2. • Electrical Conductors
• Transport
• Packaging
• Building and Architecture
• Miscellaneous Applications
• High Pressure Gas Cylinders
• Machined Components
• Ladders and Access Equipment
• Sporting Equipment
• Road Barriers and Signs
• Domestic and Office Furniture
• Lithographic Plates
3. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
• Conductors in either the 1000 or 6000 series alloys are sensible technical
alternatives to copper for all electrical conductors, even in domestic wiring.
• A very large proportion of overhead, high voltage, power lines utilise
aluminium rather than copper as the conductor on weight grounds. The
relatively low strength of these grades requires that they be reinforced by
including a galvanised or aluminium coated high tensile steel wire in each
strand.
• Aluminium alloys have a conductivity averaging 62% of the International
Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) but, because of its density, it can carry
more than twice as much electricity as an equivalent weight of copper.
4. TRANSPORT
• Aluminium and its alloys have been the prime material of construction for the
aircraft industry throughout most of its history. Even today, when titanium and
composites are growing in use, 70% of commercial civil aircraft airframes are made
from aluminium alloys, and without aluminium civil aviation would not be
economically viable.
• The combination of acceptable cost, low component mass (derived from its low
density), appropriate mechanical properties, structural integrity and ease of
fabrication are also attractive in other areas of transport. There are now very many
examples of its use in commercial vessels, rail cars both passenger and freight,
marine hulls and superstructures and military vessels.
• Volume car production now includes aluminium as engine castings, wheels,
radiators and increasingly as body parts. For general production the 5000 and 6000
series alloys provide adequate strength combined with good corrosion resistance,
high toughness and ease of welding. In aircraft the very strong 2000, 7000 and 8000
series alloys are preferred, and in military vessels the weldable 7000 series alloys can
provide ballistic properties to match steel armour.
5. PACKAGING
• The successful use of the 1000 series alloys as foil for food wrapping and for
containers utilises their good corrosion resistance and barrier properties against UV
light, moisture and odour. Foil can be readily formed, attractively decorated and
can be usefully combined with paper and plastic if required.
• The most significant use of aluminium in packaging has been in the production of
beverage cans which incorporate the `easy open ring pull' in the lid. This has rapidly
grown to some 15% of all aluminium consumption, one hundred thousand million
cans a year!
• Cans for some food products, particularly fish, which also employ the easy opening
facilities of aluminium, have been used for over sixty years. From a technical point of
view there is no reason why more use should not be made of aluminium as a can
material, to date costs seem to be the restraining factor. This may become less
important in the future, see the section on recycling.
6. BUILDING AND ARCHITECTURE
• Aluminium is used in buildings for a wide spectrum of applications. These include roofing for
factories which incorporate foil vapor barriers, windows and pre formed sheet cladding features,
doors, canopies and fronts for shops and prestigious buildings, architectural hardware and fittings,
rainwater goods and replacement windows.
• Aluminium structures and cladding are also used to refurbish many of the concrete structures built
in the 1950-60's which are now showing signs of deterioration and spoiling.
• In building applications the durability of aluminum is of paramount importance. There are a
number of good examples of the durability of aluminium which may be familiar to the reader
including the statue of Eros in Piccadilly Circus, London erected in 1893 and the clad dome of the
church of San Gioacchino in Rome installed in 1887. More recently the oil and gas industry has
employed aluminium widely in offshore structures.
• The 1000, 3000, 5000 and 6000 wrought series alloys will perform, with no reduction of strength,
without protection even in industrial and marine environments. They may however suffer some
deterioration in their appearance and protection by painting or anodising can be advisable.
• Anodized films may be clear, to preserve the `aluminium' finish or in a limited range of colours.
Painting offers a wider range of colours and an appearance similar to other painted metals.
• These finishing operations may also, of course, be used for purely decorative effects.
7. MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS
• The applications outlined above account for some 85% of consumption. The
remaining 15% are consist mainly of the following applications.
8. HIGH PRESSURE GAS CYLINDERS
• Compressed gas cylinders with capacities up to fifty litre capacity for
storage and transportation of CO2, air, oxygen and special gases. The 6000
series alloys combine light weight, good corrosion resistance, compatibility
with the product to be contained and mechanical toughness.
9. MACHINED COMPONENTS
• High tolerance components can be machined from the 2000 and 6000 series
alloys. These alloys have additions of lead and bismuth which gives them
machinability that approaches that of the free machining brasses.
10. LADDERS AND ACCESS EQUIPMENT
• Aluminium alloys are highly suited to ladders and access equipment due to
their lightweight, corrosion resistance and toughness. The 6000 series
extrusions in particular are used both industrially and domestically.
11. SPORTING GOODS
• The 2000 and 7000 series alloys are used for golf clubs and trolleys, racquets
for many sports, snooker and pool cues, ski poles, often employing spin off
from aerospace technology.
12. ROAD BARRIERS AND SIGNS
• Extrusions and roll formed sheet in the 6000 and 5000 series alloys provide
good corrosion resistance and decorative ability.
13. DOMESTIC AND OFFICE FURNITURE
• The complexity and surface finish of extrusions in the 6000 series alloys
coupled with the range of shapes from castings and the use of super
plastically formed sheet allows designers almost unlimited scope.
14. LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES
• This is a high purity 1000 series sheet product which has its surface
electrochemically grained then anodized to generate the base to receive
the coatings used by printers.
16. • These alloys are used for boat building and shipbuilding, and other marine
and salt-water sensitive shore applications.
• 5052 aluminium alloy
• 5059 aluminium alloy
• 5083 aluminium alloy
• 5086 aluminium alloy
• 6061 aluminium alloy
• 6063 aluminium alloy
• 4043, 5183, 6005A, 6082 also used in marine constructions and off shore
applications.
17. 5052 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
• 5052 is an aluminium alloy, primarily alloyed with magnesium and chromium.
It has good workability, medium static strength, high fatigue strength, good
weld ability, and very good corrosion resistance, especially in marine
atmospheres. It also has the low density and excellent thermal conductivity
common to all aluminium alloys. It is commonly used in sheet, plate and tube
form.
• Typical applications include architecture, general sheet metal work, heat
exchangers.
18. 5059 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
• 5059 is an aluminium alloy, primarily alloyed with magnesium. It is not
strengthened by heat treatment, instead becoming stronger due to
strain hardening, or cold mechanical working of the material.
• Since heat treatment doesn't strongly affect the strength, 5059 can be
readily welded and retain most of its mechanical strength.
• 5059 alloy was derived from closely related 5083 aluminium alloy by
researchers at Corus Aluminum in 1999.
19. 5083 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
• 5083 aluminium alloy is an aluminium alloy with magnesium and traces of
manganese and chromium. It is highly resistant to attack by seawater and
industrial chemicalsAlloy 5083 retains exceptional strength after welding. It
has the highest strength of the non-heat treatable alloys, but is not
recommended for use in temperatures in excess of 65°C.[edit]Applications
• Alloy 5083 is commonly used in:
• Shipbuilding
20. 5086 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
• 5086 aluminium alloy
• 5086 is an aluminium alloy, primarily alloyed with magnesium. It is not
strengthened by heat treatment, instead becoming stronger due to
strain hardening, or cold mechanical working of the material.
• Since heat treatment doesn't strongly affect the strength, 5086 can be
readily welded and retain most of its mechanical strength. The good results
with welding and good corrosion properties in seawater make 5086
extremely popular for vessel gangways, building boat and yacht hulls
21. 6061 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
• 6061 aluminium alloy
• 6061 is a precipitation hardening aluminium alloy, containing magnesium
and silicon as its major alloying elements. Originally called "Alloy 61S," it was
developed in 1935. It has good mechanical properties and exhibits good
weldability. It is one of the most common alloys of aluminium for general
purpose use.
• It is commonly available in pre-tempered grades such as 6061-O (annealed)
and tempered grades such as 6061-T6 (solutionized and artificially aged)
and 6061-T651 (solutionized, stress-relieved stretched and artificially aged).
22. 6061 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
• 6061 is commonly used for the following:
• construction of aircraft structures, such as wings and fuselages, more commonly in
homebuilt aircraft than commercial or military aircraft. 2024 alloy is somewhat stronger,
but 6061 is more easily worked and remains resistant to corrosion even when the surface
is abraded, which is not the case for 2024, which is usually used with a thin Alclad coating
for corrosion resistance.
• yacht construction, including small utility boats.
• automotive parts, such as wheel spacers.
• the manufacture of aluminium cans for the packaging of foodstuffs and beverages.
• SCUBA tanks (post 1995)
• 6061-T6 is used for:
• the construction of bicycle frames and components.
• many fly fishing reels.
23. 6061 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
• The famous Pioneer plaque was made of this particular alloy.
• the secondary chambers and baffle systems in firearm sound suppressors
(primarily pistol suppressors for reduced weight and functionality), while the
primary expansion chambers usually require 17-4PH or 303 stainless steel or
titanium
• The upper and lower receivers of many AR-15 variants.
24. WELDING
• 6061 is highly weldable, for example using tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) or
metal inert gas welding (MIG). Typically, after welding, the properties near the weld are
those of 6061-O, a loss of strength of around 80%. The material can be re-heat-treated to
restore -T4 or -T6 temper for the whole piece. After welding, the material can naturally
age and restore some of its strength as well. Nevertheless, the Alcoa Structural
Handbook recommends the design strength of the material adjacent to the weld to be
taken as 11,000 psi without proper heat treatment after the weld.[citation needed]
Typical filler
material is 4043 or 5356.
• Extrusions
• 6061 is an alloy used in the production of extrusions—long constant–cross-section
structural shapes produced by pushing metal through a shaped die.
• Forgings
• 6061 is an alloy that is suitable for hot forging. The billet is heated through an induction
furnace and forged using a closed die process. Automotive parts, ATV parts, and
industrial parts are just some of the uses as a forging.
25. 6063 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
• 6063 aluminium alloy
• From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• AA 6063 is an aluminium alloy, with magnesium and silicon as the alloying
elements. The standard controlling its composition is maintained by The
Aluminum Association. It has generally good mechanical properties and is
heat treatable and weldable. It is similar to the British aluminium alloy HE9.
• 6063 is mostly used in extruded shapes for architecture, particularly window
frames, door frames, roofs, and sign frames. It is typically produced with very
smooth surfaces fit for anodizing.
26. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF ALUMINUM
ALLOY OVER STEEL IN VESSELS?
27. SOME ADVANTAGES
• Aluminum structures can be lighter than steel structures, resulting in lighter
vessels, which can increase performance and/or operating economy.
• Aluminum alloys are more corrosion resistant in typical marine applications.
28. SOME DISADVANTAGES
• Aluminum alloys are more difficult/expensive to weld.
• Aluminum alloys don't have the strengths levels of steel alloys. This must be
accommodated in design.
