Symposium Laudato Si Presentation
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Symposium Laudato Si Presentation
- 1. Our World in 2017 The Status of Social Progress
- 3. 3 4th January 1934: The Kuznets Report
- 4. 4 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Kuznets’ Warning “The welfare of a nation can, therefore, scarcely be inferred from a measurement of national income as defined above.”
- 5. 5 Social Progress Index component-level framework
- 7. 7 Realizing the promise of the Sustainable Development Goals The Social Progress Index captures outcomes related to 16 of the 17 SDGs in a simple but rigorous framework designed for aggregation, making it an invaluable proxy measure of SDG performance, particularly for areas where official indicators do not exist
- 8. The world average score is 64.85 But progress is uneven 8 World performance on the Social Progress Index and component scores
- 9. The world average score rose from 63.19 in 2014 to 64.85 in 2017 – a 2.6% increase 9 World performance on the Social Progress Index and component scores
- 10. 10 The world continues to improve areas that were the top focus of the UN Millennium Development Goals Nutrition and Basic Medical Care, Access to Basic Knowledge, and Water and Sanitation average scores decline
- 11. 11 Personal Rights most declined in political rights and freedom of expression Number of countries improving and declining - 2014 to 2017
- 12. Tolerance and Inclusion varies but too many countries show increases in intolerance for immigrants, discrimination against minorities 12 Number of countries improving and declining - 2014 to 2017
- 15. 15 If the world were a country it would rank between Indonesia and Botswana on the 2017 Social Progress Index The world average score 64.85 15
- 16. Americas US and Canada have shown no significant improvement since 2014 with both declining in Tolerance and Inclusion Costa Rica, Chile, and Uruguay lead Latin American countries on social progress, with steady but small advancement over time Performance is mixed among the rest of Latin America, with some countries improving over time, many staying nearly the same, and Nicaragua and El Salvador trending worse 16
- 17. European Union Newer European Union (EU) member states (EU13) have made impressive gains on social progress since 2014, except Hungary But overall EU performance has been pulled down by setbacks on Tolerance and Inclusion in many of these same countries Tolerance and Inclusion has markedly decreased in Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia 17
- 18. Asia and the Pacific Southeast Asia is improving, but slowly Only five countries have improved by more than a point since 2014: Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, and Myanmar Australia and New Zealand are in the top 10 countries globally Both countries have seen consistent performance since 2014 with moderate improvement in Personal Safety largely driven by a reduction in violent crime 18
- 19. Africa North Africa shows general improvement Sub-Saharan Africa comprises some of the lowest-performing countries in the world on social progress, but Nigeria and Ethiopia are making impressive headway Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Mozambique are at a standstill Central African Republic, the lowest performing country in the world on social progress, is only getting worse 19
- 20. 0K 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K 30K 35K 40K 45K 50K 55K 60K 65K 70K 20 40 60 80 100 Yemen Uruguay Turkey Russia Portugal Peru Norway Nigeria NewZealand Netherlands Montenegro Mongolia Mexico Malaysia Laos Japan Jamaica Italy Iran India Ghana Germany Georgia Denmark CzechRepublic Cyprus Croatia Congo,Republicof Chile Central AfricanRepublic Canada Cameroon Brazil Bolivia Azerbaijan Austria Argentina Afghanistan UnitedStates UnitedKingdom Switzerland Saudi Arabia Niger Kuwait Israel Ireland France CostaRica Angola Social Progress Index vs GDP per capita VERYHIGH HIGH UPPER MIDDLE LOWER MIDDLELOWVERYLOW 2017SocialProgressIndexScores SocialProgressIndexTiers GDPpercapita, PPP(constant 2011international $) GDP is not destiny Across the spectrum, we see how some countries are much better at turning their economic growth into social progress than others 20 Social Progress Index vs GDP per capita
- 21. 21 0K 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K 30K 35K 40K 45K 50K 55K 60K 65K 70K GDP PPP per capita 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 SocialProgressIndex CRI ITA AFG AGO ARG ARM AUT AZE BEN BGR BLR BOL CAF CAN CHE CHL CHN CMR COL CYP CZE DEU DNK DOM EGY ESP ETH FIN FRA GBR GHA GIN GRC HND HUN IDN IND IRL IRN ISR JAM KAZ KGZ KWT MDA MEX MMR MNE MNG MUS MYS NGA NOR NZL PAK PER PRT RUS SAU SEN SVK TUR URY USA YEM ZAF CRI-ITA In / Out of Costa Rica-Italy In Out In / Out of Costa Rica-Italy In Out Costa Rica vs Italy
- 23. 23 Chile vs Kazakhstan 0K 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K 30K 35K 40K 45K 50K 55K 60K 65K 70K GDP PPP per capita 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 SocialProgressIndex CHL RUS AFG AGO ARG ARM AUT AZE BEN BGR BLR BOL CAF CAN CHE CHN CMR COL CRI CYP CZE DEU DNK DOM EGY ESP ETH FIN FRA GBR GHA GIN HND HUN IDN IND IRL IRN ISR ITA JAM JPN KAZ KGZ KOR KWT MDA MEX MMR MNG MYS NGA NOR NZL PAK PAN PER PRT ROU SAU SEN SVK TUR URY USA ZAF RUS-CHL In / Out of Russia-Chile In Out In / Out of Russia-Chile In Out
- 24. 24 0K 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K 30K 35K 40K 45K 50K 55K 60K 65K 70K GDP PPP per capita 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 SocialProgressIndex PRT USA AFG AGO ARG ARM AUT AZE BEN BGR BLR BOL CAF CAN CHE CHL CHN CMR COL CRI CYP CZE DEU DNK DOM EGY ESP ETH FIN FRA GBR GHA GIN GRC HND HUN IDN IND IRL IRN ISR ITA JAM JPN KAZ KGZ KOR KWT MDA MEX MMR MNG MYS NGA NOR NZL PAK PAN PER ROU RUS SAU SEN SVK TUR URY ZAF USA-PRT In / Out of US-Portugal In Out In / Out of US-Portugal In Out Portugal vs US
- 25. 25 Over-performing countries by income group Over-Performers
- 26. 26 Under-performing countries by income group Under-Performers
- 27. 27 On social progress, Costa Rica over-performs relative to its wealth
- 28. 28 While the US under-performs relative to its wealth
- 29. 29 On social progress, the world as a whole under- performs relative to its wealth
Editor's Notes
- The population-weighted world score on the Social Progress Index rose from 63.19 in 2014 to 64.85 in 2017—a 2.6% increase. 113 countries improved from 2014 to 2017. The average improvement was 1.37 points. 66 countries improved by one or more points.
- The population-weighted world score on the Social Progress Index rose from 63.19 in 2014 to 64.85 in 2017—a 2.6% increase. 113 countries improved from 2014 to 2017. The average improvement was 1.37 points. 66 countries improved by one or more points.
- The areas that were once included in the Millennium Development Goals are still improving across most countries. We are seeing some convergence across countries in their progress toward Nutrition and Basic Medical Care, Access to Basic Knowledge, and Water and Sanitation. This is important because these areas remain the focus of the Sustainable Development Goals and represent where significant improvement is needed.
- PERSONAL RIGHTS Personal Rights represent the only area with a net decline over the past four years, with more countries worsening than improving. The most declines are in Political Rights and Freedom of Expression. A disturbing trend is emerging that sees authoritarian regimes becoming more aggressive in their restrictions of liberties and growing populist and nationalist factions gaining strength and threatening basic freedoms and rights in democratic countries. Freedom House, an independent watchdog organization, warns that “All of these developments point to a growing danger that the international order of the past quarter-century—rooted in the principles of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law—will give way to a world in which individual leaders and nations pursue their own narrow interests without meaningful constraints, and without regard for the shared benefits of global peace, freedom, and prosperity.” Six countries representing a range of income groups, geographies, and political systems have shown rapid deterioration in Personal Rights, especially in the reduction of free political participation and freedoms of expression and assembly. Burundi, Hungary, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Thailand, and Turkey declined more than nine points on Personal Rights since 2014. Angola, Azerbaijan, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Russia, and Yemen declined more than five points. An additional 33 countries declined more than 2 points, including Brazil, which saw the messy impeachment of President Dilma Rousseff, China, which continues its crackdown on free expression and political participation and Poland, which is increasingly restricting free speech and dissent. There were also positive developments in Personal Rights since 2014. Four countries that do not have strong performance on an absolute basis nevertheless showed improvement of more than five points. Madagascar and Sri Lanka are showing more openness toward Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Assembly and allowing greater political participation. Despite economic and security challenges, Tunisia is preserving the freedoms and liberties gained in its democratic transition. Guinea-Bissau improved from 2014 to 2015 due to the first free and fair elections since its 2012 coup and has maintained this level through 2017. Fourteen countries improved more than two points since 2014 including Ukraine, which saw rights improve following the departure of President Viktor Yanukovych in 2014 and Cuba, which continues to be one of the worst countries for Political Rights in the world, but has made small steps toward broadening private expression. [Background Note: Comparable data are available to calculate scores back to 2009, five years before the first Social Progress Index, showing that the lack of progress in this area is a longer-term trend.] [Background Note: Data allow for calculation of component scores back to 2010, four years before the first Social Progress Index, providing a better sense of trends. Performance on most components of the Social Progress Index reflects decades of policies and investment and generally shows relatively steady change over time. But since Tolerance and Inclusion is largely based on public opinion and social norms, it tends to fluctuate more year-to-year. As a result, short-term changes should be interpreted with care.] This section can be complemented by UN Sec. General’s statement for World Refugee Day: http://www.un.org/en/events/refugeeday/messages.shtml
- TOLERANCE AND INCLUSION The world struggles most with Tolerance and Inclusion. Tolerance and Inclusion fluctuates at the country-level but is hardly changing globally. Though relatively stable on average, country-level scores on Tolerance and Inclusion are the most volatile in the Index. Overall, Tolerance and Inclusion scores in Europe show considerable regional variation. Northern European countries are among the most tolerant in the world, while many Central and Eastern European countries rank in the bottom half of all countries. Most countries in Europe show consistent or gradually improving scores, but there have been substantial declines in the Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Slovakia due to decreasing tolerance for immigrants and increasing discrimination against minorities. The United States has also declined for the same reasons. Tolerance for Immigrants In Europe, the refugee crisis and subsequent pressure on resources have likely had a negative effect on Tolerance for Immigrants, with performance declining in countries like Czech Republic and Estonia over the seven-year time period. Over the past two years, Denmark, Spain, France, Croatia, Greece, Lithuania, Macedonia and Russia have also started showing signs of deteriorating Tolerance of Immigrants, despite having improved since 2010. In Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan stand out. Both countries improved by more than six points on Tolerance and Inclusion since 2010 to 44.73 and 55.78 respectively, largely due to rising Tolerance for Immigrants. Among the G7 countries, the area of greatest divergence is Tolerance and Inclusion. Germany saw the largest improvement as a result of a large increase in tolerance for homosexuality and an improvement in religious tolerance (increase of over 5 points; rank went from 22 to 17). The United States and Canada had the largest declines (US: declined more than 6 points, moved from rank 14 to 23. The decline in the U.S. was due to increased discrimination against minorities, particularly racial tensions in policing, religious tolerance, and an increase in hate crimes. Canada: declined more than 3 points, moved from rank 3 to 5. Canada’s Tolerance and Inclusion score fell due to an increase in religion-related terrorism within the country. Tolerance for Homosexuality There are some positive signs in the regions where scores are the lowest. On average, South Asia has the lowest score of all sub-regions, 36.67, yet Bangladesh and Nepal are among the most improved countries. Both showed strong increases on Tolerance for Homosexuality, though from different bases. Bangladesh improved from less than 1% of the population stating that the country is a good place for gay and lesbian people to 36% over the seven-year time period. Nepal was at a much higher starting point, with 56% of the population stating the country is a good place for gay and lesbian people; it is now among the most tolerant countries in the world toward homosexuals, with 83% of its population expressing it is a good place for gay and lesbian people. Not all the sub-regional trends are encouraging. Eastern Africa has the second-lowest average score after South Asia and with the exception of Comoros and Rwanda, is becoming less tolerant and inclusive. It is one of the least tolerant regions of the world for homosexuals and is getting worse. Community Safety Net There has been a large decline in the percentage of people who indicate that they have relatives or friends they can count on if they need help. [Background Note: Comparable data are available to calculate scores back to 2009, five years before the first Social Progress Index, showing that the lack of progress in this area is a longer-term trend.] [Background Note: Data allow for calculation of component scores back to 2010, four years before the first Social Progress Index, providing a better sense of trends. Performance on most components of the Social Progress Index reflects decades of policies and investment and generally shows relatively steady change over time. But since Tolerance and Inclusion is largely based on public opinion and social norms, it tends to fluctuate more year-to-year. As a result, short-term changes should be interpreted with care.] This section can be complemented by UN Sec. General’s statement for World Refugee Day: http://www.un.org/en/events/refugeeday/messages.shtml
- Score/value: 64.85 Across components, the world as a whole most resembles Sri Lanka. The world as a whole scores highest on Nutrition and Basic Medical Care, Access to Basic Knowledge, and Water and Sanitation and lowest on Tolerance and Inclusion, Access to Advanced Education, and Personal Rights. When compared to countries that have achieved a similar level of GDP per capita as the world as a whole (such as Lebanon, Thailand, and Brazil), the world underperforms most on Water and Sanitation, Access to Information and Communications, and Access to Basic Knowledge. A woman living in Sri Lanka would embody the typical world citizen’s lived experience. She may live in an urban slum. She may be a minority. She feels/sees nutrition and basic medical care improving in her community. She feels/sees a little over half of her community with access to piped water and decent sanitation. She has a basic shelter with electricity, but it is not luxurious (e.g., the power supply is inconsistent and it has limited ventilation). She feels/sees some crime in her community, but does not consider it especially dangerous (she may perceive some government oppression and corruption). She feels/sees basic education improving, but as a female, she may have to work outside of school, experience some barriers to attendance or see limited opportunities beyond basic education. She feels/sees growing access to phones and Internet in her community, but she may experience a limited number of news sources (it is not a closed society though). She feels/sees many people living past 60. She may know someone who has committed suicide or perceive a high rate of suicide. She feels/sees poor waste water treatment and air pollution in her community (although, as a reference, neither are as bad as China). She feels her voice is not heard and it is not easy to participate in the election process. She may be a renter or a squatter because her community experiences low property rights. She may see some early marriage in her community, but feels she has freedom over her choices, access to contraception and some kind of community safety net. She feels/sees high discrimination and violence against minorities: immigrants, homosexuals and people with other religions. She may have completed high school or dropped out just before completing; the reasons for not continuing will be socioeconomic and gender inequality. She may live near a globally ranked university, though.
- US & Canada Overall performance in the U.S. and Canada has remained consistent since 2014, but both countries have seen significant declines in Tolerance and Inclusion. Latin America (includes Mexico) Costa Rica, Chile, and Uruguay lead Latin American countries on social progress, with steady but small advancement over time. Performance among the rest of Latin America is mixed, with some countries improving over time, many staying nearly the same, and Nicaragua and El Salvador trending worse.
- Newer European Union (EU) member states (EU13) have made impressive gains on social progress since 2014 But overall EU performance has been pulled down by setbacks on Tolerance and Inclusion in many of these same countries Tolerance and Inclusion has markedly decreased in Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia
- Asia Southeast Asia is improving, but slowly Only five countries have improved by more than a point since 2014: Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, and Myanmar Pacific Australia and New Zealand are in the top 10 countries globally Both countries have seen consistent performance since 2014 with moderate improvement in Personal Safety largely driven by a reduction in violent crime
- North Africa shows general improvement Sub-Saharan Africa comprises some of the lowest-performing countries in the world on social progress, but Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia are making impressive headway Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Mozambique are at a standstill Central African Republic, the lowest performing country in the world on social progress, is only getting worse
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is far from being the sole determinant of social progress. Across the spectrum, from rich to poor, we see how some countries are much better at turning their economic growth into social progress than others. Some countries can experience similar levels of social progress at vastly different levels of GDP. Ireland ($61,378, 88.91) and Spain ($32,330, 86.96) United States ($52,704, 86.43) and Portugal ($26,514, 85.44) Kuwait ($70,107, 74.12) and Bulgaria ($17,000, 74.42) Saudi Arabia ($50,284, 69.45) and Ecuador ($10,777, 69.97) Kazakhstan ($23,522, 66.01) and Kyrgyzstan ($3,225, 65.33) But on the whole, countries are not effectively applying their resources and utilizing innovation to improve quality of life. Every country can and must prioritize social progress-advancing policies and programs as well as innovations and investments. Despite having the greatest wealth, largest populations and strongest regional influence, G20 countries like France, the US, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Turkey and China have been largely unsuccessful at improving social and environmental outcomes and continue to underperform compared to what their GDPs suggest is possible. Brazil is the only G20 country over performing on the 2017 Social Progress Index. Argentina, Australia, Canada, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, South Africa and the UK are performing within the expected range of their economic peers—that is, reflecting neutral performance on the Social Progress Index. Greater income can easily and positively influence a country’s social progress performance in more than half of the areas measured on the Index. But getting richer simply won’t move the needle far enough; the most stubborn challenges need innovation and other creative interventions, making social progress achievable by even the lowest resourced countries. Countries that have performed significantly better on social progress than their GDP would predict can provide models to other countries. Background: We define a country’s economic peers as the 15 countries closest in GDP PPP per capita. Each country’s performance is compared to the median performance of countries within the peer cohort. If the country’s score is greater than (or less than) the average absolute deviation from the median of the comparator group, it is considered a strength (or weakness). Scores are within one average absolute deviation are within the range of expected scores and are considered neither strengths nor weaknesses (neutral).
- Costa Rica, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Nepal, Senegal and Chile are identified by the 2017 Social Progress Index as the nations that most over perform on measures of social progress. These leaders look set to achieve increases in social progress far in excess of what their GDP might suggest is possible or likely.
- Angola, Saudi Arabia, Central African Republic, Kuwait, Chad and Afghanistan are identified by the 2017 Social Progress Index as the nations that most underperform on measures of social progress. These leaders are not experiencing increases in social progress in relationship with what their GDP might suggest is possible or likely. Some other high-income countries like the United States (US) and France are slightly underperforming and experiencing real challenges in advancing social progress, as reflected their recent and contentious elections.