1. Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity AP Chapter 26

2. The Tree of Life

6. Fig. 26-3 Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Archaea Domain: Eukarya Bacteria

8. Fig. 26-4 Species Canis lupus Pantherapardus Taxidea taxus Lutra lutra Canis latrans Order Family Genus Carnivora Felidae Mustelidae Canidae Canis Lutra Taxidea Panthera

10. Fig. 26-5 Sister taxa ANCESTRAL LINEAGE Taxon A Polytomy Common ancestor of taxa A–F Branch point (node) Taxon B Taxon C Taxon D Taxon E Taxon F

14. Fig. 26-7

18. Fig. 26-8 Deletion Insertion 1 2 3 4

20. Fig. 26-9

23. Fig. 26-10 A A A B B B C C C D D D E E E F F F G G G Group III Group II Group I (a) Monophyletic group (clade) (b) Paraphyletic group (c) Polyphyletic group

25. Fig. 26-11 TAXA Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Salamander Leopard Turtle Tuna Vertebral column (backbone) Hinged jaws Four walking legs Amniotic (shelled) egg CHARACTERS Hair (a) Character table Hair Hinged jaws Vertebral column Four walking legs Amniotic egg (b) Phylogenetic tree Salamander Leopard Turtle Lamprey Tuna Lancelet (outgroup) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

28. Fig. 26-12 Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Human Chicken Mouse

30. Fig. 26-13 Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Human Chicken Mouse CENOZOIC Present 65.5 MESOZOIC 251 Millions of years ago PALEOZOIC 542

33. Fig. 26-14 Human 15% Tree 1: More likely Tree 2: Less likely (b) Comparison of possible trees 15% 15% 5% 5% 10% 25% 20% 40% 40% 30% 0 0 0 (a) Percentage differences between sequences Human Mushroom Mushroom Tulip Tulip

38. Fig. 26-19 Divergence time (millions of years) Number of mutations 120 90 90 60 60 30 30 0 0

43. Fig. 26-21 Fungi EUKARYA Trypanosomes Green algae Land plants Red algae Forams Ciliates Dinoflagellates Diatoms Animals Amoebas Cellular slime molds Leishmania Euglena Green nonsulfur bacteria Thermophiles Halophiles Methanobacterium Sulfolobus ARCHAEA COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE BACTERIA (Plastids, including chloroplasts) Green sulfur bacteria (Mitochondrion) Cyanobacteria Chlamydia Spirochetes

46. Fig. 26-23 Archaea Bacteria Eukarya