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Zellbiologie
Themenübersicht EF 2018/19
DIE ZELLE
Alle Organismen, egal wie groß vermehren sich über
Einzelzellen (Sporen, Spermien- , Eizellen)
„Zellen gehen aus Zellen hervor“ (Virchow, 1855)
Also: was sind Zellen?
Sie sind:
„Die kleinste selbständige Einheit in der sich sämtliche
Grundfunktionen des Lebens nachzuweisen sind“
Demnach sind Viren keine Zellen!
LEBENSERSCHEINUNGEN DER ZELLE
VERMEHRUNG/VERERBUNG
- DNA Replikation, Mitose/Meiose
METABOLISMUS/STOFFWECHSEL
- Energiegewinnung (Glykolyse; TCA-Zyklus)
- Syntheseleistung (Proteine, Kohlenhydrate, Lipide)
STOFFTRANSPORT
- Permeation
- Endozytose/Exocytose
REIZBARKEIT
- Sensoren (Rezeptoren)
BEWEGUNG
- von Zellen, von Zelloberflächen, intrazelluläre Bewegungen
PERIODIZITÄT
- Tages- , Monats- Jahresrhythmen
GIBT ES EINE „MINIMALE“ ZELLE?
Ja: die MYCOPLASMEN
- kleine Genomgröße: 600-1400 bp
- keine Zellwand
- keine internen Membranen
- pleiomorph
ZELLEN MIT UND OHNE KERN
ZELLEN OHNE KERN
a. Immer: DIE PROKARYOTEN
b. End-Differenzierungsstadium bei einigen EUKARYOTEN
z.B. Erythrozyten, Siebrohrelemente
ZELLEN MIT KERN
a. Mit einem Kern: EUKARYOTEN
b. Mit mehreren Kernen: COENOCYTEN (Eukaryoten)
PROKARYOTISCHE ZELLEN
Eine Pflanzenzelle
Eine Tierzelle
Kompartimentierung – Die Zellorganelle
Membranumschlossene
Organelle
Zellkern (2)
Vesikel (4)
Raues endoplasmatisches Reticulum (ER,
5) Golgi-Apparat (6)
Glattes ER (8)
Mitochondrien (9)
Lysosom (10)
Peroxisomen (12)
Strukturen ohne Membran
Nukleolus (1)
Ribosomen (3)
Mikrotubuli (7)
Zentriolen (13)
Zellorganelle sind umgeben von Membranen
DER ZELLZYKLUS
Mitose folgt Zellwachstum, aber nicht immer!
ZELLWACHSTUM BEI PFLANZEN HAT
EINE OSMOTISCHE KOMPONENTE
d.h Volumen-Vergrößerung ≠ Plasmawachstum
SPEZIALISIERUNG VON ZELLEN: 1- TIERE
- In ausgewachsenen Säugetieren gibt es etwa 200 verschiedene Zelltypen
DIE ZAHL, GESTALT UND VERTEILUNG VON
ORGANELLEN BESTIMMEN DEN ZELLTYP
SPEZIALISIERUNG VON ZELLEN - 2: PFLANZEN
-Verhältnismäßig wenig Zelltypen bei der
höheren Pflanze: max. 20
KÖNNEN ZELLEN MITEINANDER KOMMUNIZIEREN?
Nur zwischen Epithelzellen Zwischen fast allen Zellen der
höheren Pflanze
Sind sie deshalb wirklich
Zellen?
DIREKT: DURCH CYTOPLASMATISCHE VERBINDUNGEN
ZELLKOMMUNIKATION BEI TIEREN
INDIREKT: DURCH SIGNAL-MOLEKULE
PRINZIP DER SIGNALÜBERTRAGUNG
KALZIUM UND INOSITOLTRIPHOSPHAT
ALS VERMITTLER VON SIGNALÜBERTRAGUNGEN
KALZIUM-HOMEOSTASE WIRD DURCH
PUMPEN GEWÄHRLEISTET

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Zellbiologie_EF_Uebersicht.pdf