1. Social groups are a primary concept in sociological study and people belong to various social groups throughout their lives from birth to death. 2. When two or more individuals come together based on a common factor and influence each other, they form a social group whether temporary or permanent. 3. Members of social groups fulfill each other's expectations and responsibilities either directly or indirectly through established social relationships and interdependence.

1. DR. MAHENDRA KUMAR SHARMA
ASST. PROF. (SOCIOLOGY)
Shri, Shankaracharya Mahavidyalaya, Junwani,
Bhilai. (C.G.)

2. • euq"; dk thou lkewfgd thou gSA
• Lkkekftd lewg dks lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u esa ,d izkFkfed vo/kkj.kk ds
:i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
• fofHkUu izdkj ds lkekftd lewg gh O;fDr dks ,d lkekftd izk.kh
cukrs gSA rFkk mldh fofHkUu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrs gSA
• tc dqN O;fDr fdlh fo'ks"k vk/kkj ij vius gh leku dqN nwljs
O;fDr;ksa ds lEidZ esa vkrsa gS vFkok muds izfr tkx:d gksrs gS] rc
O;fDr;ksa ds blh LFkk;h vFkok vLFkk;h laxBu dks ge lkekftd lewg
dgrs gSA
• lkekftd lewg dh eq[; fo'ks"krk mlds lnL;ksa ds chp izR;{k vFkok
vizR;{k lEcU/kksa dk gksuk gSA

3. • tkWulu ds 'kCnks esa & ^^fdlh Hkh lewg esa muds lnL;ksa ds chp dqN y{;ksa dh
izkfIr ds fy, vkaf'kd lg;ksx fufgr jgrk gSA^^
• "A group in our usage of the term, involves some degree of co-operation among
its members for the attainment of common goals."
• eSdkboj ,oa ist ds vuqlkj & ^^lewg ls gekjk rkRi;Z O;fDr;ksa ds fdlh Hkh ,sls
laxzg ls gS tks ,d nwljs ds lkFk lkekftd lEcU/k Lfkkfir djrs gSA^^
• "By group we mean any collection of human beings who are brought into social
relationship with one another."
• vkWxcuZ ,oa fuedkWQ us fy[kk gS fd & tc dHkh nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr
,d&nwljs ds lEidZ esa vkrs gS vkSj ,d&nwljs dks izHkkfor djrs gS] rks os ,d
lkekftd lewg dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA^^
• "Whenever two or more individuals come together and influence one another,
they may be said to constitute a social group."

4. • O;fDr;ksa dk ladyu (Collection of Individuals)
• ewrZ laxBu (Concrete Organization)
• lkekftd lEcU/k (Social Relationship)
• lkekU; fgr (Common Intrest)
• lkekftd y{; (Social Goals)
• lg;ksx (Co-operation)
• izHkko (Influence)
• fuf'pr lajpuk (Definite Structure)
• izfreku (Norms)

5. • izkFkfed lewg ,oa f)rh;d lewg (Primary Group
and Secondary Group)
• vUr% lewg vkSj ckg~; lewg (In-Group and Out-
Group)
• mnxz lewg vkSj lery lewg (Vertical Group and
Horizontal Group)

6. )
izkFkfed lewg %&
• pkYlZ dwys us loZizFke 1909 esa izkFkfed lewg dh vo/kkj.kk dk
mYys[k fd;kA
• ftl lewg esa lnL;ksa ds chp vkeus&lkeus dk ?kfu"B lEcU/k] ge
dh Hkkouk ,oa O;fDrxr lg;ksx vf/kdik;k tk;] mls izkFkfed
lewg dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k & ifjokj] ØhM+k lewg] ,oa iM+kslA
f)rh;d lewg %&
• ,sls lewg esa eS dh Hkkouk dh iz/kkurk] le>kSrkiw.kZ lEcU/k ,oa
HkkoukRed lEcU/kks dh deh gksrh gSA ;s flQZ vius fgrks dh iwfrZ
ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSA mnkgj.k & jktuhfrd ny] fofHkUu la?k]
Dyc vkfnA

7. vUr% lewg (In-Group)
• leuj us loZizFke vUr% lewg dh vo/kkj.kk dk mYys[k fd;kA
• ftl lewg ds lkFk viuRo dh Hkkouk vf/kd gks] ftls O;fDr
viuk ekurs gks] mls vUr% lewg dgk tkrk gSA
tSls& gekjk ifjokj] gekjk dkWyst] gekjk jk"Vª vkfnA
ckg~; lewg Out-Group
• ftl lewg ds lkFk nqjko ,oa mnklhurk dh Hkkouk gks rFkk dHkh
dHkh ?k`.kk o 'k=qrk dh] rks mls ckg~; lewg dgrs gSA
tSls & nwljk dkWyst] nwljk jk"Vª] nwljh tkfr vkfnA

8. • feyj us lkekftd nwjh o lekurk ds vk/kkj ij mnxz vkSj lery
lewg dh ppkZ dhA
 mnxz lewg Vertical Group
• tc dkbZ lewg fofHkUu [k.Mks esa foHkkftr gks vkSj mu [k.Mksa esa
ÅWap&uhp dk Lrjhdj.k gks] rks mls mnxz lewg dgk tkrk gSA
tSls & tkfrA
 lery lewg Horizontal Group
• ftl lewg esa lnL;ksa dh fLFkfr yxHkx leku gks mls lery
lewg ;k {kSfrt lewg dgk tkrk gSA tSls & Jfed oxZ vkfnA

9. • lekt'kkL= esa lkekftd lewg dk v/;;u fo'ks"k egRo
dk fo"k; gSA ekuo thou cgqr gn rd lkewfgd thou
gSA og tUe ls ysdj e`R;q i;ZUr rd fofHkUu izdkj ds
lewgksa esaa gh jgrk gSA
• tc nks ;k mlls vf/kd O;fDr lkekU; fgrksa ds fy,
fu;eksa ds v/khu lkekftd lEcU/k cukrs gS vkSj
,d&nwljs dks izHkkfor djrs gS rks os lkekftd lewg dgs
tkrs gSA
• lkekftd lewg ds lnL;x.k HkkoukRed :i ls ,d nwljs
ds nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djrs gSA

10. • Agrawal, G. K. : Sociology, SBPD Publishing
House,Agra 2014.
• Singh, Gopi Raman Prasad : Principles of Sociology,
Agrawal Publications, Agra,2013.
• Cooley, C.H. : Social Organization, Scribners, New
York, 1920.
• izlkn] xksih d`".k % izkjfEHkd lekt'kkL=, Hkkjrh Hkou]
iVuk] Hkkjr] 1986A