Ww. bp.-kn.bpw
AmI˛bpw ]q¿Æ-h-f¿®-sb-Øp-tºmƒ GsXmcp Unssh-kp-Ifpw
AXns‚ temt°-j≥ ASn-ÿ-m--am°n {Sm°v sNøp-hm≥ km[n-
°pw. AXn-m¬ hyXy-kvX-amb Unssh-kp-Iƒ apJm-¥ncw Htcm
tU‰m-Ifpw C≥^¿ta-j-p-Ifpw Hmtcm bqk¿°v e`n-°p∂ qX
kwhn-[m-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ A¥-amWv.
bp_n-Izn-‰kv IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥
Ubi Comp ˛s‚ s´√v F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv bp_n-Izn-‰kv IΩyq-
Wn-t°-jmWv. ImcWw Ubi Comp F∂Xv ssZw-Zn Poh-X-Øn¬
mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ GsXmcp km[--ß-fnepw Iºyq-´¿ Ft-
_nƒ AYhm ssat{Imt{]m -k¿ Ft-_nƒ sNøp∂p. AØcw
Unssh-kp-I-fn¬ Bib-hn-n-abw km[y-am-bn-s√-¶n¬ B kmt¶-
Xn-IX sIm≠v {]tbm-Pw e`n-°p-I-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ B
Unssh-kp-Iƒ XΩn¬ Hcp hb¿se v s‰vh¿°v krjvSn®v AUv-
˛-tlm°v hb¿se v IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥ km[n-°p∂ kml-N-cysØ
bp_n-Izn-kv IΩyqWn-t°-j≥ F∂p-]-d-bmw.
C‚-en-P‚ v bqk¿ C‚¿t^kv
Aml ASnÿm Bh-iy-ß-fn¬ aq∂m-a-tØ-XmWv C‚-enP‚ v
kvam¿´v sh_v 15

bqk¿ C‚¿t^kv. bp_n-Izn-kv s‰vh¿°nse Unssh-kp-I-fp-ambn
kwth-Zn-°m≥ km[mcW Iºyq-´dpI-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-
C‚¿t^-kp-If√ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv. km[m-cW Iºyq-´dpI-fpsS
C‚¿t^-kp-Iƒ Iot_m¿Upw aukpw a‰p-am-Ip-tºmƒ Bw_n-b‚ v
C‚-en-P‚ v Unssh-kp-I-fn¬ ap-jy≥ ap-jy-pambn kwth-Zn°pw
{]Imcw ap-jyv Unssh-kp-I-fp-ambn Bi-b-hn-n-abw S-Øp-
hm≥ km[n-°-Ww.
AXm-bXv kzm`m-hnI Bib-hn-n-ab D]m-[n-I-fmb i_vZw
(kv]o®v dn°-·o-j≥), AwK-N-e--ßƒ (P-Ã¿), S®v, km∂n-≤ytam
Hs° D]-tbm-Kn®v Bib kwth-Zw km[y-am-I-Ww. Hcp-]-Sn-IqSn
IS-°p-tºmƒ Aml bn¬ bqkdpw Unsshkpw IqSn Bibw As√-
¶n¬ tU‰m ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-tºm-ƒ B Unssh-kp-Ifpw bqk-
dpw ne-n¬°p∂ Np‰p-]mSpw IqSn AXns‚ Hcp `mK-ambn am‰-s∏-
Sp-∂p. ImcWw AmI F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv Xs∂ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fpsS C‚-
en-P≥km-Wv.
AmI Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ
hfsc henb {]h¿Ø taJe ne-n¬°p∂ Hcp kmt¶-
XnIhnZy-bmWv AmI. Hcp ap-jys‚ Np‰p-]m-Snv _p≤nbpw Ignhpw
¬In F≥h-tbm¨sa‚ v krjvSn-°p-tºmƒ ap-jy-p-ambn _‘-
s∏-Sp∂ GXp-ta-J-e-bnepw CXns‚ {]tbm-P-hpw {]tbm-Khpw
km[y-am-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂m¬Ø-s∂bpw Ct∏m-ƒ Db¿∂p-h-cp∂Xpw
ASp-Ø-Im-eØv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xp-amb Nne taJ-e-Iƒ NphsS
tN¿°p-∂p.
BtcmKyw
Bip-]-{X-I-fn¬ Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø--ßƒ IqSp-X¬ Imcy-
£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn-mbn hfsc hni-m-e-amb A¿∞Øn¬ Xs∂ Bw_n-
b‚ v C‚enP‚ v Unssh-kp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp tcmKn-
bpsS apdn-bpsS apgp-h≥ {]h¿Ø--ßfpw hni-I-ew sNøp-∂-
Xnpw CXp-aqew km[y-am-Ipw. Bw_n-b‚ v Akn-ÃUv enhnwKv F∂
Bibw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xmb sSen-sI-b¿ sSen-sl¬Øv k¿∆o-
kp-Iƒ apX-em-bh tcm-KnIƒ°pw hm¿≤-Iy-k-l-P-amb Akp-J-
ßƒ D≈-h¿°pw IqSp-X¬ {]tbm-P--I-chpw Imcy-£-a-hp-am-bn-
cn-°pw.
kvam¿´v sh_v16

s]mXp-K-Xm-KXw
Ct∏mƒØs∂ ne-hn-ep≈ ]e sSIvtmfPnIfpw IqSp-
X¬ tbmPn®v s]mXp-K-Xm-KX taJe IqSp-X¬ {]tbm-P--I-c-am-
°pw. D]-{Kl tkh--ß-fpw, Pn.-]n.-Fkv. ASn-ÿ-m-am-°nb ÿe
n¿Æ-b-hpw, Bt´m-am-‰nIv Sn°‰v k{º-Zm-bhpw B¿.F^v.sF.Un.
D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ shln-°nƒ sFU-‚n^n-t°-jpI-fp-sa√mw Cu
taJ-esb IqSp-X¬ kpJ-I-c-am-°pw.
hnZym-`ym-k-ta-Je
hfsc henb hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰-ßƒ km[y-amb Hcp taJ-
e-bmWv hnZym-`ymktaJ-e. kvam¿´v ¢m v dqap-Iƒ, kvam¿´v Syq´-dp-
Iƒ, kvam¿´v _p°p-Iƒ, kvam¿´v sKbn-ap-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-sb√mw
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kz]vXpey-amb ]Tm¥-co£w kΩm-n-°pw.
n¿ΩmW ˛ D¬∏∂ taJe
AXn-k-¶o¿Æ-amb kml-N-cy-ßƒ ne-n¬°p∂
n¿ΩmW taJ-e-bnepw AmI -bv°v A-¥-amb tkh km[yX-
Ifm-Wv. D]-tbm-‡m-°-fpsS ^oUv_m-°p-Iƒ a- n-em°n D¬∏-
∂-ß-fpsS n¿ΩmWw km[yam-°p-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂ ne-
hm-c-ap≈ Bt´m-ta-j≥ {]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-Øp-hmpw A]-I-
Shpw ]niIpw Ipd-bv°p-hmpw kvam¿´v F≥h-tbm¨sa‚ v klm-
bI-am-Ipw.
Aml bpw `mhnbpw
hfsc hni-mehpw Bg-ta-dn-b-Xp-amb Kth-j-W-ßƒ Cu
taJ-ebn¬ S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. hnhn-[-ß-fmb ]pXnb kn≤m-
¥-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXv ASn-ÿ-m--am°n ]pXnb Itºm-
W‚p-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. akm-Nyq-sk‰vkv C≥Ãn-
‰yq´v Hm^v sSIvtm-f-Pn, Ãm≥t^m¿Uv bqWn-th-gvÃn, IMEC
_¬Pnbw IqSmsX ΩpsS C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v sSIvtm-f-
Pnbpw F√mw Cu kwcw-`-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Wv. tIm¿∏-td‰v `oa-∑m-
cmb ^nen-]v-kpw kntdmIvkpw CØcw C≥Ãn-‰yq-´p-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v
kmº-ØnI klm-bhpw D¬∏m-Z-hpw SØn hcp-∂p.
Szn‰¿, semt°-j≥ ASn-ÿm--am-°n-bp≈ tkh--ßƒ,
kvam¿´v sh_v 17

mhn-tK-‰-dp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms° Ubi Comp s‚ klm-bn-I-fmWv.
CsX√mw sh_v 2.0 F∂ C‚¿s‰v P-td-j-n¬ n¬°p-∂p-sh-
¶n¬ AmI bpsS kmt¶-XnI ASn-Ød sh_v 3.0, sh_v 4.0, ASn-
ÿm-am-°n-bm-Ipw. semt°-j≥ Ath¿-kpw, tIm¨sSIvÃv
Ath¿ pw Hs°-bmbn samss_¬ C‚¿s‰ns‚ tkh--ß-
sf√mw Xs∂ AXn-e-S-ßn-bncn-°pw.
Npcp-°-Øn¬
AmI t{]m{Kmw ]e Zni-bn¬ hf-cp-∂p. AXn≥sc KthjW
taJ-e-bnse {][m IÆn-I-fmWv lyqa≥ Iºyq-´¿ C‚¿t^kv,
s‰vh¿°v IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥, Unkv{Sn-_yq´Uv knÃwkv, koam‚nIv
sh_v, tmfPv knÃw, ssat{Im Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv sk≥k-dp-Iƒ,
Iºyq-t´-j-W¬ hnj≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw. CXn-s-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-
c-ßƒ F√mw Xs∂ hyXy-kvX-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXv ]q¿Æ-co-Xn-bn¬ Cu teJ--Øn¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp-ØpI _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv F∂n-cp-∂m¬ Xs∂bpw AmI ˛bpsS ASn-
ÿmXXzw ta¬∏-d™ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fp-sS-sb-√mw -kw-tbm-
P--am-Wv. `mhn-bn¬ ΩpsS Np‰p-]m-Snv _p≤n hbv°p-∂Xv Nn¥n-
°p-tºmƒ hnkvabw tXm∂p-sa-¶nepw AXv bmYm¿∞yØn-tebv°v
ASp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. C‚-en-P‚ v Hm^o-kpw, C‚-en-P‚ v
¢m v dqap-I-fpw, C‚-en-P‚ v {Sm≥kvt]m-t´-j-pw, C‚-en-
P‚ vtπ{Ku≠p-Ifpw F√mw AXns‚ hyXykvX imJ-I-fmbn amdpw.
AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ AmIbpsS hf¿® {]h-NmXo-X-am-Wv.
kvam¿´v sh_v18

ap-jys‚ Hcn-°epw AS-ßmØ B{K-l-ß-fmWv GXp
taJ-e-bnepw ]pXnb Bi-b-ßƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂-Xv. Iºyq-
´-dp-Isf kw_-‘n®v thK-X-tbm-Sp≈ A`n-n-thiw AXns‚
krjvSn kabwapX¬ XpS-ßp-∂p. Cn-bp≈ Imew Iºyq-´-dnp
thKX am{Xw aXn-bm-Ip-I-bn-√. adn®v temI-Ønse At-Im-bncw
D]-tbm-‡m-°-fpsS tU‰mbpw C≥^¿ta-jpw amtPv sNøp-
hmpw kq£n-°p-hm-p-ap≈ ÿehpw (tÃm-tdPv Gcnb) t{]mk-
nwKv ]hdpw Is≠-Ø-Ww. AXn-p≈ G‰hpw √ Nph-Sp-h-bv∏mWv
¢uUv Iºyq-ńw-Kv. Ap-n-anjw IpXn®v apt∂-dp∂ Iºyq-´¿
sSIvtm-f-Pn-bn¬ CXns‚ {]m[myw ]d™dn-bn-°p-∂-Xnepw hep-
XmsW∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.
¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv Hcp ]pXnb Bi-b-am-
sW∂p ]q¿Æ-ambpw ]d-bp-hm≥ Ign-bn-√. AXm-bXv
Ãm‚ v˛Ftem¨ (Stand alone) anjo-n¬ n∂pw s‰vh¿°v
t_bvkvUv Iºyq-´-dn-te°v Ωƒ NphSv amdn-bn´v Ime-ßƒ Gsd-
bm-bn. DZmlcW-Ønp sk¿∆¿ ˛ ¢b‚ v B¿°n-sS-IvN¿.
kvam¿´v sh_v 19

Hcp PC bn¬ Xs∂ tU‰m-Isf kq£n-°p-∂-Xnp ]I-cw, ¢b‚ v
Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ, Hcp sk¿∆-dn¬ n∂pw Bπnt°j-pIfpw tU‰m-
Ifpw BIvkkv sNøp-∂p. B sk¿∆-dp-Ifpw ¢b‚ v Iºyq-´-dp-
Ifpw Hcp s‰vh¿°n-emWv F∂-XmWv {i≤n-t°-≠-Imcyw.
AhnsSbmWv ¢uUv Iºyq-´-dns‚ {it≤-b-amb hyXymkw.
¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv sSIvtm-f-Pn-bn¬ sk¿∆-dp-Iƒ C‚¿s-‰n-emWv
ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. Hcp C‚¿t^kv ({_u-k¿) D]-tbm-Kn®v, bqk¿
AYhm ¢b‚ v Iºyq-´¿, tU‰mbpw C≥^¿ta-j-pw, am{X-a√
t{]mk- nwKv ]h¿ hsc C‚¿s-‰n¬ n∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
]d-bp-tºmƒ hfsc efn-X-ambn tXm∂p-sa-¶nepw IqSp-X¬ a- n-
em-°p-tºmƒ ¢uUv Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ {]h-N-m-[o-X-amWv.
DZm-l-c-W-Øn-p, Hcp tkm^v‰vshb¿ Iºn-bpsS DS-
aÿsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw G‰hpw {][m--s∏´ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw
F∂Xv tPmen-°m¿°v Bh-iy-amb tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Ifpw
lm¿Uvshb-dp-Ifpw Bπn-t°-j≥ tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Ifpw kpK-a-ambn
e`y-am-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Bbncw Poh--°m¿ D≈ Hcp Iº-n-
bn¬ Ah¿°m-h-iy-amb ¢b‚ v Iºyq-´-dp-Ifpw Ah¿°v Bh-iy-
amb tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Ifpw Bπn-t°-j-p-Ifpw ¢b‚ v Iºyq-´-dp-
Isf nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw amtPv sNøp-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xmb sk¿∆-
dp-Ifpw _m°vA∏v tÃtdPv Gcn-bmbpw D≠m-I-Ww. AXn-mbn
tImSn-°-W-°np cq] apX¬ apS-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p.
Ahn-sS-bmWv ¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv sSIvtm-fPnbpsS IS-∂p-
h-c-hv. C{Xbpw lm¿Uvshb¿ dntkm-gvkp-Ifpw tkm^v‰vshb¿
dntkm-gvkp-Ifpw ¢b‚ v Iºn Hm¨sse-mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p
F∂Xv H∂p Atem-Nn-®p-tm-°q, F√m bqk¿°pw (t{]m-{Km-
a¿°pw) Hcp t_knIv tIm¨-^n-K-td-j-n-ep≈ knÃhpw (]-h¿
Ipd™ t{]mk- ¿, saΩ-dn, Iot_m-Uv, Unkvtπ-knÃw F∂nh
am{Xw) Hm¨ ssembn Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ BIvk v sNøp-hm-
mbn Hcp C‚¿t^kpw ({_uk¿) aXn-bm-Ipw. B Iºn°v Bh-
iy-amb F√m tkm^v‰vshb¿ lm¿Uvshb¿ dntkm-gvkp-Ifpw
C‚¿s-‰nse Hcp henb sk¿∆-dntem, Hcp Iq´w sk¿∆-dp-I-fntem
Bbn-cn-°pw.
B sk¿∆-dp-I-fpsS DS-a-ÿ-cmb Iºnsb ¢uUv Iºyq-
ńwKv tkh ZmXm-°ƒ (k¿∆okv s{]mssh-tU-gvkv) F∂p
kvam¿´v sh_v20

hnfn°mw. ¢b‚ v Iºn Hcp n›nX ôkv ¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv
tkh--Zm-Xm-°ƒ°v ¬In Bh-iy-amb Iºyq-ńwKv ]h-dpw
tkm^v‰vshb¿ dntkm-gvkp-Ifpw tÃmtdPv Gcn-bmbpw C‚¿s-
‰nse t{_mUv_m‚ v hgn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. AXp-aqew ¢b‚ v Iº-
n-bpsS apX¬ap-S°v henb coXn-bn¬ shń-®p-cp-°mw.
¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv knÃ-Øn¬ ¢b‚ v Iºyq-´-dns‚
h¿°vtemUv tem°¬ anjo-n¬ n∂pw dntam´v sk¿∆-dn-te°v
am‰s∏Sp-∂p. Hcp bqk¿°v Bh-iy-amb F√m tkm^v‰vshb-dp-
Ifpw ¢b‚ v Iºyq-´-dn¬ C≥Ãmƒ sNøp-∂-Xnp ]Icw ¢uUv
Iºyq-ńwKv sk¿∆-dn-te°v temKn≥ sNbvXv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. AXn-
mbn C‚¿s‰v {_uk¿ t]mse-bp≈ Hcp C‚¿t^kv ¢b‚ v
knÃ-Øn¬ C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXn-cn-°-Ww. F√m Bπn-t°-j-p-Ifpw
C˛-sa-bn¬ apX¬ thUv t{]mk- nwKv hsc, Hm¨sse≥ t{]mPIvSv
amt-Pvsa‚ v tkm^v‰vshb¿ apX¬ sslF‚ v tU‰m t{]mk- nwKv
tkm^v‰vshb¿ hsc "taL-ß-fn¬' n∂pw (C‚¿s-‰n¬) ¢b‚ v
Iºyq-´-dn-te°v Hgp-In-sb-Øpw.
Ipd-®p-IqSn efn-X-ambn ]d-™m¬ Hcp C˛-sa-bn¬ A°u≠v
D≈ GsXm-cmfpw ¢uUv Iºyq-´-dns‚ sNdp-cq]w (Prototype) D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-Wv. bmlp-hntem Po˛-sa-bn-entem tlm´v sabn-entem
A°u≠v D≈ bqk¿ Xs‚ tU‰m-Iƒ (sa-bn-ep-Iƒ, t^mt´m-
Iƒ, hoUn-tbm-Iƒ) shdp-samcp {_uk-dns‚ klm-b-tØmsS
dntam´v sk¿∆-dn¬ tÃm¿ sNøp-Ibpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
IbmW-t√m. CXv ¢uUv Iºyq-´-dns‚ G‰hpw ASn-ÿm--cq]w F∂p
hnfn-°mw.
B¿°n-sS-IvN¿
¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv B¿°n-sS-IvN¿ sh_v˛ 2.0 (Web 2.0) F∂
C‚¿s‰v sSIvtm-f-Pn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv Db¿∂p h∂n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. ¢uUv Iºyq-ńw-Knp {][m--ambpw c≠p `mK-ß-fp-≠v. {^≠v
F‚pw _m°v F‚pw (Front end, Back end). AXn-te°v IS-°p-∂-
Xnp ap≥]v F¥mWv sh_v 2.0 F∂p tm°mw.
kvam¿´v sh_v 21

sh_v 2.0 bpw ¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKpw
sh_v 2.0 F∂Xv C‚¿s-‰ns‚ c≠mw P-td-j-m-Wv.
1994 apX¬ 2004 hsc sh_v 1.0 bpsS Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. H‰ hm°n¬
CXp c≠pw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw F∂Xv Web 2.0 bqk¿ C‚-dm-
IvSohv F∂-Xm-Wv. sh_v 1.0 bn¬ Ãm‰n°v sh_v t]Pp-Ifpw sh_v
1.0 bn¬ ssUm-anIv t]Pp-I-fp-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Ønv, {_n´m-n°
F≥ssk-t¢m-∏o-Unbm Web 1.0 sb {]Xn-n-[o-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ hn°n-
]o-Unb (Wikipedia) F∂ Hm¨sse≥ {ô F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unb
Web 2.0 sb {]Xn-n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
2004 Ah-km--tØmSp IqSn-bmWv Web 2.0 F∂ C‚¿s-
‰ns‚ c≠mw Xe-ap-d-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hw. O’Reilly Media bnse Dale
Douherty bmWv Web 2.0 F∂ Bibw sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. hn°n-]o-
Unbm {ô F≥ssk-t¢m-∏o-Un-bm-bnse sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ kµ¿in-
°p∂ GsXm-cmƒ°pw AXnse t]Pp-Isf FUn‰v sNøp-hm-p≈
Hm]vj≥ ImWm≥ km[n-°pw. B en¶v hgn t]Pp-I-fn¬ ]pXnb
Bi-b-ßƒ ¬Ip-hmpw {Iao-I-cn-°p-hmpw km[n-°pw.
kµ¿in°p∂ Bfp-I-fpsS Adn-hn--p-k-cn®v hep-Xm-bn-s°m-≠n-
cn-°p∂ Hcp sh_v ssk‰mWv hn°o-]o-Un-b.
Ajax, Flash, Silverlight XpSßn hnhn[ Iº-n-I-fpsS Bπn-t°-
j-p-Iƒ C‚¿s-‰ns‚ c≠mw Xe-ap-dsb IqSp-X¬ kºp-jvS-am-
°p-Ibpw sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬ C‚-dm-IvSohv Bb Hcp
apJw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tªmKp-Iƒ (Blogs) BWv 2.0 bpsS as‰mcp apt∂‰w. kz¥-
ambn sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-hmpw Bi-b-ßƒ ssIam-dp-
hmpw sjb¿ sNøp-hmpw tªmKn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. tªmKp-I-
fpsS KpW-ßfpw {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw C∂p km[m-cW P-ßsft∏mepw
kzmZo-n®p Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.tkmjy¬ s‰vh¿°nwKv IΩyq-Wn-‰n-
I-fmWv as‰mcp {]Xn-`m-kw. t^kv_p°v (Facebook), ssakvt]kv
(Myspace), XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw CXn-p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Hcp {Kq∏v
Bfp-Iƒ°v XΩn¬ Bi-b-ßƒ ssIam-dp-hm-pw, ^b-ep-Iƒ,
t^mt´m-Iƒ, C≥^¿ta-j-p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh sjb¿ sNøp-hmpw
satk-Pp-Iƒ dnb¬ ssSan¬ Ab-°p-hm-p-sams° kuIcyw D≠v.
C˛-sa-bnepIƒ Ab-°pI F∂ sNdnb Imcy-Øn¬ n∂pw
kvam¿´v sh_v22

C∂v C‚¿s‰v hfsc amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. shdpw hm°p-Iƒ NnX-dn-
°n-S-°p∂ sh_v t]Pp-I-tf-°m-fp-]cn BI¿j-Ihpw C‚-dm-IvSohpw
a¿´o-ao-Unbm kt∏m¿t´m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ RSS ^oUp-
Iƒ aptJ Unkv{Sn_q´v sNbvXp Xcp∂ coXn-bn-te°v amdn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p.
kz¥w ssk‰p-I-fn¬ a‰p≈ ssk‰p-I-fnse hoUn-tbm
doanIvkv (Remix) sNbvXv Unkvtπ sNøp-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. AXm-
bXv hoUn-tbm-Iƒ A]vtemUv sNøp-hmpw sjb¿ sNøp-hmpw
km[n-°p∂ bqSq_v (Youtube) t]mse-bp≈ ssk‰p-I-fn¬ n∂pw
ΩpsS ssk‰nv Bh-iy-amb hoUntbm ^b-ep-I-fpsS en¶p-Iƒ
"tIm∏n ˛ t]Ãv' sNbvXp {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂Xv sh_v
2.0 bpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bm-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ sh_v 2.0bpsS
{]h¿Ø-sØ aq∂mbn Xncn-°mw.
1) ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam Bfp-I-fpsS Hm¨sse≥ s‰vh¿°v
IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥
2) ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam sh_v k¿∆o-kp-I-fpsS s‰vh¿°v
IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥
3) bqkdpw H∂n-e-[nIw sh_v Bπn-t°-j-p-am-bp≈ IΩyq-
Wn-t°-j≥.
CXn¬ BZy hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂-XmWv tªmKp-Ifpw
tkmjy¬ s‰vh¿°nwKv IΩyq-Wn-‰n-Ifpw, bqSyq_pw a‰pw. c≠m-
asØ hn`m-KØn¬ c≠v Hm¿K-ss-tk-j-p-I-fnse sh_v k¿∆o-
kp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ s‰vh¿°v BWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-p, Hcp Iºn-
bpsS s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv {Sm≥km-£≥ t]Pv hgn as‰mcp _m¶nwKv
Iºn-n-bpsS Bπn-t°-j-p-ambn tN¿∂p ]Ww ssIam‰w S-Øp-
∂Xv (D-Zm-l-c-W-Ønv Paypal), -AXp-t]mse kz¥w ssk‰p-I-fn¬
bqSyq_v aptJ hoUntbm Unkvtπ sNøp-∂-Xv. CsX√mw c≠mw
hn`m-K-Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
"tkm^v‰vshb¿ Bkv F k¿∆o-kv', (SaaS) "lm¿Uv shb¿
Bkv F k¿∆o-kv', (HaaS) XpS-ßnb sh_v k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ aq∂m-
asØ hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂p. "Hm¨sse≥ lyqa≥ dntkmgvkv amt-
Pvsa‚ v', "Hm¨sse≥ t{]mPIvSv amt-Pvsa‚ v', "Hm¨sse≥
sUkvIvtSm-∏v', "KqKnƒ ss{Uhv', "Pyqkv' XpSßnbh CXn-p-Zm-l-
kvam¿´v sh_v 23

c-W-ß-fm-Wv. BZyw ]d™ SaaS,HaaS XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv ¢uUv
Iºyq-ńwKv sSIvtm-f-Pn-bpsS ASn-ÿmw F∂Xv Hm¿Øp-sIm-
≈p-I.
sh_v 2.0 bpsS ASpØ Xe-apd sh_v 3.0 hm°p-Ifpw
sSIvÃp-Ifpw amdn A¿∞-kw-_-‘n-bmb (Semantic) sh_v ssk‰p-
Ifpambn ΩpsS CS-bn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂p-I-gn-™p. sh_v 1.0 F∂Xv
HTML ^b-ep-Ifpw sh_v 2.0 F∂Xv XML ^b-ep-Ifpw F∂v efn-X-
ambn ]d™v ap°v Cu `mKw ChnsS Ah-km-n-∏n-°mw.
¢uUv _m°vF‚ v, {^≠vF‚ v
¢uUv Iw]yq-ńw-Kns‚ B¿°n-sS-IvN-dns c≠mbn Xncn-
°mw. {^≠vF‚pw _m°vF≥Upw. {^≠vF‚ v bqk-dns‚ AYhm
ss¢‚ v Iºyq-´-dns‚ `mKhpw _m°vF‚ v ¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv sk¿∆-
dns‚ `mKhpamWv. {^≠vF‚n¬ t{]mk- nwKv ]h¿ Ipd™
ss¢‚ v Iºyq-´dpw AXym-hiy knÃw tkm^v‰vshbdpw (OS) ¢uUv
Iºyq-ńwKv sk¿∆-dp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-hm-p≈ C‚¿t^-knwKv
tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Ifpw D≠m-Ipw. Hmtcm C‚¿t^-knwKv tkm^v‰v
shb-dp-Ifpw ¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv ZmXm-°ƒ°p-k-cn®v hyXy-kvX-
am-Ipw. ¢uUv Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ lrZ-b-`mKw F∂v _m°vF‚ns
hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. Hm¨sse≥ D]tbm‡m°ƒ°m-h-iy-amb F√m
tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fpw, Bπn-t°j-p-Ifpw tkm^v‰vsh-b¿ ]m®p-
I-fpw, π§n-∂p-Ifpw H∂n-e-[nIw i‡n-tb-dnb sk¿∆-dp-Ifpw henb
tU‰m tÃmtdPv Gcn-bmbpw _m°vA∏v Gcn-bmbpw AS-ßp-∂-
Xm-bn-cn°pw _m°vF‚ v. IqSmsX _m°vF‚n¬ Hcp sk≥{S¬
AUvan-n-kvt{S-j≥ tamWn-‰-dnwKv knÃhpw D≠m-Ipw.
Hcp ¢uUv tkh ZmXm-hnp H∂n-e-[nIw ss¢‚ v Iº-n-
Iƒ ImWmw. Hmtcm ss¢‚ v Iº-n°pw qdn-e-[nIw D]-tbm-‡m-
°fpw ss¢‚ v Iºyq-´-dp-Ifpw D≠m-Ipw. A{Xbpw D]-tbm-‡m-°-
fpsS C≥^¿ta-jpw {Sm^n°pw amtPv sNøp-Ibpw nb-{¥n-°p-
Ibpw sNtø-≠Xv AUvan-n-kvt{S-j≥ bqWn-‰m-Wv. ¢uUv Iºyq-
ńw-Kn-mbn {]tXyI t{]mt´m-tIm-fp-Ifpw ne-hn-ep-≠v.
kvam¿´v sh_v24

IBM _yq ¢uUv
2007 Ah-km--tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Blue Cloud F∂ ¢uUv
Iw]yq-ńwKv k¿∆o-kp-I-fpsS Hcp irwJe IBM ]pdØp-hn-Sp-∂-
Xv. IBM Blue Cloud Hcp Unkv{Sn-_yq-Úv t•m_en BIvk-k-
_nƒ tkm^v‰vshb¿ dntkm-gvkp-I-fpsS irwJ-e-bm-Wv. ]q¿Æ-
ambpw IBM s‚ Hm∏¨tkmgvkv πm‰vt^m-an-ep-amWv CXv h¿°v
sNøp-∂-Xv. tIm¿∏-td-‰p-Iƒ°pw, bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-Iƒ°pw Kh.
GP≥kn-Iƒ°pw th≠n-bp≈ ¢uUv πm‰vt^m-ap-Ifn¬ hnhn[
Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T--ßƒ IBM SØn-h-cp-∂p.
IBM tªUv sk‚-dp-I-fnse Power X86 t{]mk- -dp-Ifpw
Tiroli k¿∆okv amt-Pvsa‚ v tkm^v‰vshb-dnepw A[n-jvTn-X-
amb Hcp B¿°n-sS-Iv®-dmWv IBM Ct∏mƒ ]n¥p-S¿∂p-h-cp-∂-
Xv. IqSmsX System Z F∂ sabn≥s{^bnw ¢uUpw {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂p.
IBM s‚ h¿j-ß-fm-bp≈ Ap-`h ]mT-ßƒ _rl-Ømb
kvsIbn-e-_nƒ Iw]yq-ńw-Knv hgn-Xp-d-°p-sa∂v Icp-Xmw. ]mc-
e¬ Unkvπ-Ivkv, Uo]v_yp SP ¢Ã¿ ªqPo≥, ªq Po≥ Q,
{KnUv Iw]yq-ńwKv XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw C∂ns‚ sF.Sn. Bh-iy-
ßƒ°v ]cym-]vX-am-Ipw-hn[w krjvSn-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ IBM v Ign-
bp-∂p.
¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv ˛ tkm^v‰v shb¿ Bkv F k¿∆okv
(SaaS)
Hm¨ ssembn tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Ifpw Bπn-t°-j-p-Ifpw
hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xns SaaS F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv
tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fpsS Hcp tiJcw Hcp sh_v t_bvkvUv Bπn-
t°-j≥ D]-tbm-Kn®v BIvk v sNøp-∂p. ¢uUv Iwºyq-ńwKv Iº-
n-Isf, Ah-cpsS k¿∆o-kp-I-sf, {]tbm-KnI Xe-Øn¬ c≠mbn
Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw. AXn-sem-∂mWv SaaS as‰m∂p HaaSDw, KqKnƒ,
ssat{Im-tkm^v‰v XpSßn ]e {]apJ tkm^v‰vshb¿ Iº-n-Ifpw
]e coXn-bn-ep≈ tkm^v‰vshb¿ k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ Hm¨sse-mbn
¬In hcp∂p.
kvam¿´v sh_v 25

Hcp ss¢‚ v Iºn-n°v Bh-iy-amb F√m tkm^v‰vshb-dp-
Ifpw Bπn-t°-j-p-Ifpw C‚¿s-‰nse sk¿∆-dp-I-fn¬ n∂pw
BIvk v sNøp-∂p. B sk¿∆-dns‚ DS-a-ÿ¿ ¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv
ZmXm-hm-Wv. D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ°pw, D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ ka-b-Øn-p-a-p-k-cn®v ¢b‚ v Iºnn Hcp n›nX XpI
k_vkv{In-]vj≥ ôkv Bbn ZmXm-hnp ¬I-Ww. ¢b‚ v
sskUn¬ Hcp tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Ifpw C≥Ãmƒ sNtø-≠-Xn√ F∂-
Xm-Wv. CXns‚ {]tXy-I-X. F√m Bπn-t°-j-p-Ifpw AXns‚ Um‰m
tÃmtdPpw C‚¿s-‰n-em-Ipw. Hcp bqk¿°v GsXmcp anjo-n-en-
cp∂pw Xs‚ t{]mP-IvSp-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-m-Imw. Ct∏mƒ {]Nm-c-
Øn-en-cn-°p∂ km‰vsse‰v Sn.-hn. Nm-ep-Iƒ t]mse D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
Nm-ep-Iƒ°v ]Ww ¬Ip-Ibpw Bh-iy-an-√-Ø-hsb Hgn-hm-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p-h-t√m. AXp t]mse tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-ƒ Bh-iy-
ap-≈h k_-kvss{I_v sNøp-Ibpw B tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fpsS
sabn-‚-≥kns ]‰ntbm A]v{K-tU-j-s-∏-‰ntbm ]m®p-Isf
]‰ntbm kpc-£-sb-]-‰ntbm ss¢‚ v Iº-n°v Nn¥n-t°-≠n-h-cp-
∂n-√. AXm-bXv ¢b‚ v Iºyq-´-dn¬ bmsXmcphn[ tkm^v‰v shb-
dp-Ifpw hmßn C≥Ãmƒ sNtø-≠-Xn-√.
KqKn-fns‚ Xs∂ kuPy Bπn-t°-j-mb KqKnƒ ss{Uhv
Hcp SaaS Bπnt°jp DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Google Docs D]-tbm-Kn®v
thUv, kvs{]Uv jo‰v, {]k-t‚-j≥ ss…Up-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw
Hcp tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Ifpw knÃ-Øn¬ C≥Ãmƒ sNømsX Xs∂
]pXn-bh n¿Ωn-°p-hmpw A]vtemUv sNbvXp temI-Øn-ep≈
GsXmcp bqk-dp-ambn sjb¿ sNbvXv amtPv sNøp-hmpw km[n-
°pw. KqKnƒ tUm°p-sa‚ns Hcp sh_v t]Pv As√-¶n¬ tªmKp
t]mse Hm¨sse-mbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°mpw km[n-°pw.
¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv˛lm¿Uvshb¿ Bkv F k¿∆okv (HaaS)
tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ Hm¨sse-mbn D^-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw
tÃm¿ sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xp t]mse Bh-iy-amb t{]mk-knwKv
]h¿ As√-¶n¬ lm¿Uvshb¿ dntkmgvkv Hm¨sse-mbn e`y-am-
°p-∂-XmWv HaaS. Hcp ¢b‚ v Iºn-n-bn¬ 100 t{]m{Km-a¿ Ds≠∂p
Icp-Xp-I. IqSp-X¬ t{]mk-knwKv ]hdpw saΩ-dnbpw Um‰m tÃmtdPv
Gcn-bmbpw Bh-iy-amb Hcp t{]mP-IvSn-emWv Ah¿ hym]r-X-cm-
kvam¿´v sh_v26

bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv F∂p Icp-XpI. B ¢b‚ v Iº-n°v e£-°-W-°np
cq] apX¬ apS°n t{]mP-IvSn-m-h-iy-amb F√m lm¿Uvshb¿
dntkm-gvkkpw Is≠-Ø-Ww. B t{]mP-IvSns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Ønp
tijw A{Xbpw t{]mk-knwKv ]h¿ Bh-iy-an-√mØ t{]mP-IvSmWv
e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv F∂pIcp-Xp-I, As√-¶n¬ Ipd®p mfp-Iƒ a‰v t{]mP-
IvSp-I-sfm∂pw e`n-°p-∂n√ F∂p Icp-XpI, Cu c≠p kml-N-cy-
ß-fnepw ap≥]v lm¿Uvshb-dp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm Bh-iy-ßƒ°v
apX¬ apS-°nb ]Ww ]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip-∂p.
Chn-sS-bmWv HaaS F∂ ¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv sh_v k¿∆o-
kns‚ D]-tbmKw. lm¿Uvshb¿ k¿∆okv e`y-am-Ip∂ Hcp ¢uUv
Iºyq-ńwKv ZmXmhv C∂v e`y-am-bn-cn-°p∂ sslF‚ v t{]mk-knwKv
]hdpw tU‰m I∏m-kn-‰nbpw a‰p-ap≈ AtIw sk¿∆-dp-I-fpsS
DS-a-I-fm-Wv. Hcp ¢b‚ v Iº-n-bp-ambn Ah¿ Icm-dn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-
tºmƒ B Iº-n°v Bh-iy-amb F√m lm¿Uvshb¿ dntkm-gvk-
kp-Ifpw "t] B‚ v bqkv' (]Ww ¬In D]-tbm-Kw) F∂ coXn-
bn¬ Hm¨ssembn temKn≥ sNbvXp D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßmw.
AXm-bXv Hcp ss¢‚ v Iºn-n-bpsS Iºyq-ńwKv ]h¿ apgp-hpw
Ah-cpsS sIń-S-Øn-e√ adn®v C‚¿s-‰nse AtIw sk¿∆-dp-I-
fn-em-Wv. Hcp t_knIv tIm¨^n-K-td-j-n-ep≈ "h¿°v tÃjs'
(node) Hcp kq∏¿ Iºyq-´-dm-°n-am-‰p-hm≥ HaaS eqsS km[y-am-Ipw.
HaaS F∂ sh_v k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ ¬Ip∂ {]apJ Iº-n-I-
fmWv Ba-tkm¨. IBM XpS-ßn-bh. Ba-tkm¨ Elastic Cloud
Computing (EC2
) IBM Blue Cloud F∂o k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ tkh-
-Øn-mbn e`y-am-Wv.
Npcp-°-Øn¬ Hcp tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Ifpw lm¿Uvshb-dp-
Ifpw bqk-dns‚ `mKØv Bh-iy-an-√msX Xs∂ Hm¨sse-mbn
Hcp sh_v {_uk¿ C‚¿t^-kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS bqk-dpsS
Bh-iy-ßƒ n¿∆-ln-®p Xcp∂ qX sSIvtm-f-Pn-bmWv ¢uUv
Iºyq-ńw-Kv. Cu coXn-bn¬ ]Ww ¬In Iºyq-ńwKv dntkm-gvk-kp-
Iƒ Hm¨sse-mbn BIvk v sNøp-∂-Xns Hm¨ Unam‚ v Iºyq-
ńwKv F∂pw bqń-en‰n Iºyq-ńwKv F∂pw hnfn-°m-dp-≠v.
Ba-tkm¨ ¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv k¿∆o-kv, Ba-tkm¨ Cem-
Ãn°v ¢uUv Iºyq-ńw-Kv, (EC2
) F∂nh -]q¿Æ-ambpw F‚¿ss{]kv
_nkn-- vImsc e£yw h®p-sIm-≠m-Wv. AXns‚ kvsIbn-e-_nƒ
kvam¿´v sh_v 27

(Scalable) B¿°n-sS-IvN¿ Imc-W-amWv Cem-Ãn°v Iºyq-´nwKv F∂p
hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. sNdpXpw CS-Ø-chpw hep-Xp-amb C≥Ã≥kp-Isf
(sh¿Nz¬ anjo-p-Iƒ) D]-tbm-‡m-°ƒ°v k¿∆o-kn-mbn ¬In-
bn-´p-≠v. F√m C≥Ã≥kp-Iƒ°pw CPU ]hdpw saΩ-dnbpw tÃmtdPv
Gcn-bmbpw Bh-iym-p-k-cWw ¬Ip-∂p.
EC2
D]tbmKn-°p-∂-Xn-mbn BZyw Hcp Ba-tkm¨ anjo≥
CtaPv krjvSn-°p-∂p. AXn¬ Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ, sse{_-dn-Iƒ,
tU‰m-Iƒ, tIm¨^n-K-td-j≥
sπ§n-∂p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh D≠m-
Ipw. Uh-e-t∏gvkv B Cta-Pns
Ba-tkm¨ knºnƒ tÃmtdPv
k¿∆okv (S3) F∂ Ba-tkm¨
sh_v sk¿∆-dn-te°v A]vtemUv
sNøp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ GI-
tZiw 1000 ¬ A[nIw sUh-e-
t∏gvkv S3 bn¬ Ds≠∂p Ba-
tkm¨ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p.
¢uUv tÃmtdPv
C‚¿s-‰nse henb Um‰m sk‚-dp-I-fn¬ Iº-n-I-fp-sSbpw
D]-tbm-‡m-°-fp-sSbpw At-Im-bncw C≥^¿ta-jpw Um‰mbpw
Hm¨sse-mbn kq£n-°p-Ibpw hnZq-c-X-bn¬ Ccp∂p Hm¨sse-
mbn BIvk v sNøp-Ibpw A]vtU‰v sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv
¢uUv tÃmtd-Pv. CXpw HaaS F∂ k¿∆o-kn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Hcp ss¢‚ v Iºn Xß-fpsS tU‰m-Iƒ C‚¿s-‰n-ep≈ Hcp ¢uUv
tU‰m sk‚-dn-te°v temKn≥ sNbvXv tÃm¿ sNøp-∂p. D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ tÃmtdPv Gcn-bm-bv°-p-k-cn-®v (D-Zm-l-c-W-Øp 1GB Space
p $10 F∂ coXn-bn¬) ]Ww ¬tI-≠n-h-cpw. tU‰m-bpsS kpc-
£n-X-Xzhpw tU‰m sk‚-dp-I-fpsS Imcy-£-a-X-bp-sa√mw Dd-∏m-t°-
≠Xv qdp-I-W-°np sk¿∆-dp-I-fpsS DS-a-I-fmb ¢uUv Iºyq-
´nwKv ZmXm-°-fm-Wv. IqSmsX C{Xbpw henb tU‰m sk‚-dp-Iƒ°v
Bh-iy-amb Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ ]h¿ Is≠-Øp-I, bqk¿ C≥^¿ta-
j-p-Iƒ kq£n-°p-I, tU‰m-Isf lm°¿am-cn¬ n∂pw c£n-
°pI F∂-sX√mw Ah-cpsS _m[y-X-bm-Wv.
t^mt´m IS-∏mSv: cloudworldnow.com
kvam¿´v sh_v28

qdp-I-W-°np kuPy ¢uUv tÃmtdPv Gcnbm-Iƒ
Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ sh_n¬ e`y-am-W-t√m, hfsc kp]-cp-Nn-X-amb C˛-
sa-bn¬ A°u≠v apX¬ Hm¨sse≥ t^mt´m tÃmtdPv, hoUntbm
tÃmtd-Pv, (You Tube) tkmjy¬ s‰vh¿°nwKv IΩyq-Wn-‰n-Iƒ XpS-
ßn-b-h-sb√mw Cu tkh--ßƒ ¬Ip-∂-h-bm-Wv.
sh_v OS
C‚¿s‰v {_uk¿ Xs∂ Hcp sUkvIv tSm∏v Hm∏-td-‰nwKv
knÃ-Øn¬ d¨ sNøp-tºmƒ, B {_uk-dn¬ as‰mcp Hm¨sse≥
Hm∏-td-‰n¬ knÃw d¨ sNøn-°pI F∂Xv s]s´∂v Zln-°mØ
Hcp Imcy-am-Wv. AXm-b-Xv sh_v OS F∂Xv, Hcp {_uk¿ D]-tbm-
Kn®v bqk¿s-bnapw ]mkvthUpw ¬In temKn≥ sNbvXv bqksd
Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw t]mse-bp≈ Hcp Hm¨sse≥
F≥htbm¨sa‚n-tebv°v IS-Øn-hn-Sp-∂p. CXns ¢uUv Iw]yq-
´nw-Kn¬ A[n-jvTnXamb sh_v k¿∆o-kmbn IW-°m-°mw. ImcWw
sh_v ˛OS se F√m Bπn-t°-j-p-Ifpw tÃmtdPpw C‚¿s-‰nse
tU‰m sk‚-dp-I-fn-em-Wv.
sh_v OS Isf Hm¨sse≥ sUkvIvtSm-∏p-I-sf∂pw sh_v
tSm∏p-I-sf∂pw a‰pw hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. C‚¿s-‰n¬ ]c-Xp-tºmƒ
AtIw sh_v OS Iƒ ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. F¥m-bmepw Hcp
bqk¿sbnapw ]mkvthUpw Ds≠-¶n¬ temI-Øn¬ FhnsS
n∂pw BIvk v sNøp-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂Xpw ]e Bπn-t°-j-p-
Iƒ AS-ßp-∂-Xp-amb t]gvk-W-ssekv sUkvIvtSm∏v e`n-°p-∂-
Xp-am-Wv sh_v OS s‚ {]tXy-IX.
APmIvkv hn≥tUmkv AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ (Ajaxwindows) Hcp
kuPy sh_v OS BWv. APmIvkv hn≥tUm-kns‚ krjvSm-°-
fmb APmIvkv 13 (Ajax 13) F∂ Iºn ]e sh_v t_kvUv Bπn-
t°-j-p-Iƒ Uh-e∏v sNøp-∂-h-cm-Wv. BZyw Ah¿ APmIvkv
thUv t{]mk- -dp-Iƒ, {]k-t‚-j-p-Iƒ, kvsI®nwKv Bπn-t°-j-
p-Iƒ F∂nh D≠m-°n. ]t£ ]n∂oSv AXns‚ CEO Bb ssa°ƒ
tdmt_-Svk¨ Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ F√mw-Iq-Sn, H∂n®v as‰mcp Xe-
Øn-te°v Iq´n-tbm-Pn-∏n-°m≥ Btem-Nn-®p. AXm-bXv Hcp sh_v
t_kvUv Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-Øn-m-h-iy-amb F√m tNcp-h-Ifpw
kvam¿´v sh_v 29

¬In ssat{Im tkm^v‰ns‚ hn≥tUmkv t]mse Hcp OS Bbn
]cn-W-an-®p.
temKn≥ sNbvXp-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ Hcp {_uk-dn¬ n∂mWv
h¿°v sNøp-∂Xv F∂ tXm∂¬ Hcp coXn-enepw AXv D≠m-°p-
∂n-√. hn≥tUmkv Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw t]mse SmkvIv _mdpw Ãm¿´v
sap-hp-a-S-ßp∂ atm-l-c-amb Hcp sUkvIvtSm∏v ap°v e`y-am-
Ipw. AXn¬ AtIw Bπn-t°-j-p-I-fpsS sF°-Wp-Iƒ ap°v
ImWmw. APmIvkv ssd‰v, APmIvkv {]k‚ vkv, APmIvkv kvsI®v,
APmIvkv CLS, APmIvkv Tune XpSßn H´--h[n Hm¨sse≥ Bπn-
t°-j-p-Iƒ ImWmw.
KqKn-fns‚ {ô tÃmtdPv Gcn--bmbnemWv CXns‚ ¢uUv
tÃmtdPv. APmIvkv hn≥tUm-kn-s‚bpw a‰v t‰ohv Bπn-t°-j-
p-I-fptSbpw tU‰m-Iƒ Posa-bn-en¬ tÃm¿ BIp-∂p. (ayq-knIv
^b-ep-Iƒ MP3 Tunes ¬ kq£n-°p-∂p). OS s‚ _n¬‰v C≥ knw{¶-
ssW-k¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v tem°¬ anjo-nse tU‰m-Isf knw{¶-
ssWkv sNømpw Ign-bpw. APmIvkv 13 s‚ Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ
IqSmsX a‰v ]e Bπn-t°-j-p-I-fp-tSbpw {]o tIm¨^n-tKUv en¶p-
I-fmbn (sF-°-Wp-I-fm-bn) sUkvIvtSm-∏n¬ e`y-am-Wv. DZm-
lcWØnv, KqKpƒ tUmIvkv, KqKnƒ Ie-≠¿, KqKnƒ am∏v,
tkmtlm Ãm¿´v, Hm¨ sse¨ Nm‰v tkm^v‰vshb-dmb aot_m
(Meebo) XpS-ßn-b-h. ]t£ AXn-mbn AXmXp temKn≥ t^map-I-
fn¬ ssk≥ A∏v sNø-Ww. GXmbmepw APmIvkv hn≥tUmkv
t]msebp≈ sh_v OS ¢uUv Iw]yqńwKns‚ hn`mKØn¬ hcp∂
Hcp ]pØ≥ Ap`hamWv. Hcp bqk¿°v Xs‚ sUkvIvtSm∏p
Um‰mbpw Bπnt°jpIfpw temIØv FhnsSn∂pw BIvk v
sNømw. Hcp lm¿Uvshbdpw, tkm^v‰vshb¿ ^bepIfpw IqsS
sIm≠pS°msX Xs∂.
¢uUv IºyqńwKpw sh√phnfnIfpw.
aq∂p {][ms∏´ sh√phnfnIfmWv ¢uUv IºyqńwKv
tcnSp∂Xv.
(1) _m≥UvhnUvØv
(2) skIyqcn‰n
(3) ss{]hkn
kvam¿´v sh_v30

_m≥UvhnUvØv
Xo¿®bmbpw Cu sSIvtmfPnbpsS kpKaamb
{]h¿ØØnp C‚s‰ns‚ _m≥UvhnUvØv Hcp {][m
LSIamWv. Hm¨sse≥ dntkmgvkv (HW/SW) BIvkkv sNøphm≥
henb _m≥UvhnUvØv D≈ C‚¿s‰v e`yamtb Xocq. F∂m¬
am{Xta km[mcW°mcnte°v CXns‚ km[yXIƒ Xpd∂p
In´pIbp≈q.
skIyqcn‰n
kz¥w IºnIfnse hnes∏´ tU‰mIfpw
C≥^¿tajpIfpw as‰mcp IºnbpsS sk¿∆dpIfn¬
kq£n°p∂Xv F¥mbmepw Nn¥mIpg∏w D≠mIpw. AXmbXv
kz¥w ]Ww a‰mscsb¶nepw G¬∏n°pw t]mse kpc£m
{]ivamWnXv. i‡amb skIyqcn‰n Um‰mIƒ°v ¬Inbns√¶n¬
XßfpsS ss¢‚ v IºnIsf ¢uUv IºyqńwKv tkh
ZmXm°ƒ°v jvSs∏Smw. Fs¥ms°bmbmew Cnbp≈ Imew
lm°¿amcpsS CjvS ÿew ¢uUv IºyqńwKv tU‰msk‚dpIƒ
BIpsa∂Xv nkwibw ]dbmw.
ss{]hkn
kpc£m Imcy-hp-ambn tN¿∂p n¬°p∂ H∂mWv
ss{]hkn. Hcp ss¢‚ v Iº-nbpw Ah-cpsS FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw Htc
tU‰m sk‚-dp-I-fnse D]-tbm-‡m-°-fm-Imw. CXv c≠p t]cpsSbpw
kzIm-cy-X°v £X-am-Ipw. kz¥w hoSv hn´v as‰mcp hoń¬ tPmen
sNøp∂ Bfns t]mse as‰mcp sk¿∆-dn-te°v temKn≥ sNbvXp
tPmen-Iƒ sNøp-tºmƒ Xß-fpsS ss{]h-kn°v Xpc¶w sh°p-
∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-W-Xv.
AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ CXns‚ D]-tbm-‡m-°ƒ BIp∂ ss¢‚ v
Iºn-n-Iƒ ¢uUv Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ hnhn[ kpc£m {]iv-ßƒ Nn¥n-
®p-am-{Xta apt∂m´v NphSv shbv°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. Hcp
tkhw ¬Ip∂Xnp apºmbn Bh-iy-amb bqk¿ {]nhn-te-Pp-]-
Ifpw Bπn-t°-j-p-Ifpw, Fhn-sS-bmWv Um‰m-Ifpw a‰pw kq£n-
°p-∂-Xv, Fßs tU‰m-Isf dn°-h¿ sNømw, F{X-am{Xw kmº-
kvam¿´v sh_v 31

Øn-I-em`w ¬Ipw, GsXms° coXn-bn¬ F≥{In]v‰v sNbvXn-cn-
°p∂p Fs∂√mw ¢uUv Iºyq-´nwKv Iº-n-Iƒ ss¢‚ v Iº-n-
Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.
KqKnfpw ¢uUpw
c≠v {][m sh_v k¿∆o-kp-IfmWv KqKnƒ ap-°mbn
Ct∏mƒ Hcp-°p-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
1. KqKnƒ B∏vkv (Google Apps)
2. KqKnƒ B∏v F©n≥ (Google App Engine)
KqKnƒ B∏vkv
‘Apps’ F∂Xv Bπn-t°-js {]Xn-n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p. sh_v
t_kvUv Bπn-t°-j≥ t{]m{Km-ap-IfpsS Hcp tiJ-c-amWv KqKnƒ
B]vkv. Hcp-Iq-´w -Kq-Knƒ Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ Iºyq-´-dp-I-fn¬
C≥Ãmƒ sNømsX Xs∂ Hcp sh_v {_uk¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v KqKn-
fn-tebv°v temKn≥ sNbvXv d¨ sNøp∂p. hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb,
Bπn-t°-j-p-I-fpsS tiJcw KqKn-fp-ep-≠v.
IΩyq-Wn-°j≥ Sqfp-I-fmbn Pn sa-bn¬, KqKnƒ tSm-°v,
KqKn-ƒ Ie-≠¿, KqKnƒ am∏v XpS-ßn-b-hbpw t{]mU-IvSn-hn‰n Sqfp-
I-fmbn KqKnƒ t_mIvkpw (sSIvÃv, {]k-t‚-j≥ XpS-ßn-b-h) IÃ-
ssa-k-_nƒ t]Pv, Google sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ sUh-e∏v sNøp-hm-mbn
KqKnƒ sl¬Øv F∂v Hm¨sse≥ saUn-°¬ dn°m¿Uv Hm¿K-
ss-k¿, tm´v_p-°v, ΩpsS Bi-b-ßƒ sjb¿ sNøm≥ “Knol”
{]k-‡-amb t^mt´m-Iƒ FUn‰v sNømpw sjb¿ sNøm-p-ambn
]n°m-k, a‰v `mj-bn¬ sh_v t]Pp-Isf ImWp-hm≥ KqKnƒ {Sm≥kn-
te‰v, aoUn-b-Iƒ°p-th≠n YouTube sh_v BIvkn-te-‰-dp-Iƒ XpSßn
Cnbpw XocmØ AtIw t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ KqKn-fn¬ ad-™p-In-S-
°p-∂p. KqKn-fns‚ i‡n Ωƒ°-dn-bm-hp∂ KqKnƒ tk¿®n¬
n∂pw hfsc hepXpw atm-l-chpw A{]-Xo-£n-X-hp-sa-∂Xv AwKo-
I-cnt® aXn-bm-Iq.
kvam¿´v sh_v32

KqKnƒ B∏v F©n≥
CXv KqKn-fns‚ as‰m-c¬`p-X-am-Wv. ChnsS km[m-cW
bqk¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ CS-a√ adn®v t{]m{Km-a¿°p-th-≠n-bmWv
ÿew Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. t{]m{Km-a¿ kz¥-ambn sh_v Bπn-
t°-j≥ t{]m{Kmw sNbvXv KqKn-fns‚ sk¿∆-dn-tebv°v
A]vtemUv sNøp-∂p. Hcp sk¿∆dpw sabn‚-bn≥ sNøp-Itbm
apX¬ap-S-°p-Itbm sNømsX Bh-iy-amb Um‰m tÃmtdPv
D]-tbm-Kn®v bqk-dpsS {Sm^n-°n--p-k-cn®v kvsIbn¬ sNbvXv
krjvSn-s®-Sp-°m-hp∂ t{]m{Km-ap-I-fmWv B∏v- F≥Pn≥ Bπn-
t°-j-p-Iƒ.
ΩpsS Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ appspot.com F∂ {^o sUma-bn-
n¬ e`y-am°n hnX-cWw sNøp-hm≥ Ignbpw. B Bπn-t°-
j≥ temI-Øn¬ Fhn-sS-n-∂pw BIvk v sNøp-hmpw Hcp
Hm¿K-sstkj-p-≈n¬ Xs∂ hyXykvX s]¿an-j-p-Iƒ
¬In bqk¿°v ¬Ip-hmpw Ign-bpw.
KqKnƒ B]vknse Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
C≥Ãn-Syq-j-p-I-fpsS Xs∂ sUmssa≥ sbn-ap-Iƒ D]-tbm-
Kn°mw F∂-XmWv {it≤-b-amb {]tXy-I-X. KqKnƒ B]vkn¬
{][m--ambpw aq∂v {]nhn-te-Pp-I-fp-≠v. 1. {Intb-‰¿ (Creater)
Bπn-t°-j≥ As√-¶n¬ tUmIyp-sa‚ v D≠m-°p-∂-h¿. 2.
hyqh¿ (Viewer), Read only A[n-Imcw am{X-ap≈ bqk¿. 3. sImfm-
_-td-‰¿ (Collaboratar) tUmIyp-sa‚p-I-tfm, Bπn-t°-j-p-Itfm
FUn‰v sNøp-hmpw hmbn-°p-hmpw A¿l-X-bp-≈-h¿.
Hcp ^b-en-s, DZm-l-c-W-ambn sSIvÃv ^b-ens temI-
Øns‚ c≠v hyXykvX {[ph-ß-fn¬ Ccp∂v hmbn-°p-Ibpw
FUn‰v sNøp-Ibpw sNøm-sa-∂Xv ck-I-c-ambn tXm∂p-∂Xv
Ft∏m-sf-∂p-h-®m¬ Aßs sNøm≥ Hcp tkm^v‰v shbdpw,
lm¿Uv shbdpw kz¥-am-tbm, C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXv IqsS sIm≠p-
-S-t°-≠tXm Bh-iy-an√ F∂-dn-bp-tºm-f-t√. GXm-bmepw
KqKn-fn¬ n∂pw Cnbpw A¤p-X-ßƒ ap°v {]Xo-£n°mw.
kvam¿´v sh_v 33

¢uUv t{]mt´m-t°mƒ
GsXmcp sh_v t_kvUv Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ°pw Ap-tbm-
Py-amb t{]mt´m-t°m-fp-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. BZyw ]d-™-Xp-t]mse
ne-hn-ep≈ ]e sSIvtmfPnbpw H∂n-∏n®v krjvSn-°p∂ Hcp
]pØ≥ Iºyq-ńwKv kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bmWv ¢uUv Iºyq-ńw-Kv. AXp-
sIm-≠n-Xs∂ Ct∏m-gp≈ sh_v t{]mt´m-t°m-fp-I-f-mb SOAP (Simple
ObjectAcrtess Protocol) Dw a‰v ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ HTTP t{]mt´m-t°m-fp-
Ifpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw As√-¶n¬ Ap-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ ¢uUns
]n¥p-W-bv°Wsa∂v ]d-bp-hm≥ Ign-bn-√.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ SaaS t]mse-bp≈ k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ°mbn
]pXnb t{]mt´m-t°m-fp-Iƒ Bh-iyam-Wv. ¢uUv Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚
`mhn t{]mt´m-t°m-fmbn ]e sSIvtm-fPnÃpw ]d™p tIƒ°p-
∂Xv XMPPsbbm-Wv.
XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) Hcp dnb¬
ssSw IΩyq-Wn-t°-jp≈ Hm∏¨ XML sSIvtm-f-Pn-bm-Wv.-
C≥Ã‚ v sat -PnwKv (IM) aoUnbmsk£≥ amt-Pvsa‚ v, {]k‚Uv,
sjtbUv FUn-‰nw-Kv, sImfm-_-td-j≥, I≠‚ v kn≥Un-t°-j≥
XpS-ßnb i‡-amb B¿°n-sS-IvN-tdm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-XmWv XMPP.
`mhn-bn¬
¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv sSIvtm-fPn Iºyq-´¿ temI-Øn¬ Hcp
hgn-Øn-cn-hm-Ipw. FXn¿Øpw Ap-Iq-en®pw AtIw N¿®-Iƒ XpS-
ßn-°-gn-™p. AXn¬ G‰hpw i‡-am-bXv ¢uUv F∂Xv Hcp {KnUv
Iºyq-ńw-KmWv F∂-Xm-Wv. GXm-bmepw ]e -sS-IvtmfPnbptS-bpw-
Hcp kwK-a-ÿ-e-amWv ¢uUv. AXns‚ _m°v F‚n¬ An-hm-cy-
amb kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fmWv sk¿∆¿ sh¿®z-sse-tk-j≥, Unkv{Sn-
_yq-Úv Iºyq-ńw-Kv, sjtbUv Iºyq-ńwKv , {KnUv Iºyq-ńwKv XpS-
ßn-b-h-sb-√mw.
C‚¿s-‰n-ep-≈ -Hcp {KnUn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ AtIw
sk¿∆-dp-I-fpsS ]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ t{]mk- nwKv ]h-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-
Kn®v Iºyq-ńwKv S-Øp-∂-Xn-s-bmWv {KnUv I-ºyq-ńwKv F∂p-]-d-
bp-∂-Xv.
AXm-bXv ]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ Iºyq-ńwKv ]h¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v
kvam¿´v sh_v34

sh¿®z¬ kq∏¿ Iºyq-´-dp-I-sf CXv krjvSn-°p-∂p. {KnUv Iºyq-
ńw-Kns ê-{]-Z-ambn ¢uUn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
¢b‚p-I-fn¬ n∂p≈ {]hrØn (task) Iƒ ]e skKva‚p-
I-fmbn am‰n, s‰vh¿°n-ep≈ t{]mk- nwKv bqWn-‰p-Iƒ°v ¬Ip-
∂-XmWv Unkv{Sn-_yq-Úv Iºyq-ńw-Kv. Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]mc-e¬
Iºyq-ńw-KmWnXv.
_m°vF≥Uv sk¿∆-dn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ASpØ Hcp
LSIamWv sk¿∆¿ sh¿-®z-sse-tk-j≥. D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ bqk-
dn¬ n∂pw sk¿∆-dns‚ AYhm sk¿∆-dp-I-fpsS sFUn‚n-‰n,
t{]mk- -dp-Iƒ, Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw, t{]mk- nwKv ]h¿ F∂nh
ad-®p-h-bv°p∂p (Masking). sk¿∆-¿ AUvan-n-kvt{S-‰¿ Hcp
tkm^v‰vshb¿ Bπn-t°-j-p-]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp ^nkn-°¬ sk¿∆-
dns‚ AtIw H‰-s∏´ (Isolated) sh¿®z¬ F≥h-tbm¨sa‚p-Isf
krjv-Sn°p-∂p. AYhm sh¿®z¬ sk¿∆-dp-I-sf∂v bqk¿°v
tXm∂p∂p. sk¿∆¿ sh¿®z-sse-tk-j≥ aq∂v coXn-bn-emWv e`y-
am-°p-∂-Xv.
1. sh¿®z¬ sajo≥ tamU¬
2. ]mcm-sh¿®z¬ tamU¬
3. Hm∏td-‰nwKv knÃw eb-dnse sh¿®z-sse-tk-j≥
GXm-bmepw sk¿∆¿ sh¿®z-sse-tk-j≥ sSIvtm-f-Pn-bp-
tSbpw a‰v sh¿®z-sse-tkj≥ sSIvtm-f-Pn-bp-tSbpw Hcp `mKw
am{X-ambn IW-°m-°mw. √ coXn-bn-ep≈ sk¿∆¿ dntkmgvkv
amt-Pvsa‚ v D]-tbm-Khpw CXn¬ km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
Npcp-°-Øn¬
AsX... ¢uUv Iºyq-ńwKv AXns‚ BZy- Np-hSv Dd-∏n-®p-I-
gn-™p. Cn AXns‚ KXn Adn-bm≥ Ipd-®p-k-abw ImØn-cn-°mw.
Cu ]pØ≥ sSIvtm-fPn n-e-hn-ep≈ GsXms° taJ-e-Iƒ°v
i‡n ]I-cp-sa∂pw GsXms° taJe-Isf Xf¿Øp-sa∂pw Imew
sXfn-bn-°pw. hnP-bn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ tkm^v‰vshb¿ IpØI Iº-
n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS D¬∏-∂-ßƒ hn‰-gn-°m≥ ]pXnb hgn-Iƒ Atz-
jn-t°≠n hcpw.
kvam¿´v sh_v 35

hntmZw hni-∏p-t]mse ap-jy-p-ambn tN¿∂p-n¬°p-
∂-Xm-Wv. BZnaImew apX¬ hntm-tZm-]m-[n-I-fn¬ hyXy-kvXX tXSn
ap-jy≥ Ae™p S-∂n-cp-∂p. arK-th´ apX¬ bp≤-ßƒ hsc
A°q-´-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. ap-jy≥ sNdp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fmbn HXp-ßn-°q-
Sn-b-t∏mƒ hntm-Z-ssi-en-I-fnepw am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn. atm-c-RvP-w
F∂Xv im-cocnI A≤zmw C√m-sX-bp≈ Ifn-I-fn-epw, Nn¥-I-fn-
epw, _u≤nI Xe-ß-fn-tebv°pw IqSp-am-dn. AXp-sIm-≠mWv cmPm-
°-∑m-cpsS sIm´m-c-ß-fn¬ Ihn Ac-ßp-I-fpw, hnZq-j-I-kw-L-ß-
fpw, Nncn Ac-ßp-Ifpw, ¿Ø-In-am-cpsS NSp-e-`m-h-ßfpw a-
ntbpw _p≤n-tbbpw D±o-]n-∏n-®-Xv.
Imew IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏m-ƒ Ch-cpsS tPmen-Iƒ D]-I-c-W-
ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-Øp. atmcRvPw i_vZ-ambpw shfn-®-ambpw kzoI-
c-W-ap-dn-I-ƒ Iog-S-°n. tdUn-tbm, tS∏v dn°m¿Up-Iƒ, sSen-hn-j-
p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Hcp ImeØv ap-jys‚ Zn-N-cy-I-sf nb--{¥n-
®n-cp-∂-h-bm-Wv. CXn¬ NneXv Imebh-n-I-bv°p-≈n¬ ad-™p-sh-
kvam¿´v sh_v36

¶nepw C∂pw Xe-sb-Sp-t∏msS hoSns‚ `nØnsb Ae-¶-cn-°p∂
Hcp A¤p-X-amWv sSen-hn-j≥.
sSen-hn-j≥-˛-Hcp Xncn-™p-tm´w
ap-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ sSen-hn-js‚ ÿmw Fhn-sS-sb∂p
hnNn¥w sNtø≠ ka-b-am-Wn-∂v. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ sIm®p-Ip-
´nIƒ°v `£Ww sImSp-°p-hm≥ Sn.hn-.bnse Im¿´q¨ Nm-ep-
Isf B{i-bn-t°≠ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. apXn¿∂-h¿°v Sn.hn. kocn-b-
ep-I-fnepw dnbm-en-‰n-tjm-I-fn-ep-ap≈ {`aw ad-®p-h-bv°p-hm≥ km[n-
°p-I-bn-√-t√m. sNdp-∏-°m¿°v Bkz-Zn-°p-hm≥ Sn.hn.-bpsS Bh-
iy-IX at‰Xp am[y-a-tØ-°mfpw ap∂n-emsW∂v n w-ibw. ]t£
CsX√mw hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂Xv Cu D]-I-cWw ap-jys‚ GXv hn`m-
K-tØbpw kmaq-ln-I-am-bpw- _u-≤n-I-ambpw F{X-am{Xw kzm[o-n-
®n-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-te-bv°mWv. AXn-m¬ Sn.-hn.-Hgn-hm-
°ns°m≠p≈ Hcp PohnXw ap-jyv Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ km[y-a-√. -
Ip-™p-ßƒ, hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, bphm-°ƒ, a≤y-h-b-kv°¿, hn{iaPn-
hnXw bn-°p∂ ]uc-∑m¿, GsXm-cmƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb hn⁄m-
hpw Adnhpw atm-c-RvP-hpw e`y-am-°p∂ Hcp "sSIvtm-f-Pn
t_mIvkmWv' sSen-hn-j≥.
sSen-hn-j≥-˛ssSwsse≥
BcmWv sSen-hn-js‚ ]nXmhv? ]e t]cp-Ifpw ap°v
tIƒ°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw. IrXy-amb Hcp DØcw e`y-am-°pI km[y-
a-√. ImcWw ]e ]co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂p ne-hn-ep≈ ]e
sSIvtm-f-Pn-I-fp-tSbpw Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-®mWv sSen-hn-js‚ Bhn¿`m-
hw. Ce-Iv{Sn-kn-‰n-bn¬ n∂pw tdUn-tbm-bn¬ n∂pw kmt¶-Xn-I-X-
Iƒ Dƒs°m≠v ASn-ÿm--an-´-XmWv sSen-hn-j≥.
1800˛¬ Paul Gottliev Nipkow F∂ P¿Ω≥ hnZym¿∞nbmWv
sSen-hn-j≥ F∂ C∂sØ ‰n.-hn. bpsS sa°m-n-°¬ ]Xn∏v
krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. Id-ßp∂ sa°m-n-°¬ Unkv°ns‚ klm-
btØmsS Nn{X-ßƒ hb-dp-I-fn¬°qSn as‰m-cn-SØv {Sm≥kvan‰v
sNøp-hm≥ At±-l-Ønv km[n-®p. AXnpw qdp-h¿jw ]n∂n´v
1907˛¬ BWv Hcp Ce-Ivt{SmWnIv sSen-hn-js‚ cq]w krjvSn-°-
s∏-´-Xv. ImtYmUv td Syq_v (kn.B¿.-Sn.) ASn-ÿ-m--am°n
kvam¿´v sh_v 37

A.A. Campbell Cw•-≠nepw Boris Rosing djy-bnepw Nn{X-ßƒ {]Z¿in-
∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ah¿ krjvSn® Sn. hn. IfmWv BZy Ce-Ivt{Sm-
WnIv sSen-hn-j≥ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv.
Ime-ßƒ IS-∂p-t]mbn, sSen-hn-js‚ cq]-Ønepw nd-
Ønepw LS--bnepw am‰-ßƒ h∂p. tamtWmt{Imw sSen-hn-j-n¬
n∂pw aƒ´nIf¿ sSen-hn-j-pIƒ ΩpsS IÆp-I-tfbpw a- n-
tbpw Ipfnc-Wn-bn®p. Sn.-hn. bpsS Unkvtπ sSIvtm-f-Pn-I-fn¬
ImX-emb am‰-ßƒ Ign™ 10 h¿j-°m-e-ambn D≠m-bn. kn. B¿.Sn.
bn¬ n∂pw F¬.kn.Un. bpw F¬.C.-Un.bpw H.F¬.-C.Un. bpw
Acßv XI¿°p∂ Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ ]pXnb h¿Æ-ßƒ tXSn
3Un Unkvtπ sSIvtm-f-Pn-Ifpw {]Nm-c-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
sF.-]n. Sn.-hn-˛-B-apJw
t{_mUv_m‚ v C‚¿s‰v kaq-l-Øn¬ A¤p-Xßƒ
krjvSn®p XpS-ßn-bn´v h¿j-ß-fmbn. F∂n-cp-∂m¬ Xs∂bpw
AXns‚ apgp-h≥ i‡n-tbbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ X°-hÆw Hcp
hnπ-h-I-c-amb kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy IS-∂p-h-∂n-cp-∂n-√. ]t£ Ign-™
10 h¿j-Øn-e-[nIambn sSen-hn-j≥ hnt£]W-Ønepw {]t£]W
ne-hm-c-Ønepw ImX-emb am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. km‰-sse‰v,
Sn.-hn, UnPn-‰ƒ tI_nƒ k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ, HD TV- bpsS IS-∂p-h-chv
XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw kaqlw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]pXp-asb tXSp∂p
F∂-Xn-p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. hmeyp BUUv k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ°v
{]m[myw ¬Im≥ C‚¿s‰v t{]mt´m-t°mƒ A[n-jvTn-X-amb
kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybv°v km[n°pw F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv sF.]n.
Sn.hn. bn-tebv°v bn-®-Xv.
i_vZm-[n-jvTnX tamU-en¬ n∂pw sF.-]n. A[n-jvTnX- tamU-
en-te-bv°p-≈ ]cn-Wmaw Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Bh-iy-sa∂ tkh--Zm-
Xm-°-fpsS Xncn-®-dn-b-emWv t{_mUv_m‚ v C‚¿s‰v IW-£-p-]-
tbm-Kn®v sSenhnj≥ tkhw ¬Ip-hm≥ Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv,
]t£ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse t{_mUv_m‚ v _m≥Uv hnUvØv,
Cnbpw ]q¿ÆX FØn-bn-´n-√msb∂p-≈Xpw hoUntbm sk¿∆¿
sSIvtm-fPn, IÃ-a¿ {]nan-kkv FIyq-]vsa‚ns‚ (CPE) (sk‰vtSm∏v
t_mIvknv kam--am-b-h) henb hne XpS-ßnb LS-I-ßƒ C¥y≥
am¿°-‰n¬ sNdnb XS- -ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂p F¶nepw AsX√mw
kvam¿´v sh_v38

GXv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw BZyw kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ aSn ImWn-°p∂
C¥y≥ hn]-Wn-bpsS km[m-cW {]tXy-IX am{X-sa∂v ]d™p
X≈n-°-f-bm-mWv IP TV C¥y≥ t^md-Øns‚ sk{I-´dn P-d-emb
An¬ {]Imiv B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv.
F¥mWv sF.-]n. Sn.-hn.
D]tbm-‡m-°ƒ°v sSen-hn-j≥ t{]m{Km-ap-Ifpw hmeyp
BUUv k¿∆o-kp-Ifpw C‚¿s‰v t{]mt´m-t°mƒ kmt¶-Xn-I-
hnZybn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-ambn t{_mUv_m‚ v s‰vh¿°v IW-£-p-
Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v sSen-hn-j-n¬ Xs∂ e`y-am-°pI F∂ coXn-sb-
bmWv C‚¿s‰v t{]mt´m-t°mƒ sSen-hn-j≥ (sF.]n. Sn.hn.) F∂p
]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]c-º-cm-K-X- coXn-I-fmb km‰-sse‰v kwt{]-j-Whpw
tI_nƒ kwt{]-j-Whpw X≈n-°-f™v s‰vh¿°nwKv sSIv-tm-f-
Pn-bpsS ASn-ÿm--ßƒ Sn.-hn.-bn-tebv°v kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°pI F∂-
XmWv CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-w.
km[m-cW Sn. hn. t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ IqSmsX hoUntbm Hm¨
Unam‚ v (VoD), thmbvkv Hmh¿ IP(VoIP) AYhm UnPn-‰¬ t^m¨,
C‚¿s‰v˛-sh_v BIvkkv XpSßn IP k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ F√mw
Sn.hn.bn¬ ktΩ-fn-°p-∂p. VoD, VoIP, sh_v BIvkkv Cu aq∂v
kmt¶-Xn-I-X-Iƒ H∂n-°p-∂-Xns "{Sn∏nƒ tπ' F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂p. thK-X-tb-dnb sh_v k¿∆okpItfbpw, sSen-hn-j≥-˛-sS-en-
t^m¨ k¿∆o-kp-Iƒs°m∏w e`y-am°p-Ibpw AXv hb¿se v
kvam¿´v sh_v 39

t{_mUv_m‚ v IW-£-p-I-fn¬ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
tºmƒ AXns Quadruple Play F∂v Hcp ]Sn-IqSn IS-∂p,- m-a-I-
cWw sNbvXncn-°p∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ sSen-tImw, tI_nƒ,
C‚¿s‰v tkh--Zm-Xm-°ƒ aptJ C‚¿s-‰v-˛-t{_m-Uv_m≥Uv
IW-£≥ D]-tbm-Kn®v kzoI-c-W-ap-dn-bnse Sn.hn. sk‰n¬ Xs∂
sSen-hn-j≥ t{]m{Km-ap-Ifpw sh_v BIvk pw sSen-t^m¨ IW-
£pw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-s -sF.-]n.- Sn.-hn. F∂p t]cn-Smw.
{]h¿Øw
t{_mUv_m≥Unepw C‚¿s-‰v t{]mt´m-t°m-fnepw ASn-
ÿm--am°n IS-∂p-h∂ k¿∆okmWv -sF.-]n.- Sn.-hn. k¿∆okv.
F¶nepw CXn¬ Iºyq-´tdm em]vtSmt∏m Bh-iy-an-√. hoń-tetbm
Hmô-kn-tetbm Sn.-hn. sk‰n¬ Xs∂ C‚¿s‰v BIvk v Dƒs∏sS
C‚-dm-IvSohv Sn. hn. t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ Bkz-Zn°mw. ]t£ ]gb A-
tem-Kv sSen-hn-j-n¬ n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn sSen-t^m¨ ssepw
sk‰v tSm∏v t_mIvkpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ {]h¿Ø--amWv sF.-]n.-
Sn.-hn. bn¬
CsXmcp dnb¬ssSw C‚-dm-IvSohv aoUn-b-am-Wv. D]-
tbm‡m°fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ A∏-t∏mƒ Xs∂ t{]mk v sNbvXv
Bh-iy-amb Nm-ep-Itfm k¿∆o-kp-Itfm e`y-am-°p-∂p. AXp-
sIm≠p Xs∂ ΩpsS ka-b-Ønpw Bh-iy-Ønpw CjvS-Øn-p-
a-p-k-cn®v t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ XcwXncn-®pImWp-hmpw km[n-°pw.
G‰hpw {][m--amb Imcy-sa-∂Xv CXv Hcp aƒń-ImÃv
B¿°n-sS-Iv®-dn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. km[m-cW tI_nƒ/
km‰-sse‰v Snhn-Iƒ k¿∆okv s{]mssh-U¿ F¥v t{_mUvImÃv
sNøp-∂pthm AXv e`yam°pIbpw ImWp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. ]t£
sF.-]n.- Sn.-hn. k¿∆o-kn¬ Bh-iy-ßƒ dnb¬ssSan¬ Ab-bv°p-
Ibpw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøm-sa-∂Xv a‰p-≈-h-bn¬ n∂pw
CXns thdn-´-Xm-°p∂p. Hcp t{_mUv_m≥Uv IW-£pw sk‰v
tSm∏v t_mIvkpw bqk¿ A°u≠pw Ds≠-¶n¬ Sn.-hn.-bntem ]n.-
kn-bntem CXns‚ tkhßƒ e`y-am-°pw.
sF.-]n. sSen--hn-js C{]-Imcw n¿∆-Nn-°mw
1. C‚¿s‰v t{]mt´m-t°mƒ (IP): C‚¿s‰v t{]mt´m-t°mƒ tU‰m
kvam¿´v sh_v40

]mbv°-‰p-Iƒ°v n›nX t^m¿am‰pw A{U pw n¿Æ-bn®p
¬Ip∂p. an°-∏mgpw sF. ]n. t{]mt´m-t°m-fnv apI-fn-embn UDP
t]mse Higher Layer t{]mt´m-t°mƒ nehn-ep-≠m-Ipw. "bqk¿ tU‰m
{Kmw' t{]mt´m-t°mfmWv ]e-t∏mgpw tkmgvkpw sUÃn-tjpw
XΩn¬ Hcp sh¿Nz¬ IW-£≥ krjvSn®p ¬Ip∂Xv.
2. sSen-hn-j≥: i_vZ-ßfpw Nn{X-ßfpw Zriy-h¬°-cn®v ap-jy-
cn¬ FØn-°p-hm-p≈ am[y-a-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. sF.-]n.- Sn.hn.
bn¬ sSen-hn-j-n¬ ImW-p∂ Zriy-ßsf nb-{¥n-°p-hm≥ Hcp
I¨t{Smƒ t_mIvkpw D≠mIpw.
CXn-se√mw G‰hpw {][-mya¿ln-°p∂ H∂mWv Hcp
ss{]h‰v s‰vh¿°v IW-£≥. sF.-]n. -Sn.-hn.bv°mbn sUUn-t°-
‰Uv C‚¿s‰v IW-£≥ Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. ]ªnIv s‰vh¿°n¬
Bh-iy-amb ne-hmcw ne-n¿Øp-hm≥ km[y-am-hp-I-bn√ F∂-
XmWv bmYm¿∞yw.- A-Xn-m¬ Quality of Service (QoS) nen¿Øp-
hm≥ sF.-]n. -Sn.-hn.bv°mbn Hcp {]tXyI C‚¿s‰v IW-£≥
ssep-Iƒ tkh--Zm-Xm-°ƒ krjvSn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. AXp-aqew
dnb¬˛ssSan¬ tU‰m- kv{So-anwKv km[y-am-°pw.
aq∂v {][m--X-e-ß-fnemWv sF.-]n. -Sn.hn.bv°mbn AXns‚
{]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fmb km‰-sse‰v/ UnPn-‰¬ tI_nƒ Sn.hn.-I-fp-ambn
a’-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
1. D≈-S°w (Contents): IqSp-X¬ t{ijvT-am-b, kar-≤-amb (Rich
Contents) D≈-S°w ¬Ip-∂Xv IqSmsX hfsc ef-nX-amb BIvk-
k-kn-_n-en-‰nbpw t]m¿´-_n-en-‰nbpw CXv {]Zmw sNøp-∂p.
2. I¨th¿P≥kv : ]e sSIvtm-f-Pn-I-fp-tSbpw Bπn-t°-j-p-I-
fp-tSbpw GIo-I-c-Whpw tbmPn® {]h¿Ø-hpw sF.-]n. -Sn.-hn.
sb IqSp-X¬ angn-hp-≈-Xm-°p-∂p. CXns‚ Hu´v]p´v GXp-Xcw
s‰vh¿°v Ft-_nƒUv Unssh-kp-I-fnepw (sam-ss_¬, ]n. kn.,
Sn.-hn.) e`y-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv CXns IqSp-X¬ Unsshkv
C≥Uns]≥U≥Uv B°p-∂p.
3. C‚-dm-IvSn-hn‰n: c≠v Zni-bn-te-bv°p≈ tU‰m ssIam‰w CXns
IqSp-X¬ P-{]n-b-ap-≈-Xm-°p-∂p. "Hm¨ Unam‚ v' Bπn-t°-j-p-
Iƒ bqk-dpsS CjvS-ßƒ tkh--Zm-Xm-°-fp-ambn/Bπn
t°jpambn kwth-Zw km[y-am-°p-∂p.
kvam¿´v sh_v 41

aƒń hyq Sn.-hn.
mw Hcp km[m-cW Sn.-hn-bn¬ ^pSvt_mƒ a’cw ImWp-
I-bm-sW∂v Icp-Xp-I. ap°p e`n-°p∂ Iymad hyq F∂Xv t{_mUv
ImÃ¿ F¥mtWm {Sm≥kvan‰v sNøp-∂Xv B BwKnƒ am{X-amWv.
H∂v Btem-Nn-®p-tm-°q. Ωƒ IfnI≠p-sIm-≠ncn°p∂ Iymad
BwKn-fn¬ n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn H∂p ImW-W-sa-∂v, As√-¶n¬
Hcp Ifn-°m-c-n-tebv°v H∂p kqw sNøp-hm≥ Ign-™n-cp-s∂-¶n-
se-∂v, As√-¶n¬ Ifn-°m-cpsS {Ku≠nse ÿm-sa-hn-sS-sb∂v
Adn-bp-hm-p-sams° B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂nt√? CsX√mw `mhn-- bnse
Sn.hn bn¬ km[y-am-Wv.
aƒń hyq Sn.-hn.-bn¬ bq-k¿°v Hcp Sn.-hn. Ub-d-IvS-dmbn
Zriy-ßƒ Fßs Zriy-am-I-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-n-°mw. tkh--Zm-
Xmhv (Content Provider) F¥v ¬Ip-∂pthm AXp-sIm≠v Xr]vXnbS-
bp-∂-Xnv ]I-cw ]pXnb BwKn-fp-Iƒ, s]mkn-j-p-Iƒ, Iymad
hyq CsX√mw CjvS-Øn--p-k-cn®v {Iao-I-cn-°m-w. Hcp t]gvk-W¬
aqhn Iyma-d-bn¬°qSn ImWp∂ Ap-`-h-am-bn-cn°pw CXv. ΩpsS
CjvS-Ønv dotπ-Iƒ, Xs‚ t^h-dn‰v tπb¿°v thmńwKv XpS-ßn-
b-h-sb√mw H‰ ¢n°n¬ km[y-am-Ipw. Hcp dnb¬ssSw ]m¿ń-kn-t∏-
j≥ bqk¿°v AXn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. Hcp ]m ohv Sn.-hn.-bn¬
n∂pw BIvSohv Sn.-hn. As√-¶n¬ C‚-dm-IvSohv Sn.-hn.- bn-te-bv°p≈
Nph-Sp-am-‰-amWv aƒń hyq Sn.-hn. kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-eqsS sF.-]n. -
Sn.hn. e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv.
sF.-]n. -Sn.-hn. s‰v h¿°v LS-I-ßƒ
sF.-]n. -Sn.-hn. s‰v h¿°nv 4 {][m LS-I-ß-fmWv km[m-
c-W-bmbn D≈-Xv. CXns‚ Htcm LS-I-ß-fnepw tkh--Zm-Xm-°-fp-
tSbpw sSIvtmfPnbptSbpw ASn-ÿm--Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ _rl-
Ømb D≈-S°w AS-ßn-bn-cn°pIbpw am‰-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. sF.-]n. -Sn.-hn. s‰vh¿°nßn¬ c≠p-h-i-ß-fn-te-
bv°p-ap≈ tU‰ {Sm≥kv^¿ D≈Xv ImcWw AtIw {]tXy-I-X-
Iƒ CXv krjvSn-°p∂p. sF.-]n. -Sn.-hn. s‰vh¿°nwKv B¿°n-sS-
kvam¿´v sh_v42

IvN-dp-Iƒ IqSn-t®-cp∂ kwhn-[m-sØ kzn®Uv UnPn-‰¬ hoUntbm
(Fkv.Un.hn.) F∂p-]-d-bp-∂p. Fkv.Un.hn. kmt¶-Xn-IX
nen¿Øp∂ Nm¬ kzn®nwKv t{]mt´m-tIm-fmWv IGMP (IP Group
Membership Protocol).
hoUntbm slUv
a‰v UnPn-‰¬ tI_n-ƒ/km‰-sse‰v sSen-hn-j≥ tkh--ß-
fn¬ D≈-Xp-t]mse sF.-]n. -Sn.-hn. bnepw Hcp UnPn-‰¬ slUv
D≠mImw. Cu {][m C≥]p´v LS-I-Øn¬ n∂p-amWv t{_mUvImÃv
k¿∆okp-Iƒ°pw Hm¨ Unam‚ v k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb
hoUn-tbmbpw t{]m{Km-ap-Ifpw ]I¿Øn t^m¿am‰v sNbvXv sF.]n.
s‰vh¿°n¬ Unkv{Sn-_yq´v sNøp-∂-Xv. slUvF≥Uv Hmtcm Nm-
ep-I-tfbpw F≥tImUv sNbvXv UnPn-‰¬ t^m¿am-‰n¬ I¨th¿´v
sNøp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Ønv MPEG2 As√-¶n¬ MPEG4 F∂o ne-hm-
c-Øn-tebv°v F≥tImUv sNbvXv sF ]n. s‰vh¿°n-tebv°v
{Sm≥kvan-‰v sN-øp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ t{_mUv_m≥Uv tkh--Zm-Xm-°ƒ
MPEG4 tebv°v NphSv am‰n-bXv F®v.-Un. sSen-hn-j≥ Ãmt‚¿Unv
IqSp-X¬ KpWw sNøp-∂p-≠v.
F ≥ t I m U v
sNbvX hoUntbm tU‰m
F≥Im]vkpte‰v sNbvXv
Nm-ep-I-fm°n sF.]n.
s‰vh¿°n¬ FØn-°p-
∂p. Cu Nm-ep-Iƒ
sF.]n. -aƒ´n-ImÃv kv{Soap-
Itfm Bbn-cn°pw. IqSp-
Xepw tkh--Zm-Xm-°ƒ
sF.]n. aƒ´n-ImÃv tamU-
enwKv kv{Soam-Wv kzoI-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. CXv Htc Nm-ep-Iƒ ]e D]-tbm-‡m-°ƒ Bh-iy-s∏Sp
tºmtgm Syq¨ sNøp-tºmtgm KpW-I-c-am-Ipw. (D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn
Bbn-c-°-W-°nv D]-tbm-‡m-°ƒ Hcp kvt]m¿´vkv Nm¬ Syq¨
sNøp-∂p).
kvam¿´v sh_v 43

k¿∆okv s{]mssh-U¿ tIm¿
F≥tImUv sNbvX hoUntbm kv{Soap-Iƒ H∂n-®m°n Nm-
ep-Iƒ krjvSn®v k¿∆okv s{]mssh-U-dpsS sF.-]n.- s‰vh¿°n-
tebv°v Ab-bv°p-∂p. Cu s‰vh¿°p-Iƒ Hmtcm k¿∆okv
s{]mssh-U-dp-Iƒ°pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw. Hmtcm tkh--Zm-Xm-
°fpw Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb s‰vh¿°nwKv {Sm≥kvan-j≥ coXnbpw
hoUntbm {Sm≥kvan-j≥ kmt¶-Xn-I-Xbpw kzoI-c-n°mw. Cu
s‰vh¿°p-Iƒ ne-hn-ep-≈tXm {]tXyIw krjvSn® Purpose-built
IP s‰vh¿°p-Itfm CXv c≠pw IqSn tN¿∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zytbm
BImw.
BIvk v s‰vh¿°v
BIvk v s‰vh¿°v LSIw tkh--Zm-Xm-°sf Hmtcm
hoSp-I-fp-ambpw/IÃ-a¿ bqWn-‰p-ambpw _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu LS-
IsØ ]e-t∏mgpw ‘The Last Mile’ s‰v F∂pw hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. k¿∆okv
s{]mssh-Udpw lukv Unssh-kp-Ifpw hgn t{_mUv_m≥Uv
s‰vh¿°v hgn _‘n-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]e sSIvtm-fPn-Ifpw Ah-ew-
_n-°m-dp-≠v. sSentImw k¿∆okv s{]mssh-U-dp-Iƒ DSL ssep-
Iƒ IqSmsX ]m ohv H]v‰n-°¬ s‰vh¿°nwKv (PON) D]-tbm-Kn-
°m-dp-≠v. IP-TV s‰vh¿°nwKn¬ Akn-a-{Sn-°¬ DSL Dw (ADSL)
shcn sslkv]oUv DSL Dw (VDSL) IqSp-X¬ _m≥UvhnUvØv e`y-
am-°m≥ D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. CXnse tU‰msb I¨th¿´v sNøp-
hm≥ DSL tamUw tkh--Zm-Xm-°ƒ D]-tbm-‡m-°ƒ°v ¬Ipw.
tlmw s‰vh¿°v
Hcp sk‰vtSm∏vt_mIvkv hgn Snhn-bn-tebv°v hoUntbm
kn·-ep-Isf e`y-am-°p∂ s‰vh¿°mWv tlmw s‰vh¿°v LSIw.
-hyXy-kvX-amb tlmw s‰vh¿°v Itºm-W‚p-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw
C∂sØ ImeØv AXn-th-K-X-tb-d-nb _m≥UvhnUvØv ne-n¿Øp-
hm≥ hb¿sse≥ sSIvtm-fPntbmfw as‰mcp kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw
C√.
kvam¿´v sh_v44

anUn¬shb¿
sF.-]n. Sn.-hn. anUn¬shb¿ F∂v Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv
sk^v‰vshb¿ ]mbvt°-Pp-I-tfbpw C‚¿t^-kp-I-tf-bp-am-Wv. Ce-
Ivt{Sm-WnIv t{]m{Kmw ssKUv (EPG) hoUntbm Hm¨ Unam‚ v,
t]s]¿ hyq XpS-ßnb tkh--ßƒ e`y-am-°p∂ C‚¿t^kmWv
Cu anUn¬shb¿. an-Un¬shb¿ ]e-t∏mgpw Hcp ¢b‚ v sk¿∆¿
B¿°n-sS-IvN-dn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp- Iq´w tkm^v‰vshb¿ Bbn-
cn-°pw. ss¢‚ v F∂Xv bqk¿ (STB) BWv. bq-k¿ C‚¿t^kv
hgn sk¿∆-dn¬ Bh-iy-amb tkh--ßƒ°mbn n¿t±iw
¬Is∏Sp-∂p.
t´-ßƒ-˛-Kp-W-ßƒ˛{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
sF.-]n. Sn.-hn. ]q¿Æ-ambpw Hcp C‚-dm-IvSohv tkh--
am-Ip-∂p. AXn-m¬Øs∂ ]n.-kn.-bn¬ C‚¿s‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v sNøp-
hm≥ Ign-bp∂ F√m Imcy-ßfpw CXn¬ e`y-am-Wv. AXm-bXv km[m-
cW Sn.-hn. k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ IqSmsX C˛-sIm-ta-gvkv, C˛-K-th-W≥kv,
C˛-F-Uyqt°j≥, C˛-sa-Un-kn≥, Imem-h-ÿ, C≥t^m-ssS≥a‚ v.
km[m-cW s‰vh¿°v-˛-C‚¿s‰v IW-£≥ A√msX sUUn-t°-
‰Uv t{_mUv_m≥Uv IW-IvSn-hn-‰nbpw henb _m≥Uv hnUvØpw
KpW-ta-∑bpw AS-ßnb sF.-]n. Sn.-hn. t{_mUvIm-Ãnv AtIw
{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ tkh--Zm-Xm-°ƒ hmKvZmw ¬Ip-∂p. AXn¬
NneXv ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.
C‚-dm-IvSohv
C‚¿s‰v t{]mt´m-tImƒ ASn-ÿm--ambn Ccp-h-i-ß-
fn-tebv°pw Hcp sh∫n-se-∂-t]mse Bi-b-hn-n-abw km[y-am-°p-
∂Xv sF.-]n. Sn.-hn. sb Hcp ]q¿Æ C‚-dm-IvSohv Sn.-hn. B°p-∂p.
CXp-hgn t{]£-I¿°v dnb¬˛ssSw `mK-`m-°m-Ip-hm≥ km[n-°p-
∂p. C‚-dm-IvSohv Sn.-hn. sb Hcp sh_v Ft-_nƒUv Sn.-hn. Bbn
am‰p-∂-Xp-hgn Sn.-hn.-bn-eqsS C˛-sa-bn¬, C˛-tjm-∏nwKv, Sn°‰v
_p°nwKv, ssehv˛thm´nwKv XpSßn GsXmcp sh_v k¿∆okpw
hnc¬Øp-ºnse dntam-´p-hgn e`y-am-°p-∂p. hcpw- Im-e-ß-fn¬ Hcp
dnbm-en‰n tjmbn-tebv°v Fkv.Fw.Fkv Ab-bv°p-hmpw samss_-
ens‚ sNdnb Io]m-Un¬ Aa¿Øn _p≤n-ap´Wsa-∂n-√. adn®v dnbm-
kvam¿´v sh_v 45

en‰n tjmbn¬ Fkv.-Fw.-Fkv/thmńwKv S-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ GXv a’-
cm-¿∞nbv°mtWm thm´v sNtø-≠Xv Ah-cpsS Nn{X-ßƒ H∂v
¢n°v sNøp-Itb th≠q... A¥-an-√mØ Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ sF.]n.-
Sn.-hn. hgn ap-°mbn ImØn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
{Sn∏nƒ tπ k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ
sF.-]n. Sn.-hn., Sn.-hn. F∂ ASn-ÿm {]h¿Øw
IqSmsX a‰pc≠v k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ IqSn ¬Ip-∂p. AXv aq∂pw- IqSn
tN¿∂p ¬Ip∂ tkh--sØ-bmWv {Sn∏nƒ tπ tkhw F∂v
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. AXm-bXv Sn.-hn. t{_mUvIm-Ãnw-Kv, thK-X-tb-dnb
C‚¿s‰v IW-£≥, aq∂m-a-Xmbn sSen-t^m-Wn°v Bπn-t°-j-p-
Iƒ°pw.
aw-t]mse Sn.-hn.
as‰mcp {][m KpWhpw {]tXy-I-Xbpw F∂Xv ka-b-
_-‘n-X-amb Sn.-hn.- sj-Uyq-fp-I-fn¬ n∂pw t{]£-I¿°v tamNw
e`n-°p∂p F∂p-≈-XmWv. t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ ΩpsS kb-ahpw
kuIcyhpw tm°n ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. ssehv sSen-ImÃv
t]mepw n¿Øp-hmpw dossh≥Upw, t^m¿thUpw sNøp-hmpw
km[yam-Wv. ImcWw Sn.hn. Nm-ep-Ifpw t{]m{Km-ap-Ifpw sk¿∆-
dnse henb sse{_-dn-bn¬ n∂pamWv e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. CXp-aqew
bqk¿°v Bh-iy-ambh kz¥w knÃ-Øn-se-∂-t]mse sXc-s™Sp-
°p-hmpw nb-{¥n-°p-hmpw km[n-°p-∂p. GXv t{]m{Km-ap-Ifpw
Ft∏mƒ thW-sa-¶nepw tkh--Zm-Xm-°ƒ°v e`y-am-°p-hm≥ km[n-
°p-∂p.
Un.-Sn.-F-®nepw tI_nƒ UnPn-‰¬ Sn.hn-.bnepw D]-tbm-
‡m-°ƒ t{]m{Km-apIƒ tkhv sNøp-hm≥ n¿t±iw ¬tI≠n
hcp-∂p. IqSmsX Aßs tkhv sNøp∂ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ hońse
Fkv.-_n.-Sn.-bnse henb lm¿Uv Unkv°n-emWv _m°vA∏v D≠m-
°p-∂-Xv. sF.-]n. Sn.-hn.sb kw_-‘n®v Cßs Hcp Iam≥Up-
Itfm n¿t±-i-ßtfm ¬tI≠ Bh-iy-w bqk¿°n√. IqSmsX
hne IqSn-b, tU‰m _m°vA∏v sNøp-hm≥ km[n-°p∂ Fkv._n.Sn
Ifpw bqk¿ F≥Un¬ Bh-iy-an-√. adn®v Hcp ¢n°n-eqsS As√-
¶n¬ dntam-ńse Hcp _´¨ Aa¿Øp-I hgn Bh-iy-amb t{]m{Km-
ap-Iƒ tkh--ZmXmhns‚ sk¿∆-dn¬ n∂pw e`y-am-Ip-∂p.
kvam¿´v sh_v46

Hm¨ Un-am≥Uv t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ
C‚-dm-IvSohv Sn.-hn.-bpsS as‰mcp apJ-amWv Hm¨ Unam‚ v
I≠‚p-Iƒ. k¿∆okv s{]mssh-U-dpsS sse{_-dn-bn¬ n∂pw Bh-
iy-amb CjvS-s∏´ hoUn-tbm-Iƒ, knn-a-Iƒ Bh-iym-p-k-cWw
CS-th-f-Ifpw ]c-ky-ßfpw IqSmsX ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. AXp-
t]mse ]m´p-I-fpsS hn-]p-e-amb tiJ-c-Øn¬ n∂pw sXc-s™-
SpØv tIƒ°p-hmpw Iq´p-Im-cpsS kvs]jy¬ s‰vh¿°n-tebv°v
sUUn-t°‰v sNøp-hm-p-sams° km[n-°p-∂p. Hcp Hm¨sse≥
hoUntbmsπb¿ Bbn Sn.-hn. amdp-I-bm-Wv.
as‰mcp {][m KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ kvIqƒ Ip´nI-fm-Ip∂p.
Hm¨sse≥ Syqt´m-dn-bepw C˛-So-®nwKpw Sn.-hn-.bn-tebv°v IqSp-am-
dpw, hnZym-`ymktaJ-esb C{X-tØmfw kzm[o-n-°p-hm≥ t]mIp∂
as‰mcp kmt¶-Xn-IX `mhn-bn¬ ImWn-√.
Hm¨Un-am≥Uv AUz¿ssS-knw-Kv
]c-ky-Øns‚ ]pXn-sbmcp apJw CXn-eqsS Xpd-°p-hm≥
t]mIp-I-bm-Wv. ]c-ky-tØ-°m-fp-]cn am¿°-‰nwKpw Hm¨sse≥
]¿t®-knwKpw Bbn-cn°pw km[y-am-°p-I. Hcp ]c-ky-Øn¬ ¢n°v
sNbvXv AXns‚ KpW-^-e-ßƒ IqSp-X-embn a- n-em-°p-hmpw
AXp-hgn Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ Hm¿U¿ ¬Ip-hmpw sF.-]n. -Sn.-hn. klm-
bn-°pw. Hcp dnb¬ssSw I®-hSirwJe krjvSn-°p-hm≥ CXn-eqsS
km[n-°pw.
C‚¿s‰v D]-tbmKw
]n.kn.bn¬ n∂pw samss_¬ t^mWn-tebv°v tNt°-
dnb C‚¿s‰v Cn kzoI-cW apdn-bnse/s_Uvdq-anse Sn.hn.bn-
tebv°v IS-∂p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. Iºyq-´¿ s{]m^-j-W-ep-Iƒ°v am{Xw
hg-ßn-bn-cp∂ C‚¿s‰v samss_-en-tebv°v hgn-am-dn-b-t∏mƒ km[m-
c-W-°m¿°v {]m]vX-amb km-t¶-Xn-IX Xosc-bn-√m-Ø, Hcp sSIvtm-
f-Pn-bmbn amdn. Cn AXv Sn.-hn.-bn-tebv°v NphSv hbv°p-tºmƒ
ho´-Ω-am¿°p-hsc C‚¿s‰v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-Ipw. AXp-hgn C‚¿s‰v
D]-tbm-‡m-°-fpsS FÆw {Iam-Xo-X-ambn h¿≤n-°pw.
sSen-t^m¨ IW-£p-Ifpw, hoUntbm Nm‰nwKpw Sn.hn.-
bn-eqsS km[y-am-°p-I-bmWv as‰mcp hiw. Sn.-hn. t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ
kvam¿´v sh_v 47

I≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ Sn.-hn.-bn¬ Xs∂ sSen-t^mWpw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ ]‰p∂ coXn-bn¬ sSen-hn-js‚ ho£Ww
amdp∂p.
tlmw s‰vh¿°v
Hcp sNdnb Pntbm-{Km-^n-°¬ Gcn-bm-bnep≈ UnPn-
‰¬ Unssh-kp-Isf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xnv tlmw s‰vh¿°v
klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p. tlmw s‰vh¿°v IP C≥{^m-kvs{S-IvN-dnse Hcp
{][-m-L-SIw Xs∂-bm-Wv. CXv Unssh-kp-Iƒ XΩn¬ Bib-hn-
n-abw km[y-am-°p-Ibpw Sn.-hn.-bn¬ XpSßn a‰v ]e UnPn-‰¬
Unssh-kp-I-fpw ho´nse AwK-ßƒ°v sjb¿sNbvXv ¬Ip-hm≥
Ign-bpw. AXm-bXv ho´nse s‰vh¿°n¬ IW-IvSUv Bbn-cn-°p∂
hnhn[ UnPn-‰¬ Unssh-kp-Iƒ XΩn¬ thmbvkv, HmU-ntbm, tU‰m,
F‚¿ssS≥sa‚ v XpS-ßnb hnh-c-ßƒ ssIam‰w sNøp-hm≥ km[n-
°p-∂p. sF.-]n. Sn.-hn. s‰vh¿°v hgn Sn.-hn.bpw ]n.-kn.bpw sSen-
t^mWpw samss_¬ Unssh-kp-Ifpw Bi-b- ssI-am‰w km[n-
°p-∂Xv F{Xtbm {]tbm-P--I-c-am-Wv.
sF.-]n. Sn.-hn. V/s C‚¿s‰v Sn.-hn.
]e-t∏mgpw sF.-]n. Sn.-hn. bpw C‚¿s‰v Sn.-hn.bpw XΩn-
ep≈ hyXymkw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmsX t]mIp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬
c≠pw XΩn¬ cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw t]mse hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.
sF.-]n. Sn.-hn. F∂Xv tctØ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønbt]mse
Sn.-hn. k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ Hcp sUUn-t°-‰Uv t{_mUv_m≥Uv ]m°‰v
tU‰m s‰vh¿°n-eqsS C‚¿s‰v t{]mt´m-tImƒ ASn-ÿm--am°n
e`y-am-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. C‚¿s‰v Sn.-hn. F∂Xv Sn.-hn. Nm-ep-Iƒ
C‚¿s‰v hgn ]n.-kn.-bn¬ ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°p-I F∂Xv am{XamWv.
AXm-bXv C‚¿s‰v Sn.hn. Hcp ]ªn-°v C‚¿s‰v s‰vh¿°nwKv
D]-tbm-Kn®v hoUntbm kv{Sow sNøp-tºmƒ sF.-]n.Sn.-hn. Hcp kpc-
£nX sUUn-t°-‰Uv ss{]h‰v s‰vh¿°v hgn e`yam-°p-∂p. Cu
s‰vh¿°v nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xpw tkh--ßƒ ¬Ip-∂Xpw sF.-]n.
Sn.-hn. tkh--Zm-Xm-°-fm-Wv.
C‚¿s‰v Sn.-hn. bn¬ bmsXmcp KpW-ta∑bpw B¿°pw
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-hm≥ km[y-a-√. C‚¿s-‰n¬ thK-Xbpw _m≥Uv
kvam¿´v sh_v48

hnUvØpw ASn-ÿm--am°n Nn{X-ß-fp-tSbpw i_vZ-ß-fp-tSbpw
kv{SoanwKv hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw. C‚¿s‰v hgn t]mIp∂ ]m°-‰p-
Iƒ jvS-s∏-S-phmtm in-®p-t]m-Ip-hmtm km[yX IqSp-X¬ Bb-
Xn-m¬ KpW-ta∑ Sn.-hn. Iº-n-I-fn¬ n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√.
AtX kabw sF.-]n. Sn.-hn.bn¬ Hcp tkh--Zm-Xm-hns‚
s‰vh¿°n-emWv hoUntbm kn·-ep-Iƒ UnPn-‰¬ ]m°-‰p-I-fmbn
Ab-bv°p-∂-Xv. AXns‚ ]q¿Æ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw tU‰m-bpsS KpW-
ta-∑bpw Dd-∏n-t°-≠Xv k¿∆okv s{]mssh-tU-gvkm-Wv.
as‰mcp LSIw UnPn-‰¬ sk‰v tSm∏v t_mIvkp-I-fmWv.
sF.-]n. Sn.-hn. bn¬ Fkv.-_n.-Sn.-IfmWv tU‰m/hoUntbm BIvk v
sNøp-hmpw UotImUv sNøp-hmpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬
t{_mUv_m≥Uv tamUw t]gv-k-W¬ Iºyq-´-dp-I-ƒ hgn IWIvSv
sNbvXv km[m-cW tU‰msb ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mse
am{Xta C‚¿s‰v Sn.-hn.-bn¬ hoUntbm k¿∆n-kp-Iƒ e`y-am-Iq.
C‚¿s‰v Sn.-hn.-bn¬ an°-t∏mgpw kuP-y-ambn, Xmc-
X-tay Ipd™ KpW-ta-∑-bn¬, hoUntbm e`y-am-Ip-tºmƒ sF.-
]n. Sn.-hn. amk-hm-SI ¬In C‚¿s‰ns‚ hnhn[ tkh--ßƒ
Db¿∂ KpW-ta-∑-bn¬ Sn.-hn.-bn¬ e`y-am-°p∂p. IqSmsX sF.-]n.-
Sn.-hn. tkh--Zm-Xm°ƒ e`yam-Ip∂ Pntbm-{K-^n-°¬ Gcn-bm-bn¬
am{Xw HXpßn n¬°p-tºmƒ C‚¿s‰v ‰n.-hn. C‚¿s‰v e`y-am-
Ip∂ GsXmcp ÿeØpw e`y-am-Ipw.
sF.-]n. Sn.-hn. C¥y-bn¬
iptv.ncsu.edu
2006-˛HIvtSm-_-dn-emWv C¥y-bn¬ BZy-ambn sF.-]n. Sn.-
hn. kwt{]-jWw XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. MTNL apw_-bn¬ 199 cq] hmS-
Ibv°v IOL t{_mUv_m≥Uv Ltd F∂ Iº-n-bp-ambn tN¿∂v
BZy-ambn ]mbv°-‰p-Iƒ e`y-am-°n. BZyw 25 NmepIfn¬
XpS-ßn-bXv Ct∏mƒ 200˛250 Sn.-hn. Nm-ep-I-fmbn Db¿∂p.
]n∂oSv ]e Iº-n-Ifpw sF.-]n. Sn.-hn.bpsS h‡m-°-fm-bn.
AXn¬ {][m--s∏-´-XmWv ACT sSen-hn-j≥; Aksh Optifibres
Control, My Way Smart Box XpS-ßn-b-h- Sn.-hn. e`y-am°n hcp-∂p≠v.
kvam¿´v sh_v 49

Sn.-hn. ˛ sSe-t^mWn
Sn.-hn. bptSbpw sSen-t^m-Wn-t‚bpw IqSn-t®-c¬ (Conver-
gence) sSen-t^m-¨ k¿∆o-kp-Iƒ°v hyXykvX Ap-`hw
krjvSn°pw. ]pXp-a-bp≈ AtIw tkh--ßƒ D]-tbm-‡m-
°ƒ°v ap∂n¬ Xpd-∂n-ń-cn-°p∂p CXn-eqsS sF.-]n. Sn.-hn.
tImf¿ sF.-Un. Hm¨ Sn.-hn.
ΩpsS sSen-t^m¨ tImfp-Iƒ Sn.-hn.-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-
tºmƒ C≥I-anwKv tImfns‚ hnh-c-ßƒ Sn.-hn.-bpsS kv{Io-n¬ e`y-
am-Ipw. hnfn-°p∂ Bfns‚ º¿ am{X-a√ t^mt´mbpw hnh-c-ßfpw
3Un cq]-Øn¬ Zriy-am-Ip-∂Xv Hcp hyXykvX Ap-`-h-am-bn-cn-°pw.
F∂v n w-ibw ]d-bmw. Hcp tImƒ hcp-∂Xv Sn.-hn.-bn¬ t{]m{Kmw
I≠p-sIm-≠n-cn°p-tºmƒ BsW-¶n¬ B t{]m{Kmw Bt´m-am-‰n-
°mbn sk¿∆-dn¬ tkhv Bhp-Ibpw ]n∂oSv XpS¿∂p ImWp-Ibpw
sNømw. IqSmsX bqk¿ A°u-≠n¬ bqk-dpsS Hcp sSen-t^m¨
Ub-d-IvSdn krjvSn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p∂p F∂Xpw Sn.-hn. sSen-
t^m-Wn-bn¬ km[n-°p-∂p.
tImƒ dqńwKv
ap≥Iqń {Iao-I-cn-®p-h-®n-cn-°p∂ sat -Pp-Iƒ hnf-n-°p∂
Bƒ°v adp-]-Sn-bmbn ¬Ip-hm≥ km[n-°p∂ coXn-sb-bmWv tImƒ
dqńwKv F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Ønv “Do not disturb” F∂
thmbvkvtImƒ, As√-¶n¬ “Out of Station”îF∂ sat Pv Bt´m-am-
‰n°mbn Hcp ºcn-tebvt°m Hcp {Kq∏n-tebvt°m As√-¶n¬ GXv
tImfn-te-bv°ptam tImƒ hcp-tºmƒ Ab-bv°p∂ coXn-bn¬ {Iao-
I-cn®p hbv°mw.
IqSmsX ssSa¿ sk‰v sNbvXv Hcp {]tXy-I-k-a-bsØ tImfp-
Iƒ tªm°v sNøp-Itbm B ka-bØv hcp∂ tImfp-IfpsS
C≥^¿-ta-j-p-Iƒ ]n∂oSv e`y-am-°p-Itbm sNømw. DZm-l-c-W-
Ønv Hcp CjvS-s∏´ Sn.-hn. t{]m{Kmw ka-bØv Hcp tImfp-Ifpw
kzoI-cn-°msX ]n∂oSv AXnv adp-]Sn ¬Imw.
{]o˛-sk‰v sat -Pp-Iƒ A√msX dnb¬ ssSan¬ Xs∂ dntam´v
D]-tbm-Kn®v Bh-iy-am-bh Xnc-kv°-cn-°p-Itbm kzoI-cn-°p-Itbm
kvam¿´v sh_v50

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sNøp-hm≥ km[n°pw. IqSmsX CjvS-s∏´ Sn.-hn. kocn-b-ens‚
ka-btam As√¶n¬ knn-a-bpsS ¢n∏nwtKm Hcp Iq´p-Im-cv Ab-
®p- ¬Iphmpw Abmƒ Sn.-hn. HmWm-°p-tºmƒ enÃv sNbvXv
ImWn-°p-hm-p-sams° CXn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. Hcp thmbvkv Ft-
_nƒUv Ub-d-IvSdn km[n°pw F∂-XmWv as‰mcp {]tXy-I-X.
hoUntbm ˛ tIm¨^-d≥kp-Iƒ
apJm-apJw tm°n hoUntbm tImfp-Iƒ Hcp sh_vIym-a-d-
bpsS klm-b-tØmsS km[y-am-Ip-∂p. (CXv ne-hn-ep≈ hoUntbm
Nm‰nw-Knv kam--am-Wv). ChnsS CXv IqSp-X¬ C‚-dm-IvSohv BIp-
∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Ønv Hcp]c-ky-Øn¬ dntam´v D]-tbm-Kn®v ¢n°v
sNbvXv Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ°mbn B I-º-n-bpsS
IÃ-a¿ FIvkn-Iyp-´ohpambn Hcp hoUntbm Nm‰nwKv / tIm¨^-
d≥knwKv km[y-am-°mw. IqSmsX Hcp dnb¬ ssSw sU-tam, Abm-
fpsS Iº-n-bpsS t{]mU-IvSns e`y-am-°p-hmpw a- n-em-°p-
hmpw km[n-°p-∂p.
IP TV vs DTH
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ DTH IPTV
]nIvN¿ Izmfn‰n Un.-hn.-Un.-am{Xw Un.-hn.-Un-tb-°mƒ anI-®Xv
sh¬°w kv{Io≥ ssehv Nm-en¬ XpSßn√ CjvS-s∏´ Nm-en¬XpSßmw
Ip´n-I-fpsS Nm¬ ÿmw kulm¿±-]-c-a√ InUvkv C‚-d-mIvSohv
ssehv Sn.-hn. ]cn-an-Xw (<150) Bbn-c-Ønv apI-fn¬
aqhn Hm¨ Unam‚ v n›n-X-k-a-bØv F√m-bvt∏mgpw
ayqknIv Hm¨ Unam‚ v t{_mUvImÃvtdmUntbm F√m k-a-bhpw
sKbnw Hm¨ Unam‚ v temF≥Uv sKbn-ap-Iƒ sslIzm-fn‰n sKbn-ap-Iƒ
FUyp-t°-j≥ Hm¨ Unam‚v ]cn-an-X-amb C‚¿ BIvSn-hn‰n ]q¿Æ-amb C‚-dm-IvSn-hn‰n
C‚¿s‰v Bπn-t°-j-p-Iƒ km[y-a√ sabn≥ & Nm‰v
Fkv. Fw. Fkv. km[y-a√ Sn.-hn.-bn¬ km[yw
Sn°-‰p-Iƒ hnh-c-ßƒ am{Xw Sn°‰v _p°v sNømw
]n.-F≥.-B¿ Ãm‰kv apX-em-bh
tPymXnjw km[-m-cW{]hN-ßƒ hy‡n-K-X-s]m-cp-Øw.
kvam¿´v sh_v 51

Npcp-°-Øn¬
atm-c-RvPw ]W-w sIm≠v Af-°p-hm≥ km[y-a-√. Cu
ImeL´-Øn¬ hnPvRm--Ønpw hntm-Z-Øn-p-ambn ka-bhpw
]Whpw apS-°p-hm≥ temI-Øn¬ GXv ]cn-jvIrX kaq-lhpw Xøm-
dm-Ipw. Sn.hn.sb shdp-samcp “hnUvVn-s∏´n”î F∂p hnfn®n-cp∂
Ime-Øp-n∂pw Nn¥n-°p-∂, Nn¥n-∏n-°p-∂, kwh-Zn-°p∂ C‚-
dmIvSohv t_mIvkmbn amdp-∂p. C¥y-sb-t∏mse hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-
fmWv CXns‚ D]-tbm-‡m-°ƒ. AtIw Iº-n-Iƒ CXn-mbn
tImSn-Iƒ apS-°p-∂p. -`m-hn-bn¬ Sn.hn.I≠v kabw If-b-cpsX∂v
Hcp amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw ]d-bp-I-bn-√.ImcWw Sn.-hn.-bm-bn-cn°pw
hn⁄m--Øn-t‚bpw hntm-Z-Øn-t‚bpw F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b.
kvam¿´v sh_v52

21˛mw q‰m≠v Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-tSbpw, Iºyq-
´-dp-I-fp-tS-bpw, KmUvP-‰p-I-fp-tSbpw Ime-L-´-am-Wv. B taJe-bn¬
thK-Xbpw i‡nbpw h¿≤n-®-t∏mƒ AXp-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Du¿÷
{]Xn-k‘n Hcp {][m hnj-b-ambn ne-n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. Im¿_¨
Fan-j≥, BtKmf Xm]-w, Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bmw XpS-ßnb
{]iv-ßsf√mw man-t∏mƒ tcn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn°p-I-bm-Wv. CXnv Imc-
W-ambn ap°v apºnencn-°p∂ sUkvIvtSm-∏pw, em]vtSm-∏p-sams°
Iq´p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-sW∂v ]d-™m¬ H´pw AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bn-√.
IºyqńwKv dntkmgv-kp-IfpsS Imcy-£aamb D]-tbm-K-Øn-
tebv°pw AXn-te-bv°p≈ ]T--Øn-tebv°pw hnc¬
Nq≠p∂XmWv {Ko≥ Iºyq-ńw-Kv. IºyqńwKv dntkmgv-kp-Iƒ D≠m-
°p∂ A]-I-S-c-amb {]`mhw Ipd-bv°p-∂Xp Iq-SmsX, kmºØn-
I-am-bpw, kmaq-ln-I-ambn {]Xn-_-≤-X-bp-≈-Xp-amb Hcp Iq´w Imcy-
ß-fp-ambn CXv _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. F∂ph®m¬ ]cn-ÿnXn°p
tZmj-I-c-a-√mØ LS-I-ßƒ n¿Ωm-W-L-´-Øn¬ Xs∂ D]-tbm-
kvam¿´v sh_v 53

Kn-°pI, ]p¿Nw-{I-aWw S-Øm≥ km[n-°p∂ Itºm-W‚p-Iƒ
D]-tbmKn-°p-I, _tbmUnt{K-U-_nƒ Iºyq-´¿, Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv
]m¿´p-I-ƒ n¿Ωn-°p-I, AXp-aqew Du¿÷-kw-c-£Ww km[y-am-
°p-I, Im¿_¨ Fan-j≥ nb-{¥n-°p-I, hnjmwi ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ
Hgn-hm-°pI F∂o -e-£y-ßƒ {Ko≥ Iºyq-ńw-Kn-p-≠v.
t{]mk- nwKv ]h¿, kv]oUv XpS-ßnb hn`m-K-ß-fn-se√mw
Iºyq-´¿ hfsc apt∂-dn-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-Øn-p-
X-Ip∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ Hcp ne-]mSv ]e-t∏mgpw km[y-am-bn-ń√ F∂p-
Xs∂ ]d-bmw.
IºyqńwKv D]-I-c-W-ß-f-ptSbpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]-I-c-W-
ß-fp-tSbpw D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°pI F∂Xv {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-√. adn®v
Cu `qan-bpsS ne-n¬∏npw Du¿÷ {]Xn-k-‘n-°pw Hcp Xmßmbn
Itºm-W‚p-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu atm-
lc temIw Ipd-®p-Imew IqSn ne-n¿Øp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. AXn-
mbn F¿Pn F^njy‚ v CFL/LED _ƒ_p-Iƒ apX¬ Ft°m-
{^≠ven tU‰msk‚-dp-Iƒ°v hsc hen-sbmcp ]¶v hln-°p-
hmp≠v.
Electronic Product Enviornmental AssessmentTool (EPEAT) Iºyq´¿
t{]mU-IvSp-I-fpsS Imcy-£a-Xbpw Bbp pw h¿≤n-∏n-°phm-mbn
BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ {i≤-n°p∂ Hcp Sqf-mWv. CØcw hn`m-K-Øn¬
Unssk≥ sNøp∂ Itºm-W‚p-Iƒ Du¿÷ D]-t`mKw Ipd-hp-
≈Xpw ]cn-]m-ew Ipd-®p-am{Xw Bh-iy-am-bXpw dossk-¢nw-Knv
km[y-X-bp-≈-Xp-am-Wv. CØcw Sqfp-Iƒ {Ko≥ IºyqńwKn¬ Hcp
henb apX¬°q-´m-Wv.
Iºyq´dpI-f-ptSbpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]-I-c-W-ß-f-p-tSbpw
n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ òa-amb coXn-bn¬ seUv (Cu-bw), ImUvan-bw,
sa¿°pdn F∂o hnj-a-bhpw ap-jy-i-co-c-Ønv lmn-I-c-am-b-Xp-
amb ]e sIan-°-ep-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v. `qan-bn¬ D¬∏m-Zn-
∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cub-Øns‚ A©n¬ c≠v `m-Khpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv
D]-I-c-W-ßƒ n¿Ωn-°p-hm-mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv F∂Xv sΩ
A¤p-X-s∏-SpØpw. AØcw sIan-°-ep-Iƒ Ipd®v, _tbm-Un-t{K-
U-_nƒ Itºm-W-‚pIƒ IqSp-X¬ D]tbm-Kn®v `qan-bnse aen-o-I-
cWw Ipd-bv°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-∂Xv {Ko≥ Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ apt∂-‰-
ambn IW-°m-°mw.
kvam¿´v sh_v54

Ipd®v Ncn{Xw
{]I-S-amb coXn-bn¬ BZy-ambn {Ko≥ IºyqńwKv Bibw
Bhn¿`-hn-®Xv "F¿Pn Ãm¿' t{]m{Km-an-eq-sS-bm-Wv.
Du¿÷ D]-t`mKw Ipd-bv°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Imcy-£-aX
h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hmpw IºyqńwKv / CeIvt{SmWnIv t{]mU-IvSp-I-fn¬
Iºn Xs∂ kzta-[bm ¬In-h∂ {]Xo-Im-fl-I-amb Hcp te_-
emWv "F¿Pn Ãm¿' temtKm. Iºyq-´¿ tamWn-‰-dp-I-fnepw sSen-
hn-j≥ sk‰p-I-fnepw F.kn., a‰v sSº-td-®¿ I¨t{Sm-ƒ Unssh-
kp-I-f-nepw CXv D]-tbm-Kn®phcp-∂p. Iºyq-´dpI-fnepw sSen-hn-j-
p-I-fn-ep-sams° …o∏v tamUv, Ãm‚ v ss_ tamUv F∂n-hbpw
Hcp n›nX kabw D]-tbm-‡mhv Hcp {]h¿Ø-hpw S-Øp-∂n√
F¶n¬ F¿Pn tkhv tamUn-tebv°v Xntb oßp∂ {]{Inbbpw
hfsc apºp-Xs∂ Unssh-kp-I-fn¬ e`y-am-Wv.
CØcw {]{In-b-bn-eqsSsbms° {Ko≥ Iºyq-ńw-Kv hf¿∂p.
C∂v Xn≥ ¢b‚ v skmeq-j≥, F¿Pn tImÃv A°u≠nwKv ,
sh¿®zsse-tk-j≥ sk¿∆¿, C˛thÃv ]p¿N-w{I-aWw XpS-ßnb
taJ-e-I-fn¬ FØn-n¬°p-∂p.
ne-hn¬
Bh-iy-an-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ tamWn-‰¿ Hm^v sNøp-I, kn.B¿.Sn.-
tam-Wn-‰-dp-Iƒ°v ]Icw LCD/LED tamWn-‰-dp-I-fƒ IqSp-X-embn D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-I, sk¿∆¿ sh¿®z-sse-tk-j≥ {]tbm-K-Øn-em-°p-I,
IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-ahpw i_vZ-c-ln-X-hp-amb IqfnwKv knkv‰w D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-I (hm-´¿ IqfnwKv knÃw), lo‰v kn¶v, ^mp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-
b-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-®p-sIm≠p hcn-I, tU‰m sk‚-dp-Iƒ
]cn-kn-Yn-Xn-°-p-kr-X-ambn Unssk≥ sNøpI XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv
ne-hn¬ {Ko≥ Iºyq-ńw-Kv {]h¿Ø--ßƒ.
{Ko≥ ]n. kn.
hfsc Ipd®v ]h¿ D]-t`m-Khpw IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-ahpw
]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-hpw, sabn‚-≥kv {ôbp-amb Hcp t]gvk-W¬
Iºyq-´-dns ap°v {Ko≥ ]n. kn. F∂v hnfn-°mw.-]q¿Æ-ambpw
_tbm-Un-t{K-U-_nƒ Itºm-W‚p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ
kvam¿´v sh_v 55

n¿Ωn-°pI F∂Xv {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-s√-¶nepw henb coXn-bn-ep≈
Hcp apt∂‰w Cu taJ-e-bn¬ S-°p-∂p-≠v. CØcw ]n. kn. IfpsS
KpWw kmaq-ln-I-]-c-ambpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambpw am{X-a√ Hcp D]-
tbm-‡m-hnv kmº-Øn-I-]-c-ambn em`hpw ¬Ipw F∂v sXfn-bn-
°-s∏´p Ign-™p.
{Ko≥ ]n.kn. Itºm-W‚p-Iƒ
t{]mk- -dp-Iƒ : Ft∏mgpw t{]mk- ¿ n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ
Hcp t{]mk- dns‚ ap≥Km-an-tb-°mfpw anI-®-Xpw, i‡n-tb-dn-bXpw
]h¿ D]-t`mKw Ipd-hp-≈-Xp-a-mb Unssh-kp-Iƒ n¿Ωn-°m≥ {ian-
°m-dp-≠v. ]t£ ]et∏mgpw D]-tbm-‡m-°m-fmb Ωƒ ΩpsS
Bh-iy-sa¥v F∂pw F{X-sb∂pw a- n-em-°-mdn-√. ΩpsS D]-
tbm-K-Ønpw Bπn-t°jp-a-p-k-cn®v t{]mk- dpIƒ sXc-s™-
Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ KWy-amb coXn-bn¬ F¿Pnbpw ]Whpw em`n-
°m≥ km[n-°pw.
am¿°-‰n¬ e`y-am-bn-cn-°p∂ G‰hpw i‡n-tb-dnb t{]mk-
dpIƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°m-mWv ap°v shº¬. DZm-l-c-W-Ønv
sNdnb tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ d¨ sNøp∂Xnpw thUv t{]mk-
knw-Knpw a‰pw henb ]h¿^pƒ t{]mk- dpIfpsS Bhiyan√.
AXm-bXv A{]Imcw Bh-iy-ß-fp≈ Hcp ]n.kn.bn¬ C‚-ens‚
"B‰w' t{]mk- dpIƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ GI-tZiw 20watts Bh-
iy-ap-≈-t∏mƒ AtX D]-tbm-K-Ønv Hcp s]‚nbw 4 t{]mk- dpIƒ
AXv 75watts Bbn Db-cpw. AXm-bXv Htc ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ D]-
tbm-K-Ønpw 50% ˛¬ A[nIw ]h¿ Am-h-iy-ambn ]mgm-°n-°-
f-bp-I-bm-Wv. s]¿t^m¿a≥kn¬ Imcy-amb Hcp hyXn-bm-hpw D≠m-
Ip-∂n√ F∂v a- n-em-°p-hmpw km[n-°pw. Cßs em`n-°p∂
F¿Pn Hcp h¿jw F{X-am{Xw sshZypXn em`n-°p-sa∂v Btem-
Nn-®p-tm-°pI. henb Bπn-t°j-p-Iƒ°v aƒńtIm¿ t{]mk-
dpIƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂Xv IqSp-X¬ t{]mk- nwKv,
Ipd™ F¿Pn D]-tbm-Kn®v tSp-hm≥ km[n-°pw.
aZ¿t_m¿Uv : {Ko≥ IºyqńwKns‚ apt∂-‰-Øn¬ Hcp henb ]¶v
n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Itºm-W‚mWv aZ¿t_m¿Up-Iƒ.
aZ¿t_m¿Uv n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ F√m L´-Ønepw ]h¿ tkhnw-Kn-
s-∏‰n Xo£vW-ambn Nn¥n®v {Inbm-fl-I-amb {]h¿Ø--ßƒ sNøp-
kvam¿´v sh_v56

∂-h-cm-Wv. {]i-kvX-amb aZ¿t_m¿Up n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fmb "Akqkn'
s‚ F¿Pn t{]mk- nwKv AXn-smcpØa DZml-c-W-am-Wv.íB
C‚-en-P‚ v knÃw Sqƒ kn.]n.bp. hns‚ bYm¿∞ temUv a- n-
em°n Bh-iy-ambXpw IrXy-ambXpamb dKp-te‰Uv ]h¿ ¬Ip-
hm≥ {]m]vX-am-Wv.
AØcw aZ¿t_m¿Up-Ifpw km[m-cW aZ¿t_m¿Up-Ifpw
XΩn¬ 20watt ¬ A[nIw ]h¿ D]-t`mK hyXymkw ne-n¬°p∂p
F∂Xv X≈n-°-f-bm-m-ImØ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. Akqkv t]mse
a‰p {]ap-J-I-º-n-Ifpw CØcw aZ¿t_m¿Up-Iƒ n¿Ωn-°p∂p
F∂Xv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ KpW-I-c-amb Hcp- am-‰-ØnpX-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.
DZm-l-c-W-Ønv Hcp Iº-n-bn¬ 100 sajop-Iƒ Ds≠-∂n-cns°
Cu Itºm-W‚p-Iƒ aqew Hcp h¿jw GI-tZiw 80,000 cq]-tbmfw
Ce-Iv{Sn-kn‰n Nm¿÷v C-Øn¬ em`n-°m≥ km[n°pw F∂Xv
sNdnb- Im-cy-a-√.
tamWn-‰-dp-Iƒ : ne-hn-ep≈ Unkvtπ bqWn-‰p-Iƒ {][m--s∏-´-h-
bmWv kn.B¿.-Sn-.bpw, F¬.-kn.-Un-bpw. `mcn-®Xpw hen-∏w aqew
sIm≠p--S-°m≥ _p≤n-ap-´v am{X-hp-a√ kn.-B¿.-Sn. tamWn-‰-dp-I-fpsS
Aku-I-cyw. LCD/LED tamWn-‰-dp-I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ
Du¿÷ D]-t`m-K-Øn¬ `oa-amb hyXym-k-amWv ne-n¬°p-∂-Xv.-
Hcp 17’’ kn. B¿. Sn. tamWn-‰-dnv 72 watts Bhiy-sa-¶n¬ AtX
hen-∏-Øn-ep≈ F¬.kn.-Un. tamWn-‰-dnv AXns‚ aq∂n-sem∂v ]h¿
D]-t`mKw (20watts) am{Xta Bh-iy-ap-≈q. A{]-Imcw Hcp cmPy-
Øns‚ Du¿÷ kºØv kwc-£n-°p∂p F∂v am{X-a√ henb
coXn-bn¬ t]m°-‰nse ]Whpw em`n-°mw.
lm¿Uv Unkv°v : ΩpsS hne-s∏´ tU‰-Iƒ kpc-£n-X-ambpw
G‰hpw Ipd™ F¿Pn D]-t`m-K-Ønepw kq£n-t°-≠Xv Bh-
iy-am-Wv. ln‰m-®n, kotK‰v XpS-ßn-bh ]e {]-apJ lm¿Uv Unkv°v
n¿ΩmW Iº-n-Ifpw hfsc apºp-Xs∂ C{]-Imcw Nn¥n-®p-Xp-S-
ßn-bn-´p-≠v. Ch-cpsS AUzm≥kv ]h¿ amt-Pvsa‚ v knkv‰w, knÃw
sFUn¬ (Idle) Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ hfsc Ipd®v ]h¿ am{X-ta -D-]-
tbm-Kn-°p-I-bp≈q. lm¿UvUnkv°p-Iƒ …o∏v tamUn-tebv°v am‰p-
Ibpw a‰pw sNøp-∂Xv IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-ahpw em`I-c-hp-amb
Du¿÷ D]-t`mKw km[y-am-°pw. ln‰m-®n-bpsS lm¿Uv UnkvIpIƒ
ne-hn-ep-≈-h-tb-°mƒ 40% F¿Pn F^n-jy‚ v Unssh-kp-I-fm-
kvam¿´v sh_v 57

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