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Biomechanics of spine
Cervical & Thoracic
1
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
7 Cervical
4 Coccygeal
2
The Curves
• Primary and
• Secondary curves.
3
Typical vetebrae
A. The anterior portion
of a vertebra is called
the vertebral body.
B. The posterior portion
of a vertebra is called
the vertebral or neural
arch.
The neural arch is
further divided into the
pedicles and the
posterior elements.
4
Typical vetebrae
• The posterior
elements are the
laminae, the
articular
processes, the
spinous process,
and the
transverse
processes.
5
Vertical Trabeculae
• The various
trabeculae are
arranged along
the lines of force
transmission.
6
The Inter vertebral Disk
7
The Inter vertebral Disk
A. Under compressive
loading, the NP attempts
to expand. Tension in the
AF rises.
B. A force equal in
magnitude but opposite in
direction is exerted by the
AF on the NP, which
restrains radial expansion
of the NP and establishes
equilibrium.
The nuclear pressure is
transmitted by the AF to
the end plates.
A B
8
IVD Problems
9
Ligaments
10
Joints
• Interbody Joints
• Zygapophyseal
Articulations
11
Kinematics
• Flexion
• Extension
• Lateral flexion
• Rotation.
12
Kinematics
A. The addition of an
intervertebral disk
allows the vertebra
to tilt, which
dramatically
increases ROM at
the interbody joint.
B. Without an
intervertebral disk,
only translatory
motions could
occur.
13
Kinematics
Coupled Motion
• Lateral flexion is
coupled with
axial rotation
14
Kinetics
• Axial Compression
• Bending
• Torsion
• Shear
15
Kinetics
A. Side-to-side translation (gliding)
occurs in the frontal plane.
B. Superior and inferior
translation (axial distraction
and compression) occur
vertically.
C. Anteroposterior translation
occurs in the sagittal plane.
D. Side-to-side rotation (tilting) in
a frontal plane occurs around
an anteroposterior axis.
E. Rotation occurs in the
transverse plane around a
vertical axis.
F. Anteroposterior rotation
(tilting) occurs in the sagittal
plane around a frontal axis.
16
Biomechanics of spine
Cervical Region
17
Structure
Two distinct regions:
• The upper cervical ,
or craniovertebral
region and
• The lower cervical
region
18
Craniovertebral Region
ATLAS
19
The atlas is a markedly atypical vertebra.
It lacks a body and a spinous process.
Craniovertebral Region
AXIS
• The dens
(odontoid process)
arises from the
anterior portion of
the body of the
axis.
• The superior
zygapophyseal
facets are located
on either side of
the dens.
20
Craniovertebral Articulations
• The median atlantoaxial
articulation is seen, with
the posterior portion
(transverse ligament)
removed to show the dens
and the anterior arch of
the atlas.
• The two lateral
atlantoaxial joints between
the superior
zygapophyseal facets of
the axis and the inferior
facets of the atlas can be
seen on either side of the
median atlantoaxial joint.
21
Craniovertebral Ligaments
• Atlantal cruciform
ligament
• Alar ligaments
22
Craniovertebral Ligaments
A. Posterior
atlanto-occipital
and atlantoaxial
membranes.
B. Anterior atlanto-
occipital and
atlantoaxial
membranes.
23
Craniovertebral Ligaments
• The tectorial
membrane is a
continuation of
the posterior
longitudinal
ligament.
24
The Lower Cervical Region
The body of a
typical cervical
vertebra is small
and supports
uncinate processes
on the
Postero lateral
superior and
inferior surfaces.
25
Intervertebral Disk
A. Superior view
shows crescent-
shaped anulus
fibrosus.
B. B. Lateral view
shows
uncovertebral
cleft.
26
Interbody Joints
• The cervical vertebra
exhibit raised
superolateral lips
known as uncinate
processes.
• These articulate with
the margins of the
vertebral body
above, forming the
uncovertebral joint
or "joint of
Luschka."
27
A. Lateral view of an inter body
saddle joint of the lower cervical
spine.
B. Anterior view showing how the
convex inferior surface of the
superior vertebra fits into the
concave superior surface of the
inferior vertebra.
Zygapophyseal Joints
28
Kinematics
Nodding motions of
the atlanto-occipital
joints.
A. Flexion.
B. B. Extension.
29
Kinematics
• Superior view of rotation
at the atlantoaxial joints:
The occiput and atlas
pivot as one unit around
the dens of axis.
30
Kinematics
A. Flexion of the lower
cervical spine combines
anterior translation and
sagittal plane rotation
of the superior
vertebra.
B. Extension combines
posterior translation
with sagittal plane
rotation.
• The range for flexion
and extension increases
from the C2/C3 segment
to the C5/C6 segment,
and decreases again at
the C6/C7 segment
31
Kinetics
• cervical region bears less weight and is
generally more mobile.
• No disks are present at either the atlanto-
occipital or atlantoaxial articulations;
• The trabeculae show that the laminae of
both the axis and C7 are heavily loaded
32
Biomechanics of spine
Thoracic Region
33
Structure
• The 1st and 12th
are transitional
vertebrae
• 1st, 9th, 10th, 11th,
12th are atypical
vertebrae
34
Typical Thoracic Vertebrae
A. Lateral view of the thoracic
vertebra shows the superior
and inferior facets of the
zygapophyseal joints and the
demifacets for articulation with
the ribs.
B. Overlapping of spinous
processes in thoracic region.
C. Superior view of a thoracic
vertebra, showing the small,
circular vertebral foramen, the
costotubercular facets for
articulation with the tubercles
of the ribs, and the superior
costocapitular facets for
articulation with the heads of
the ribs.
35
Intervertebral Disks
36
Articulations
• Interbody Joints
• Zygapophyseal
Joints
37
Kinematics
• the range of flexion and
extension is extremely
limited
• Rotation of a thoracic
vertebral body to the left
produces a distortion of
the associated rib pair
that is convex posteriorly
on the left and convex
anteriorly on the right.
38
Kinetics
• The thoracic region is subjected to
increased compression forces in
comparison with the cervical
region, because of the greater
amount of body weight that needs
to be supported and the region’s
kyphotic shape.
39
40
http://www.pt.ntu.edu.tw/hmchai/kines04/KINoutline.htm

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Biomechanics of spine

  • 2. 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 7 Cervical 4 Coccygeal 2
  • 3. The Curves • Primary and • Secondary curves. 3
  • 4. Typical vetebrae A. The anterior portion of a vertebra is called the vertebral body. B. The posterior portion of a vertebra is called the vertebral or neural arch. The neural arch is further divided into the pedicles and the posterior elements. 4
  • 5. Typical vetebrae • The posterior elements are the laminae, the articular processes, the spinous process, and the transverse processes. 5
  • 6. Vertical Trabeculae • The various trabeculae are arranged along the lines of force transmission. 6
  • 8. The Inter vertebral Disk A. Under compressive loading, the NP attempts to expand. Tension in the AF rises. B. A force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction is exerted by the AF on the NP, which restrains radial expansion of the NP and establishes equilibrium. The nuclear pressure is transmitted by the AF to the end plates. A B 8
  • 11. Joints • Interbody Joints • Zygapophyseal Articulations 11
  • 12. Kinematics • Flexion • Extension • Lateral flexion • Rotation. 12
  • 13. Kinematics A. The addition of an intervertebral disk allows the vertebra to tilt, which dramatically increases ROM at the interbody joint. B. Without an intervertebral disk, only translatory motions could occur. 13
  • 14. Kinematics Coupled Motion • Lateral flexion is coupled with axial rotation 14
  • 15. Kinetics • Axial Compression • Bending • Torsion • Shear 15
  • 16. Kinetics A. Side-to-side translation (gliding) occurs in the frontal plane. B. Superior and inferior translation (axial distraction and compression) occur vertically. C. Anteroposterior translation occurs in the sagittal plane. D. Side-to-side rotation (tilting) in a frontal plane occurs around an anteroposterior axis. E. Rotation occurs in the transverse plane around a vertical axis. F. Anteroposterior rotation (tilting) occurs in the sagittal plane around a frontal axis. 16
  • 18. Structure Two distinct regions: • The upper cervical , or craniovertebral region and • The lower cervical region 18
  • 19. Craniovertebral Region ATLAS 19 The atlas is a markedly atypical vertebra. It lacks a body and a spinous process.
  • 20. Craniovertebral Region AXIS • The dens (odontoid process) arises from the anterior portion of the body of the axis. • The superior zygapophyseal facets are located on either side of the dens. 20
  • 21. Craniovertebral Articulations • The median atlantoaxial articulation is seen, with the posterior portion (transverse ligament) removed to show the dens and the anterior arch of the atlas. • The two lateral atlantoaxial joints between the superior zygapophyseal facets of the axis and the inferior facets of the atlas can be seen on either side of the median atlantoaxial joint. 21
  • 22. Craniovertebral Ligaments • Atlantal cruciform ligament • Alar ligaments 22
  • 23. Craniovertebral Ligaments A. Posterior atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial membranes. B. Anterior atlanto- occipital and atlantoaxial membranes. 23
  • 24. Craniovertebral Ligaments • The tectorial membrane is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament. 24
  • 25. The Lower Cervical Region The body of a typical cervical vertebra is small and supports uncinate processes on the Postero lateral superior and inferior surfaces. 25
  • 26. Intervertebral Disk A. Superior view shows crescent- shaped anulus fibrosus. B. B. Lateral view shows uncovertebral cleft. 26
  • 27. Interbody Joints • The cervical vertebra exhibit raised superolateral lips known as uncinate processes. • These articulate with the margins of the vertebral body above, forming the uncovertebral joint or "joint of Luschka." 27 A. Lateral view of an inter body saddle joint of the lower cervical spine. B. Anterior view showing how the convex inferior surface of the superior vertebra fits into the concave superior surface of the inferior vertebra.
  • 29. Kinematics Nodding motions of the atlanto-occipital joints. A. Flexion. B. B. Extension. 29
  • 30. Kinematics • Superior view of rotation at the atlantoaxial joints: The occiput and atlas pivot as one unit around the dens of axis. 30
  • 31. Kinematics A. Flexion of the lower cervical spine combines anterior translation and sagittal plane rotation of the superior vertebra. B. Extension combines posterior translation with sagittal plane rotation. • The range for flexion and extension increases from the C2/C3 segment to the C5/C6 segment, and decreases again at the C6/C7 segment 31
  • 32. Kinetics • cervical region bears less weight and is generally more mobile. • No disks are present at either the atlanto- occipital or atlantoaxial articulations; • The trabeculae show that the laminae of both the axis and C7 are heavily loaded 32
  • 34. Structure • The 1st and 12th are transitional vertebrae • 1st, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th are atypical vertebrae 34
  • 35. Typical Thoracic Vertebrae A. Lateral view of the thoracic vertebra shows the superior and inferior facets of the zygapophyseal joints and the demifacets for articulation with the ribs. B. Overlapping of spinous processes in thoracic region. C. Superior view of a thoracic vertebra, showing the small, circular vertebral foramen, the costotubercular facets for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs, and the superior costocapitular facets for articulation with the heads of the ribs. 35
  • 37. Articulations • Interbody Joints • Zygapophyseal Joints 37
  • 38. Kinematics • the range of flexion and extension is extremely limited • Rotation of a thoracic vertebral body to the left produces a distortion of the associated rib pair that is convex posteriorly on the left and convex anteriorly on the right. 38
  • 39. Kinetics • The thoracic region is subjected to increased compression forces in comparison with the cervical region, because of the greater amount of body weight that needs to be supported and the region’s kyphotic shape. 39