2. LOOM:
Loom is machine or device which is used to
produce woven fabric. It is the central point
of whole process of cloth production.
It is a device used to weave cloth. The basic
purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads
under tension to facilitate the interweaving of
the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom
and its mechanics may vary, but the basic
function is the same.
3. CHRONOLOGICAL/ HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LOOM
1. Vertical loom: Damask, Tapestry.
2. Pit loom.
3. Frame loom.
4. Chittarangan/ Semi-automatic loom:Take up automatic but let off manually.
5. Hattersley loom.
6. Natural Source/ Ordinary power loom: a) Water wheel was until 195
b) Steam engine
c) Diesel engine
7. Electric power loom: 1st power loom 1784
1st weaving mill with power loom 1789
a) Large single motor
b) Large group motor
c) Individual motor with 1930
8. Modern loom:
a) Projectile
b) Rapier
c) Air Jet
d) Water Jet
e) Multiphase
5. PIT LOOM:
Weaving has a long tradition in Egypt going back as far
as 6,000BC during which time methods have changed
enormously. This simple pit loom is the kind that is
frequently found in farms and villages operated by men
and women who make carpets, chair covers, shawls,
blankets and bed covers
The weaver sits with his or her legs in the pit where there
are two pedals which open the warp threads allowing the
weft shuttle to pass through freely. This type of loom
leaves the weavers' hands free to pass the weft shuttle
through from side to side and to compress the weaving as
they go.
7. FRAME LOOM
Simple and effective
- wonderful introduction to weaving
- very quick to warp and weave
- strong
- compact
Create wall hangings, cushions, tablemats and
coasters. The loom is ideal for students or any
weaver wanting a simple way to be creative. Made
from solid Silver Beech hard wood the frames are
strong and robust for a variety of warps and tensions.
Small and compact, the weaving frame is ideal for
taking on holiday. The finished piece can be left in the
frame and hung on the wall
9. Loom motions: There are three types of loom
motions:-
1. Primary
2. Secondary.
3. Tertiary.
Primary motions are: a) Shedding b) Picking c)
Beating.
Secondary motions are: a) Take-up b) Let-off
Tertiary motions are: a) Warp stop b) Weft stop c) Reed
stop.
Drafting: The process of passing yarn through the drop wire
is called drafting.
Drawing: The process of passing yarn through the heald eye
is called drawing.
Denting: The process of passing yarn through the reed is
called denting.
11. POWER DEVELOPMENT OF LOOM DRIVE
1. Hand loom: Human power drive
2. Power loom:
1. Water wheel
2. Steam wheel
3. Diesel Wheel
4. Electric wheel
3. Large common motor (200loom/ motor)
4. Group motor ( 200 loom/ motor)
5. Individual motor invented at 1930
1. Direct drive
2. Indirect drive
6. Multiple motor : for each modern loom
12. GROUP MOTOR
Disadvantage:
Absenteeism of warker
Shortage of raw materials
Shortage of worker
Style change
Shortage of spare parts
Natural calamities
Political issue
Power loss
Advantages:
Less man power required
Minimum cable required
Less initial cost
Less electric complexity
13. INDIVIDUAL MOTOR
Advantage:
Randomly power supply
Power saving
Simple driving system
Least amount of production loss
Disadvantage:
Higher initial cost
More cable required
More possibility of fire hazard
Maximum electric personnel required
Distribution and sub distribution board required
High manpower
14. METHODS OF POWER DRIVE IN WEAVING LOOM:
Direct drive
Loom driven directly by on-off system of motor
High initial torque is required
Saves energy
No side way thrust is required
High initial cost
Used in jute loom
No use of clutch
Indirect drive
Clutch declutch system
Low initial torque
Apply undesirable side way thrust
Low initial cost
15. SHEDDING:
Dividation of warp threads into two parts for
insertion of weft threads is called shed and
mechanism of shed is called shedding.it is the
first primary motion of weaving.
Types of shed:
Bottom close shed
Centre close shed
Semi open shed
Open shed
16. BOTTOM CLOSE SHED
This type of
shedding is produced
by giving motion
only to threads that
are to form the upper
line.under this condition,
the warp is level in the
bottom line. Hence in A Bottom line of warp
order to form a top shed B Rising and falling line
it is necessary to move C An arrow showing the space
some threads through a passed through
space equal to twice the
depth of a shed.
A
B
C
17. ADVANTAGE:
Used in hand loom
Alternate tightening and slacking the warp threads
produce a covered cloth
DISADVANTAGE:
More stress or tension on top warp line
Different tension on the warp threads
Low speed
Not possible to produce compact fabric
Poor quality fabric
More chance of breakage on top warp line
More power consumption
18. CENTRE CLOSE SHED
This type of shed is produced by imparting an upward
movement to those threads which are to form the top line
and a downward movement to the threads which are to form
the bottom line. Then after inserting pick both trhe lines
meet at the centre between the highest and lowest lines of a
divided warp
A Closed warp line
B, C Upper and lower lines of
a divided warp
D Arrow showing the half distance
of a shed in an upward direction
E Arrow showing the half distance
of a shed in a downward direction
A
B
C
D
E A
19. ADVANTAGE:
Equal tension on top and bottom warp line
Less time required, so high production
Less wear of the machine
Less power consumption
Less tear of the threads
DISADVANTAGE:
Beat up takes place in the closed shed
Compact fabric can not be produced
Chance of weft being moved backward
20. SEMI OPEN SHED
In this shed, the stationary bottom is retained but threads
for the top line either passes to bottom at one movement
and again carried to the top mid way and again carried to
top. In this shed close and open shed occurred
simultaneously. In it the stationary bottom line is retained,
but threads for the top line either pass to the bottom at
one movement, or are arrested midway and again carried
to the top. Such a shed can be formed as expeditiously as
an open shed, for the upward movement begins and ends
with the downward through movement, and the arrested
downward movement is converted into an upward
movement immediately the falling threads are in the same
plane as the rising ones. They all reach the top together
but the strain upon them is not equally distribut
21. SEMI-OPEN SHED:
A STATIONARY BOTTOM LINE
B TOP POINT
C THE POINT WHERE DOWNWARD MOVEMENT CEASES IN THREADS
D, E SHOWING THE MOVEMENT OF THROUGH HEALDS
F ARROW SHOWING THE THREADS WHICH ARE TO LIFT FOR THE NEXT PICK
C
A
D
B
F
E
22. SEMI-OPEN SHED:
ADVANTAGE:
Equal tension on the top and bottom warp line
Beat up takes place in the close shed
Speed faster
For fency fabric
Less power need
Less tear of threads
Possible to produce compact fabric
Disadvantage:
unusual movement
23. OPEN SHED:
In open shed, the warp threads form two stationary lines,
the top line and the bottom line and changes are made by
carrying the threads from one fixed line to the other without
any interval.
A, B Stationary warp line
C, D Arrows which show the movement of rising and
falling warp to equal the distance between A & B
C
A
D
B
24. OPEN SHED
ADVANTAGE:
Beat up takes place in cross shed condition
Equal tension top and bottom warp threads
Faster speed
Extensively used in tappet shedding mechanism
Basic fabric (twill, sateen, plain) can be produced
Less power consumption
Less wear of loom
DISADVANTAGE:
High breakage rate
If higher no of heald shafts are used then warp in back
healds are more stained than the front ones
26. TAPPET SHEDDING
A type of cam which transforms a rotary motion into a
reciprocating motion in rods and levers by sliding
contact is tappet.
When the receives a series of lifts, with intervals of rest
and thus forms a shed called tappet
Scope of tappet shedding:
Maximum capacity 14 heald shafts
Normally produce square design
Only the basic weave and small design are produced
27. CONSTRUCTION OF TAPPET SHEDDING:
The figure shows a negative tappet shedding mechanism. A pair
of tappets A and B are fixed to the bottom shaft C at 180 degrees
to each other. Two treadle levers D and E are connected to the
loom back-rail by a bracket F.
The bracket acts as a fulcrum for the levers. The two treadles
have teeth to carry the lamb rods G and H respectively. Two
heald shafts J and K are connected to the lamb rods. A top
reversing roller shaft Q carries two rollers of different diameters.
The roller of small diameter N is connected to a leather strap L to
which the front heald shaft J is connected. The roller P of large
diameter is connected to a leather strap M to which the back
heald shaft K is connected. The tappets A and B touch the anti-
friction bowls or followers R and S respectively, which are fixed to
the treadle levers. The heald shafts have heald eyes T and U
through which the war p threads pass X is the war p sheet and Y
is the cloth. The odd ends are passed through one heald shaft
while the even ends are passed through the other heald shaft.
29. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TAPPET:
When the bottom shaft is rotate as shown in the figure, the
tappets also rotate. The tappet will depress the anti-friction bowl
and the treadle. Being fulcrumed at one end, the front portion of
the treadle moves down. This action is transferred to the lamb
rod, the heald shaft and the leather strap. So one heald shaft is
lowered and the threads connected to this heald shaft are
lowered and form the bottom layer of the shed.
The leather straps attached to the reversing rollers are
connected in opposite directions, i.e. when leather strap is pulled
down, it is unwound from its roller. The shaft therefore rotates in
the clockwise direction and the other leather strap is wound on to
its roller. The heald shaft is raised and therefore the lamb rod and
treadle lever are also raised. The threads connected to the heald
shaft are also raised and form the top layer of the shed.
For the next shed, the other tappet works with the other set of
bowl, treadle, lamb rod, heald shaft, strap and roller and the other
heald shaft is lowered.
30. TYPES OF TAPPET:
Negative tappet: in a tappet shedding
mechanism if the tappet controls only one
movement either an upward or downward
movement of heald shaft, then the shedding is
known as negative tappet shedding.
Positive tappet: : in a tappet shedding
mechanism if the tappet controls both the
upward and downward movement of heald
shaft,then the shedding is known as positive
tappet shedding.
32. ADVANTAGES OF TAPPET SHEDDING:
Simplest
Cheapest
If properly used, it gives the best results within
its capasity
Action is certain
It is capable of lifting heavy weights with less
wear and tear than other shedding mechanisms
Less wear and tear
Consumes less power and give greater output
33. DEFECTS OF TAPPET SHEDDING:
Over shedding strains and breaks the warp
threads
Under shedding does not permit the space to
pass the shuttle through the shed.
Sometimes unequal shedding by lifting one end
of the shaft more than the other
Missed shedding
May impart jerky motion
Capacity is only 14 heald shaft