Wireless Ad Hoc Networking Lecture Notes

1. Wireless Ad Hoc Network
Done By
Sultan A. Al-Ghamdi (200335210)
Feras Al-Shahwan (200323750)
•http://www.tutorialspoint.com
•http://en.kioskea.net
•http://www.tomax7.com
•http://www.tutorialspoint.com
•http://www.ecsl.cs.sunysb.edu
•http://www.computingunplugged.com
•http://en.wikipedia.org
•http://www.computingunplugged.com
•http://common.ziffdavisinternet.com
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Electrical Engineering Department
EE 400 – Communication Networks

2. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 IEEE802.11 standards
 Open system interconnection model
 Physical layer
 Datalink layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Comparsion Between Ad hoc and
Infrastructure Network Topologies
 Applications and future implantation
 Conclusion

3. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 IEEE802.11 standards
 Open system interconnection model
 Physical layer
 Datalink layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Comparsion Between Ad hoc and
Infrastructure Network Topologies
 Applications and future implantation
 Conclusion

4. Introduction
 Wireless Network Topology
Basic Service Set
Independent Basic Service Set

5. Introduction
What is Ad hoc Networks?
 Peer to peer communication by use of Wi-Fi
technology without passing through an access
point (AP)

6. Introduction
Why Ad hoc Networks?
 No infrastructure needed
 Can be deployed quickly, where there is no
wireless communication infrastructure present
 Can act as an extension to existing networks
 Cost-effective
 Adaptive computing and self-configuring

7. IEEE802.11 standards
Wi-Fi 802.11a/g)
Wi-Fi (802.11b)
Freature
Wireless LAN
Wireless LAN
Primary Application
2.4 GHz ISM (g) 5 GHz U-NII(a)
2.4 GHz ISM
Frequency Band
20 MHz
25 MHz
Channel Bandwidth
Half
Half
Half/Full Duplex
OFDM (64-channels)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Radio Technology
<=2.7 bps/Hz
<=0.44 bps/Hz
Bandwidth Efficiency
BPSK, QPSK,16-, 64-QAM
QPSK
Modulation
Convolution Code
None
FEC
Optional- RC4 (AES in 802.11i)
Optional- RC4 (AES in 802.11i)
Encryption
In development
In development
Mobility
Vendor Proprietary
Vendor Proprietary
Mesh
CSMA/CA
CSMA/CA
Access Protocol

8. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 IEEE802.11 standards
 Open system interconnection model
 Physical layer
 Datalink layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Comparsion Between Ad hoc and
Infrastructure Network Topologies
 Applications and future implantation
 Conclusion

9. Open System Interconnection
Model

10. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 IEEE802.11 standards
 Open system interconnection model
 Physical layer
 Datalink layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Comparsion Between Ad hoc and
Infrastructure Network Topologies
 Applications and future implantation
 Conclusion

11. Physical Layer
 Function
 Modulation
 Types of Modulation
 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

12. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 IEEE802.11 standards
 Open system interconnection model
 Physical layer
 Datalink layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Comparsion Between Ad hoc and
Infrastructure Network Topologies
 Applications and future implantation
 Conclusion

13. Datalink layer
 Functions
 Ensures that data is transferred correctly
between adjacent network nodes
 Detect and correct errors that may occur in the
Physical layer.
 Protocols
 The Logical Link Control layer (LLC)
 provides multiplexing and flow control mechanisms that make it
possible for multi network protocols to correlate with multipoint
network
 The Media Access Control layer (MAC)
 The carrier sense multiple access collision avoidance method
(CSMA/CA)
 Point Coordination Function (PCF)

14. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 IEEE802.11 standards
 Open system interconnection model
 Physical layer
 Datalink layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Comparsion Between Ad hoc and
Infrastructure Network Topologies
 Applications and future implantation
 Conclusion

15. Network Layer
 Functions
 performs the process of exchanging
information from one node to the other
nodes of the network.

 Protocols
 Pro-active routing protocol (table-driven)
 on demand routing protocol
 Adaptive routing (situation-aware)
 Flooding routing protocol
 Deflection routing protocol

16. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 IEEE802.11 standards
 Open system interconnection model
 Physical layer
 Datalink layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Comparsion Between Ad hoc and
Infrastructure Network Topologies
 Applications and future implantation
 Conclusion

17. Transport Layer
 Functions
 The purpose of this layer is manipulating two processes
in two different nodes.

 Protocols
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 UDP is a message-based connectionless protocol.
 no effort to set up a reserved end-to-end connection.
 Communication is done by transmitting information in one
direction
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 TCP is a connection oriented service
 TCP Provides reliable byte stream between two processes in two
different machines.
 Sequence number is attached to keep a track to ingoing and
outgoing packets.
 TCP protocols ensure that the data transfer is guaranteed.

18. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 IEEE802.11 standards
 Open system interconnection model
 Physical layer
 Datalink layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Comparsion Between Ad hoc and Infrastructure
Network Topologies
 Applications and future implantation
 Conclusion

19. April 2, 2024 19
Comparison of Ad hoc and Infrastructure
Network Topologies
 Scalability:
 To scale up a wireless infrastructure network, the number of APs
is increased to expand the coverage area or to increase the
capacity
 In ad hoc networks, it depends on the routing protocol
 Flexibility:
 Operation of infrastructure networks is very expensive
 Ad hoc network is very flexible
 Controllability:
 Infrastructure network centrally controlled and synchronized
 In ad hoc networks there is no centralized administration
 Therefore, infrastructure network is more controllable than ad
hoc

20. April 2, 2024 20
 Routing Complexity:
 In ad hoc network, each node must act a router. There is a need for
routing algorithms that directs the info to the appropriate next hop
 This problem does not exist in infrastructure network
 Coverage:
 In ad hoc, coverage of the network is an issue of concern
 The max distance between two nodes is the max transmission range
of the nodes
 In infrastructure network, two nodes communicate through AP
 The max distance is twice range of the coverage of a single wireless
modem
Comparison of Ad hoc and Infrastructure
Network Topologies

21. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 IEEE802.11 standards
 Open system interconnection model
 Physical layer
 Datalink layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Comparsion Between Ad hoc and Infrastructure
Network Topologies
 Applications and future implantation
 Conclusion

22. April 2, 2024 22
Applications and future implantation
 Personal area networking
 cell phone, laptop, ear phone, wrist watch
 Military environments
 soldiers, tanks, planes
 Civilian environments
 taxi cab network
 meeting rooms
 sports stadiums
 boats, small aircraft
 Emergency operations
 search-and-rescue
 policing and fire fighting

23. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 IEEE802.11 standards
 Open system interconnection model
 Physical layer
 Datalink layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Comparsion Between Ad hoc and Infrastructure
Network Topologies
 Applications and future implantation
 Conclusion

24. Conclusion
 Ad hoc network is infrastructure
less networks
 Based on Wi-Fi technology
 Good solution for temporary
application
 Cost efficient.