2. 1. Middle Ages -The time period lasting 1000 years between
the 5th century and the 15th centuries
2.antipodes -Points on the opposite sides of the earth.
3. equator -The imaginary line around the centre of the
earth half way between the North and
South poles( called 0 degrees latitude).
4. poles -The North and South points at either end of
the earth’s axis.
5.CompassRose -A tool to find direction used on maps
(shows North, South, East and West).
3. 6. axis -An imaginary line that goes through the
centre of the earth between the North
and South poles
7. rotation – The earth spinning on its axis.
8. revolution -The movement of one planet around
another planet/star e.g. the Earth
around the sun
9. orbit – The path any planet follows around the
sun
10. leap year – Every 4th year that has 366 days to make
up for the previous 3 at 365 1/4 days.
4. 11 equinox -Twice a year when the daylight hours equal
the night hours.
12. solstice -Twice a year when either the daylight or
nighttime are at their maximum.
13. latitude or
-Imaginary lines that run from East to West
parallel s that are used the show distance from the
equator.
14. longitude or -Imaginary lines that run from North to South
meridians that are used the show distance from the
Prime Meridian.
15. Prime Meridian -An imaginary line of longitude running from
the North to the South pole used to judge
time and distance.
5. 16. sundial -an ancient tool for measuring time using the
movement of the sun.
17. timezones – are the system for keeping time around the
world that has each hour the day equal to 15
degrees longitude.
18. International – an imaginary line of longitude that is opposite
Dateline the Prime Meridian.
– technology that uses information from
19. Global
satellites to find absolute location of people or
Positioning things.
System
6. 20.map projection Way of showing the earth ( a sphere)
which is three dimensional as a flat
map which is two dimensional.
21.continent Any of the seven large land masses.
22. island Land that is surrounded by water.
23. Peninsula Apiece of land jutting out into the ocean
from the mainland surrounded by
water on three sides.
24. topography The surface features of the earth such as
mountains, hills, plateaus and plains.
7. 25. mountian -High rugged landform.
- Lower area of land formed by
26. valley erosion that has elevated land on
both sides.
27. plain - Broad flat or gently rolling area of
land.
28. plateau - Broad flat or gently rolling area that
is higher (elevated) above its
surroundings.
29. elevation - The distance or height above sea
level.
30. river - A natural channel of water flowing
toward a lake or ocean.
8. -Small stream flowing into a river
31. tributary which may flow into a lake or ocean.
32. lake -Body of water surrounded by land.
33. gulf -Formed when the ocean makes a large
indent into land forming a semi-circle
34. strait -Narrow channel of water connecting
two larger bodies of water.
35. Pangaea - Name of a supercontinent that
existed of 200 million years ago.
9. -Remains of plant or animal found in rock.
36. fossil
-Large piece of the Earth’s crust that can
37. tectonic plate be bigger than a continent.
-Split in the Earth caused by tectonic
38. rift plates pulling away from each other.
-Action of wearing away of the Earth’s
39. erosion surface by air, water and ice
- Relocation of soil and pieces of rock that
40. depositionwere worn or carried away by wind, ice,
and water.
10. 41. silt -Small pieces of soil and rock carried by
water.
42. delta -Triangular shaped deposit of soil and
sand at the mouth of a river.
43 glacier -Gigantic body of ice that is found in
mountain and polar regions.
44. geography -Study of our world
45. geographer -Person who describes and analyzes
the human and physical characteristics
of the world
11. -The exact location of something on the
46. Absolute
earth using coordinates of latitude and
location
longitude
47. scale -The ratio between the real distance and
the distance on a map
48. Geographic -Technology to display and store facts about
Information
the physical world
System (GIS)
49. Physical -Study of the natural features of the earth
geography
50. hemisphere -Half-sphere view of the earth created by
geographers to identify a large part of the
earth e.g. northern, southern, eastern or
western
12. A particular land surface feature, such
51. landforms as a mountain, hill, plateau, or plain
52.hills An elevated piece of land
53. ocean currents Water flowing by continents which
either warm or cool the land based on
their temperature.
54. volcano Outward explosion of the earth’s
molten inner core caused by tectonic
forces
55. weather The day to day temperature and
precipitation found anywhere in the
world.
13. 56. Mid-latitude Climate located from 30 to 60 degrees
latitude North or South of the equator.
57. prevailing Winds that blow in a specific pattern
around the earth.
58. humid When there is a lot of moisture in the
air.
59. transpiration Water vapor from plants.
60. arid Very dry, little or no precipitation
14. 61. permafrost Permanently frozen ground, about 1
meter beneath the surface.
62. air mass A large body of air covering a large
distance.
63. Precipitation Water (in any form) falling to Earth.
64. climate Pattern of weather in a particular place
measured over at least 30 years.
65. Low latitude Climate located from 0 to 30 degrees
latitude North or South of the equator.
15. 66. hydrologic The name of the cycle of water through
land, water and air.
67. condensation Water vapor changes from a gas to a liquid.
68. water vapor
An invisible gas created when water
evaporates.
69. leeward Mountain slopes that face away from the
prevailing wind.
16. A circular path a planet like Earth takes
70. Orbit
Repeat #9
around the sun.
71. altitude The height of any part of the earth
above sea level.
72. evaporation Water changes into a vapor or gas.
73. High latitude Climate located from 60 to 90 degrees
latitude North or South of the equator.
74. tropics Area between the Tropic of Cancer and
Tropic of Capricorn.
17. 75. windward Mountain slopes that face the
prevailing winds.
76. atmosphere The layer of air that surrounds the
earth.
77. lithosphere The solid mineral material that covers
the earth.
78. hydrosphere All the water on the earth’s surface
forms this.
79. biosphere The layer of living things around the
surface of the earth.
18. 80. Natural environment This is formed by all four spheres.
81. ecology
The study of living organisms and
their interaction with the
environment.
82. ecosystem The environment of a community of
plants and animals.
83. Earth quake Shaking of the earth’s crust caused by
tectonic or volcanic action.
84. Drainage basin An area of land that drains
precipitation into streams, rivers, and
lakes.
19. 85. Environmental region This is formed by the combination of
climate, soil, vegetation, and physical
characteristics.
86. Low pressure zone A rising air mass that is light and
warm.
87. High pressure zone A cold heavy mass of air that is
falling.
88. Mountain barriers Mountains that block prevailing
winds.
89. Temperate forest A region with naturally forested areas
with fertile soil and four seasons
usually agricultural or urban plus high
population density.
20. A region with hot dry summers and warm
90. Mediterranean moist winters usually agricultural with
forest medium population
A region of flat gently rolling land with soil
for growing grain found in the interior of a
91. Temperate
continent experiencing four seasons plus
grassland
medium population density.
A region with many species of plants and
92. Tropical rainforest animals,that is very warm, and receives a lot
of rainfall plus low population density.
A region in the northern hemisphere with
93. Taiga or boreal long cold winters and short warm summers
plus low precipitation.
21. 94. tundra A region that has long cold winters,
permafrost plus low population density.
95. polar A region with cold, dry, climate with glaciers
considered unsuitable for human settlement.
A region with dry and wet seasons with
96. savanna
tropical grassland plus low population
density.
A region that is naturally forested with a wet
97. monsoon
and dry season that has been changed by rice
cultivation plus high population density.
22. 98. desert
A region with little precipitation that may
be either hot or cold plus low population
density.
99. ecocentric A view of the world that focuses on the
importance of the natural environment
instead of human interests.
100. biodiversity The number and variety of organisms in a
region.
101. anthropocentric A view of the world where humans are
the most important species.
102. sustainable Development that meets our current
needs without risking future generations.
23. 103. conservation Management of a region to protect it
for future generations.
104 .restoration ecology When an ecosystem is returned to its
natural state before disturbed by man.
105. flood plain A flat broad river valley that floods
regularly.
106. natural greenhouse The natural effect of the atmosphere
effect to retain some energy/ heat from the
sun.
107. radiation Energy/heat from the sun that reaches
the earth’s surface.
24. 108. Average global Temperature of the earth created by
temperature atmosphere and greenhouse
gases (15 degrees Celsius).
109. Global warming Human activities are adding
greenhouse gases and causing the
global temperature to rise.
Expanding deserts into grasslands
110. desertification
because of overgrazing livestock
Human activities creating toxic gases
111. Air pollution
that cause lung diseases
Greenhouse gas that is produced by
112. Carbon dioxide human respiration and o
ther technologies
25. Dependence on food that is genetically
113. monoculture
similar.
The natural greenhouse gas produced when
114. methane
plants are broken down by wetlands and
animals.
A manmade gas that is created by
115. chlorofluorocarbons
refrigeration and aerosol cans.
A kind of oxygen in the upper atmosphere
116. ozone that filters out harmful ultraviolet light from
the sun.
117. acid rain Industry produces sulfur dioxide which is
spread in the atmosphere and causes this
problem.
118. growing season The length of time each year that the
temperature is warm enough for plants to
grow
26. 119. human geography People and the places they live.
120. social studies Human geography plus history.
121. natural resource Anything in nature that people need
or want.
122. globalization Changes that happen in a place
because of technology and
movement.
123. global village The world seems smaller because
communication technology
connects everyone.
27. 124. western influence How cultures around the world are
changing to be more like the west
A person who studies how wealth is
125. economist
produced, consumed and
distributed
126. demography Study of world populations
127. less developed world A country that is just beginning to
developing country industrialize
128. more developed world
Countries with a good GDP and
developed country Standard of Living are called
129. standard of living How well people live
28. 130. domestication
Wild animals and plants that
have been tamed by humans
131. per capita GDP Gross Domestic Product
divided by population is equal
to
132. exponential A large growth in population
(population explosion) in a short time
133. sparse population Small number of people
spread out over a large area
134. emigration Movement of people out of a
country
29. 135. technology Tools and ways of doing things
136. population pyramid A graph that shows population
distribution by age and gender
137. zero population growth Population stays the same
138. replacement rate Number of children that must be
born to keep population the
same in a country
139. total fertility rate the sum of the age-specific birth
rates
140. internal migration People moving from place to
place within a country
30. 141. crude death rate Number of deaths per 1000
people
142. rate of natural increase Number of crude births minus
number of crude deaths
143. demographer A person who studies
population
144. demographic transition Four stages of birth and death
rates as countries change from
developing to developed
145. Gross Domestic Product Total value of all the goods and
services
31. Person who collects information
146. Census taker
on who lives in a house or
apartment (size of families).
147. immigration Movement of people into a
country
148. Cost of living The amount of money needed for
basic needs such as food, clothing
and shelter
149. Dense population Large number of people living in
a small area
150.Human Development
The UN creates a ranked list of
Index (HDI) the development of countries
called
32. 151. Crude birth rate Number of babies born per 1000
people
152. migration Movement of people around the world
153. Life expectancy The average number of years a person
will live (effected by living conditions in
a country
154. GDP per capita Gross Domestic Product divided by
repeat population is equal to
155. Exponential A large growth in population in a short
Repeat from 132 time
33. 156. negative growth rate More deaths than births
157. crude death rate Number of deaths per 1000 people
158. population density How many people live in a given area
159. colonialism One country having control of
another usually in another
part of the world
160. Human Rights The basic rights and freedoms to
which all humans are entitled
