4. Fig. 21-2-4 Cytogenetic map Genes located by FISH Chromosome bands Linkage mapping 1 2 3 Genetic markers Physical mapping Overlapping fragments DNA sequencing Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
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6. Fig. 21-3-3 Cut the DNA into overlapping fragments short enough for sequencing 1 2 3 4 Clone the fragments in plasmid or phage vectors. Sequence each fragment. Order the sequences into one overall sequence with computer software.
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8. By summer 2007, genomes had been sequenced for 500 bacteria, 45 archaea, and 65 eukaryotes including vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants
13. Fig. 21-7 Exons (regions of genes coding for protein or giving rise to rRNA or tRNA) (1.5%) Repetitive DNA that includes transposable elements and related sequences (44%) Introns and regulatory sequences (24%) Unique noncoding DNA (15%) Repetitive DNA unrelated to transposable elements (15%) L1 sequences (17%) Alu elements (10%) Simple sequence DNA (3%) Large-segment duplications (5–6%)
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15. Fig. 21-9 Transposon New copy of transposon Insertion Transposon is copied Mobile transposon DNA of genome (a) Transposon movement (“copy-and-paste” mechanism) Retrotransposon New copy of retrotransposon Insertion Reverse transcriptase RNA (b) Retrotransposon movement Animation Quiz 5 - Transposons : Shifting Segments of the Genome