1. Functions of blood:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Conveying nutrients
Eliminating waste products
Carring oxygen and carbon dioxide
Regulating body temperature
Maintaining acid-base balance

2. BLOOD = CELLS + PLASMA
 Erythrocytes
 Leukocytes
 Platelets

3. Sol state
Gel state

6. Plasma proteins
 Albumins
 Globulins
 Fibrinogen

10. Red blood cells – erythrocytes:






M: 5 million/mm3
F: 4 million/mm3
diameter : 7.5μm
biconcave – shaped disks
devoid of organelles and nucleus
immature forms – reticulocytes – 1%
of erythrocytes
 lifetime – 120 days
 function – transport of oxygen and
carbon dioxide

11. Platelets:
 150 000– 300 000 per 1 mm3 of blood
 cell fragments devoid of nucleus
 contain granules, mitochondria,
glycogen
 life span –14 days
 function – promote blood clotting

13. Types of granules:
 Alpha granules – contain factors that facilitate platelet aggregation and coagulation of
blood
Delta granules - contain factors that facilitate platelet aggregation, adhesion and
vasoconstriction
Lambda granules – (lysosomes) – contain hydrolytic enzymes

15. White blood cells (leukocytes)
3
– 4 000 – 10 000 / 1 mm
1. Granulocytes – contain specific granules and
nonspecific (azurophilic) granules
 Neutrophils
– 60 %
 Eosinophils
– 2-5 %
 Basophils
–1%
2. Agranulocytes – contain only nonspecific
(azurophilic) granules
 Monocytes
– 3-8 %
 Lymphocytes
– 25-35 %

17. IMMATURE FORM
unsegmented nucleus
•present when demand
for neutrophils increases
MATURE FORM
3 -lobed nucleus
OLD FORM
hipersegmented nucleus
•present in normal
conditions
•present wnen production
of neutrophils decreases

18. Neutrophils:
60% of leukocytes
diameter: 12 – 15μm
segmented nucleus
2 types of granules:
 specyfic granules – lysozyme, lactoferrin,
collagenase
 azurophilic granules
 function – phagocytosis, killing microorganisms
 life span – 6 hours in blood  1 – 4 days in tissue





21. Eosinophils:
2 – 5% of leukocytes
diameter – 10 – 15μm
bilobed nucleus
2 types of granules:
 specyfic granules –
 major basic protein
 eosinophil cationic protein
 eosinophilic peroxidase
 histaminase
 arylsulfatase
 azurophilic granules
 function :
a) defense against parasites
b) modulation of response in allergic reactions
c) phagocytosis





23. Basophils:
 1% of leukocytes
 diameter : 12 –15μm
 lobulated nucleus
 2 types of granules:
 specyfic granules
 histamine
 heparin
 chemotactic factors
 nonspecyfic (azurophilic) granules
 function
a) play role in hypersensivity and anaphylaxis
b) regulate and modulate inflammatory responses

24. Monocytes:
 3 –8% of leukocytes
 diameter: 12 –20 µm
 kidney–shaped nucleus
 belong to agranulocytes
 differentiate into macrophages in tissue
 function
a) phagocytosis
b) producing cytokines and activating inflammatory
responses
c) acting as antigen-presenting cells

25. Mononuclear phagocyte system:
Histiocytes – connective tissue
Microglia –CNS
Osteoclasts –bone
Kupffer cells – liver
Alvealar macrophages

26. Lymphocytes:
 25 – 35% of leukocytes
 diameter: 6 – 10μm
 spherical nucleus
 belong to agranulocytes
 function – create the immune system
 T lymphocytes – humoral immunity
 B lymphocytes – cellular immune responses

35. Bone marrow:
 Red bone marrow – active
 Yellow bone marrow – inactive

36. Red bone marrow:
Stroma
(reticular tissue)
Sinusoidal
capillaries
Hemopoietic
cords

38. Hematopoietic stem cell
(HSC) - characteristics
 Great potential
 Ability to self – renewal
 Ability to migrate with a bloodstream

40. Hematopoietic cells
Stem cell
Progenitor cells
 Ability for self
– reneval
 can’t be recognized
morfologically
 Limited ability for self
– reneval
 can’t be recognized
morfologically
Precursor cells
 No ability for self –
reneval
 can be distinguished
morfologically
Mature cells

42. Progenitor cells – CFU
( colony forming units)
 Lymphoid - CFU
 Myeloid - CFU
 Granulocyte –Macrophage - CFU
 Eosinophil - CFU
 Basophil - CFU
 Megakaryocyte - CFU
 Erythroid - CFU

43. STEM
STEM
CELLS
CELLS
PROGENITOR
PROGENITOR
CELLS
CELLS
PRECURSOR
PRECURSOR
CELLS
CELLS

45. STEM
STEM
CELLS
CELLS
PROGENITOR
PROGENITOR
CELLS
CELLS
PRECURSOR
PRECURSOR
CELLS
CELLS

47. STEM
STEM
CELLS
CELLS
PROGENITOR
PROGENITOR
CELLS
CELLS
PRECURSOR
PRECURSOR
CELLS
CELLS