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Fixed appliances
 Appliances that are fixed or fitted on to the
teeth by the operator and cannot be
removed at will are called fixed appliances
 Correction of mild tomoderate skeletal discrepancies
 Correction of rotation
 Overbite reduction by intrusion of incisors
 Multiple tooth movements required in onearch
 Active closure of spaces:extraction spaces/hypodontia
 Intrusion/ Extrusion of teeh
 Tipping
 Bodily movement
 Torquing
 Uprighting
 Rotations
 Extrusion and intrusion
 Composites adhesives
 Metallic bands
 Banding involves the use of thin stainless
steel strips called bands that are pinched
tightly around the teeth and then cemented
to the teeth.
 Banding is preffered over bonding in case of
posterior teeth.
 It is preferable to band a tooth that requires
buccal as well as lingual attachments
 Bands are better likely to resistheavy forces
as in the case of extraoral devices such as
heavy forces
 In case of porcelain or gold restorations or
crowns, banding is prefferd in these cases
 Seperation of teeth
 Selection of band material
 Pinching of the band
 Fixing the attachments
 Cementation of the band
1.SEPERATION
2.FITTING
BANDS
3. CEMENTATION
 The method of fixing attachments directly
over the enamel using adhesive is called
bonding.
 It is esthetically superior
 It is faster to bond than to pinch bands
around teeth
 It enables maintanence of better oral
hygiene
 It is possible to bond on the teeth that have
aberrant shapes or forms
 It is easier to bond than band in partially
erupted cases
 Risk of caries under loose bands eliminated
 Interproximal areas are accessible for
restoration and proximal stripping
 Bonded attachments are weaker
 May lead to enmel loss
 Enamel fractures
 Cleaning
 Moisture control
 Enamel pretreatment
 Application of sealant
 Bonding the attachments
1. Cleaning
2.Acid etching
3.A small amount of bonding agent is squeezed
into the meshon the backof the
bracket, andit is pressed to place on the tooth
surface.
6.Thebracket is bonded in
place.
5.For light cured materials,
acordlesslight is used to
activate the adhesive
bonding process
 Silverman and Cohan 1972
 Temporary attachments of brackets on to
patients plaster model using temporary glues
or composite resins
 Tansfer tray of silicone putty is adapted over
model to incorporate brackets over them
 Bonding resin applied over bracket bases
 Entire arch is pretreated and the transfer
tray is placed over arch for the brackets to
bond to the teeth
 Curing is done
 Transfer tray is removed
1.Bracketsare placed
precisely on acast of the
teeth and held in place
with a fitted resin
2.After the brackets are
cured in theideal position,
atransfer tray is formed and
placed on the workingcast.
3 Thetrays are removed
from theworking castafter
soaking in warm water and
trimmed.
4. Theteeth are
isolated ,etched, and a
chemically cured two
pasteresin is
painted on the
etched enamel
andbrackets.
5.After the resin has
completely set , the
trays are carefully
removed , leaving the
brackets bonded to
theteeth.
 Permits more accurate placement of brckets
 Chair side time reduced
 Cost effective
 Fewer appointments
 Improves ability to bond posterior teeth
 Passive component that help in fixing various
attachments onto teeth.
 Made of soft stainless steel
 Attachments like molar tubes and brackets
are soldered or welded over these bands
Band
thickness(inches)
Band width(inches)
Incisor .003 .125
Canine .003 .150
Premolar .004 .150
Molar .005/.006 .180
The force required for orthodontic tooth
movement is transmitted from the active
components through the bracket.
 Based on technique
1. Edgewise type of brackets
2. Ribbon arch type of brackets
3. Tip edge type of brackets
 Based on mode of attachments to tooth
1. Weldable bracket
2. Bondable bracket
 Based on material of bracket
1. Metallic brackets
2. Ceramic brackets
 Self ligating brackets
 Brackets that need ligation
 Horizontal slot facing labially
 Wires of rectangular cross section are used
 Greater control over tooth movement
 Possess a vertical slot facing occlusal or
gingival direction
 Used with round arch wire
 Brackets that are bonded directly over the
enamel are called bondable brakets
 Those that are welded or soldered over
bands are called weldable brackets
 Most commonly used
 Can be recycled, sterilized
 Resist deformation
 Least friction
 Not very expensive
 Disadvantage;-
 Not esthetically pleasing
 Corrode and cause staining of teeth
 Introduced in late 1980s
 Made of aluminium oxide or zirconium oxide
 Dimentionally stable
 Durable
 Brittle
 Exhibit greater friction
 Made of poly-carbonate
 Introduced to improve esthetic value
 Disadvantage:
 Tend to discolor
 Poor dimentional stability
 Tend to distort
 Don’t depend on ligation of arch wires
 Very low friction
 Lower forces
 Quick placement and removal of arch wires
 Used in molar
 Weldable or bondable
 Round or rectangular in cross-section
 For engaging elastics
 Eg. Lingual buttons, lingual cleats, eyelets,
ball end hook
 0.009-0.011inch diameter
 Used to secure arch wire to brakets
 To secure arch wire to brackets
 Active component of fixed appliance
 For bringing about various tooth movements
 High spring back
 Low stiffness
 High formability
 High resilience
 Bio-compatible
 Joinability
 Least friction
 Excellent formability
 Environmental stability
 Bio-compatibility
 High cost
 Austentic stainless steel or 18:8 stainless
steel
 Adequate strength, resilience, formability ,
adequate spring back
 Also called nitinol
 Invented by William R Buchler
 Super elaasticity, shape memory
 High spring back
 High working range
 Low stiffness
 Jon Goldberg and C.J. Burstone
 T.M.A wires
 High range of action and spring back
 Exhibits adequate spring back, formability
 Bio-compatible
 Made up of a number of thinner wires
 Twisted or co-axial in form
 Elastics that resemble a rubber band
uses:-
 Closure of space
 Correction of open bite
 Cross bite correction
 Correction of inter arch relationship
 Class 1 elastics
 Class 2 elastics
 Class 3 elastics
 Cross bite elastics
 Box elastics
 Used in closure of space between teeth by
stretching the rings between them
 Made of polyurethane materials
 Made of two elastic rings seperated by
variable distance
 Available in various size based on interring
distance
 Generally used to close space and for
derotation of teeth
 Made of core of latex rubber, surrounded by
a sleeve of woven silk and is availabe in a
spool
 Used to close space
 For securing arch wire to bracket
 Active component used to bring about
various tooth movements
 Used to move teeth in mesial or distal
direction
 Move the teeth in lingual or palatal direction
 Compressed between teeth to open the
space
 Stretched between teeth to close the space
 Used for seperating tight interdental
contacts
 Achieved using various type of seperators
 Soft brass wire of .5 or .6mm diameter is
passed around the contact nd the ends are
twisted tightly together
 End is cut short and is tucked between the
teeth
 They are small elastic rings that are passed
through the contact using special pliers
 Stretched elastic ring encircles the
interdental contact and as it contracts the,
teeth are seperated
 Dumbell shaped piece of elastic that is
stretched and passed through the interdental
contact
 Effectively seperates the contact
 It consist of coil and two arms
 The shorter arm of spring is passed below the
contact while the longer rests above the
contact
 Edge wise appliance
 Beggs appliance
 Straight wire appliance
 Lingual technique
 Tip edge appliance
Pinand tube appliance
Edgewise appliance by
Angle
Ribbon arch
appliance byAngle
Modified
Ribbonarch
by
Raymond
begg
Preadjusted edgewise
appliance by lawrence
Andrews
Tipedgeappliances by peter Kesling
 Pierre fauchard in 1728 devised the first
orthodontic appliances to expand dental arch
 Edward H Angle introduced E arch
 1912 Angle introduced pin and tube
appliance
 1925 Ribbon arch appliance by Angle
 1928 by E.H.Angle
 Metal bracket with rectangular slot
0.022”x.028” dimension facing labially
 Slot received a rectangular arch wire of same
dimension
 Wire is placed occlusogingivally
 Ability to move teeth in all three planes
 Good control over tooth movement
 Bodily movement posiible
 Precise finishing possible
 Need to apply heavy force
 Complex wire bending
 Increased friction
 Need for extraoral force
 Difficulty to open deep bites
 1933 Raymond Begg introduced the
technique
 Concept of differential force and tipping of
teeth rather than bodily movement
 3 stage treatment
1. Stage 1:alignment, rotation
correction,crowding correction,achieveing
edge to edge anterior bite
 Stage 2: remaining extraction spaces are
closed
 Stage3 :uprighting and torquing is carried out
to achieve normal axial inclination
 Use of light forces which are within the
physiologic limits
 Relatively continous force application
 Minimal friction between the wire and the
brackets
 Rapid alignment and overbite correction
 Lawrence.F.Andrews in 1970
 Based on six keys of occlusion
 Brackets has first, second and third order
components
 Plain preformed arch wire can be used
progressively move teeth to their ideal
position
 Craven Kurz in 1976
 Brackets are placed on the palatal and lingual
aspects of teeth
 Both the edgewise and the begg princles can be
employed in treatment
 Highly esthetic
 Poor access
 Difficulty in speech, Oral hygiene maintanence
Fixed appliances
 Allows tipping of tooth in initial stages of
treatment with round arch wire
 Later stage treated with rectangular arch
wire
 Leveling and aligment
 Over bite reduction
 Overjet reduction and space closure
1. Friction or sliding mechanics
2. Frictionless or loop mechanics
 Final tooth positioning
 Debonding
 Removal of the orthodontic attachments and
adhesive resin that was use to bond them.
 Twin beak debonding pliers can be used
 Adhesive resin is removed from tooth and
polished with prophlactic paste
Fixed appliances

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Fixed appliances

  • 2.  Appliances that are fixed or fitted on to the teeth by the operator and cannot be removed at will are called fixed appliances
  • 3.  Correction of mild tomoderate skeletal discrepancies  Correction of rotation  Overbite reduction by intrusion of incisors  Multiple tooth movements required in onearch  Active closure of spaces:extraction spaces/hypodontia  Intrusion/ Extrusion of teeh
  • 4.  Tipping  Bodily movement  Torquing  Uprighting  Rotations  Extrusion and intrusion
  • 6.  Banding involves the use of thin stainless steel strips called bands that are pinched tightly around the teeth and then cemented to the teeth.
  • 7.  Banding is preffered over bonding in case of posterior teeth.  It is preferable to band a tooth that requires buccal as well as lingual attachments  Bands are better likely to resistheavy forces as in the case of extraoral devices such as heavy forces  In case of porcelain or gold restorations or crowns, banding is prefferd in these cases
  • 8.  Seperation of teeth  Selection of band material  Pinching of the band  Fixing the attachments  Cementation of the band
  • 10.  The method of fixing attachments directly over the enamel using adhesive is called bonding.
  • 11.  It is esthetically superior  It is faster to bond than to pinch bands around teeth  It enables maintanence of better oral hygiene  It is possible to bond on the teeth that have aberrant shapes or forms  It is easier to bond than band in partially erupted cases
  • 12.  Risk of caries under loose bands eliminated  Interproximal areas are accessible for restoration and proximal stripping
  • 13.  Bonded attachments are weaker  May lead to enmel loss  Enamel fractures
  • 14.  Cleaning  Moisture control  Enamel pretreatment  Application of sealant  Bonding the attachments
  • 15. 1. Cleaning 2.Acid etching 3.A small amount of bonding agent is squeezed into the meshon the backof the bracket, andit is pressed to place on the tooth surface.
  • 16. 6.Thebracket is bonded in place. 5.For light cured materials, acordlesslight is used to activate the adhesive bonding process
  • 17.  Silverman and Cohan 1972  Temporary attachments of brackets on to patients plaster model using temporary glues or composite resins  Tansfer tray of silicone putty is adapted over model to incorporate brackets over them  Bonding resin applied over bracket bases
  • 18.  Entire arch is pretreated and the transfer tray is placed over arch for the brackets to bond to the teeth  Curing is done  Transfer tray is removed
  • 19. 1.Bracketsare placed precisely on acast of the teeth and held in place with a fitted resin 2.After the brackets are cured in theideal position, atransfer tray is formed and placed on the workingcast. 3 Thetrays are removed from theworking castafter soaking in warm water and trimmed.
  • 20. 4. Theteeth are isolated ,etched, and a chemically cured two pasteresin is painted on the etched enamel andbrackets. 5.After the resin has completely set , the trays are carefully removed , leaving the brackets bonded to theteeth.
  • 21.  Permits more accurate placement of brckets  Chair side time reduced  Cost effective  Fewer appointments  Improves ability to bond posterior teeth
  • 22.  Passive component that help in fixing various attachments onto teeth.  Made of soft stainless steel  Attachments like molar tubes and brackets are soldered or welded over these bands
  • 23. Band thickness(inches) Band width(inches) Incisor .003 .125 Canine .003 .150 Premolar .004 .150 Molar .005/.006 .180
  • 24. The force required for orthodontic tooth movement is transmitted from the active components through the bracket.
  • 25.  Based on technique 1. Edgewise type of brackets 2. Ribbon arch type of brackets 3. Tip edge type of brackets
  • 26.  Based on mode of attachments to tooth 1. Weldable bracket 2. Bondable bracket
  • 27.  Based on material of bracket 1. Metallic brackets 2. Ceramic brackets
  • 28.  Self ligating brackets  Brackets that need ligation
  • 29.  Horizontal slot facing labially  Wires of rectangular cross section are used  Greater control over tooth movement
  • 30.  Possess a vertical slot facing occlusal or gingival direction  Used with round arch wire
  • 31.  Brackets that are bonded directly over the enamel are called bondable brakets  Those that are welded or soldered over bands are called weldable brackets
  • 32.  Most commonly used  Can be recycled, sterilized  Resist deformation  Least friction  Not very expensive  Disadvantage;-  Not esthetically pleasing  Corrode and cause staining of teeth
  • 33.  Introduced in late 1980s  Made of aluminium oxide or zirconium oxide  Dimentionally stable  Durable  Brittle  Exhibit greater friction
  • 34.  Made of poly-carbonate  Introduced to improve esthetic value  Disadvantage:  Tend to discolor  Poor dimentional stability  Tend to distort
  • 35.  Don’t depend on ligation of arch wires  Very low friction  Lower forces  Quick placement and removal of arch wires
  • 36.  Used in molar  Weldable or bondable  Round or rectangular in cross-section
  • 37.  For engaging elastics  Eg. Lingual buttons, lingual cleats, eyelets, ball end hook
  • 38.  0.009-0.011inch diameter  Used to secure arch wire to brakets
  • 39.  To secure arch wire to brackets
  • 40.  Active component of fixed appliance  For bringing about various tooth movements
  • 41.  High spring back  Low stiffness  High formability  High resilience  Bio-compatible  Joinability  Least friction
  • 42.  Excellent formability  Environmental stability  Bio-compatibility  High cost
  • 43.  Austentic stainless steel or 18:8 stainless steel  Adequate strength, resilience, formability , adequate spring back
  • 44.  Also called nitinol  Invented by William R Buchler  Super elaasticity, shape memory  High spring back  High working range  Low stiffness
  • 45.  Jon Goldberg and C.J. Burstone  T.M.A wires  High range of action and spring back
  • 46.  Exhibits adequate spring back, formability  Bio-compatible
  • 47.  Made up of a number of thinner wires  Twisted or co-axial in form
  • 48.  Elastics that resemble a rubber band uses:-  Closure of space  Correction of open bite  Cross bite correction  Correction of inter arch relationship
  • 49.  Class 1 elastics  Class 2 elastics  Class 3 elastics  Cross bite elastics  Box elastics
  • 50.  Used in closure of space between teeth by stretching the rings between them  Made of polyurethane materials
  • 51.  Made of two elastic rings seperated by variable distance  Available in various size based on interring distance  Generally used to close space and for derotation of teeth
  • 52.  Made of core of latex rubber, surrounded by a sleeve of woven silk and is availabe in a spool  Used to close space
  • 53.  For securing arch wire to bracket
  • 54.  Active component used to bring about various tooth movements
  • 55.  Used to move teeth in mesial or distal direction
  • 56.  Move the teeth in lingual or palatal direction
  • 57.  Compressed between teeth to open the space
  • 58.  Stretched between teeth to close the space
  • 59.  Used for seperating tight interdental contacts  Achieved using various type of seperators
  • 60.  Soft brass wire of .5 or .6mm diameter is passed around the contact nd the ends are twisted tightly together  End is cut short and is tucked between the teeth
  • 61.  They are small elastic rings that are passed through the contact using special pliers  Stretched elastic ring encircles the interdental contact and as it contracts the, teeth are seperated
  • 62.  Dumbell shaped piece of elastic that is stretched and passed through the interdental contact
  • 63.  Effectively seperates the contact  It consist of coil and two arms  The shorter arm of spring is passed below the contact while the longer rests above the contact
  • 64.  Edge wise appliance  Beggs appliance  Straight wire appliance  Lingual technique  Tip edge appliance
  • 65. Pinand tube appliance Edgewise appliance by Angle Ribbon arch appliance byAngle Modified Ribbonarch by Raymond begg Preadjusted edgewise appliance by lawrence Andrews Tipedgeappliances by peter Kesling
  • 66.  Pierre fauchard in 1728 devised the first orthodontic appliances to expand dental arch  Edward H Angle introduced E arch  1912 Angle introduced pin and tube appliance  1925 Ribbon arch appliance by Angle
  • 67.  1928 by E.H.Angle  Metal bracket with rectangular slot 0.022”x.028” dimension facing labially  Slot received a rectangular arch wire of same dimension  Wire is placed occlusogingivally
  • 68.  Ability to move teeth in all three planes  Good control over tooth movement  Bodily movement posiible  Precise finishing possible
  • 69.  Need to apply heavy force  Complex wire bending  Increased friction  Need for extraoral force  Difficulty to open deep bites
  • 70.  1933 Raymond Begg introduced the technique  Concept of differential force and tipping of teeth rather than bodily movement  3 stage treatment 1. Stage 1:alignment, rotation correction,crowding correction,achieveing edge to edge anterior bite
  • 71.  Stage 2: remaining extraction spaces are closed  Stage3 :uprighting and torquing is carried out to achieve normal axial inclination
  • 72.  Use of light forces which are within the physiologic limits  Relatively continous force application  Minimal friction between the wire and the brackets  Rapid alignment and overbite correction
  • 73.  Lawrence.F.Andrews in 1970  Based on six keys of occlusion  Brackets has first, second and third order components  Plain preformed arch wire can be used progressively move teeth to their ideal position
  • 74.  Craven Kurz in 1976  Brackets are placed on the palatal and lingual aspects of teeth  Both the edgewise and the begg princles can be employed in treatment  Highly esthetic  Poor access  Difficulty in speech, Oral hygiene maintanence
  • 76.  Allows tipping of tooth in initial stages of treatment with round arch wire  Later stage treated with rectangular arch wire
  • 77.  Leveling and aligment  Over bite reduction  Overjet reduction and space closure 1. Friction or sliding mechanics 2. Frictionless or loop mechanics  Final tooth positioning  Debonding
  • 78.  Removal of the orthodontic attachments and adhesive resin that was use to bond them.  Twin beak debonding pliers can be used  Adhesive resin is removed from tooth and polished with prophlactic paste