3. Symptoms
Premature fall of leaves and black
colored hard stem are seen in the field
Fibers are rotten and exposed
Small dot like pycnidia present all over
the stem and they also infect the seeds
Infected seeds are discolored and
loss viability
Pycnidiospores do not adhered if fingers
are rubbed over the infected stem
4. Black colored
rot on stem
Stem rot
affected
field
Rotten
fiber
Small dot like
pycnidia
Conidia of M.
phaseolina
5. Moist weather and warm temperature
(above 300C)
Use excess nitrogenous and low
potash fertilizer
Factors favoring disease
development
6. Disease cycle
1)-Infected seeds collateral
hosts and crop residues
serving as primary sources
infection
2)-Infected plant with
pycnidia (p) on the stem
3)-A portion of stem showing
pycnidia (p) & ostiole (os)
4)-Section of stem showing
pycnidium & pycnidiospores
5)-Capsule & seed infection
by air-borne pycnidiospores
7. Management principles
Collection of seeds from healthy plants
Collection and destruction of plant debris
and stubbles
Rouging out the infected plants
Use of balanced fertilizers
Use resistant varieties like D-154, CVL-1,
CC-45, O-4, O-9897
Seed treatment with Vitavax 200 and
Homai @ 0.3% of seed weight
Application of Blitox-50 is @ 0.2% or
Dithane M-45 @ 0.2-0.3% for 2-3 times
at 15 days interval
9. Mostly mature plants are affected
Black colored band girdled the stem
The bark may split open longitudinally
at the later stage
Numerous dots (pycnidia) like structures
formed all over the surface of the stem
Pycnidiospores are adhered if fingers
are rubbed over the black band
Symptoms
10. Black colored
band on stem
Black colored
band girdled
the stem
Conidia of
Botryodiplodia
theobromae
Bark split open
longitudinally
11. Life cycle
Same as Stem rot of Jute
Management principles
Same as Stem rot of Jute
Factors favoring disease
development
Same as Stem rot of Jute
13. Symptoms
Anthracnose first appearance as yellowish
brown, depressed water soaked spots on
the stem, which soon turn into irregular
lesions of about 1 cm in length and a few
mm in width
In most cases the lesions are elongated
having tapering ends and wide at the
middle giving spindle or eye shape
appearance
The affected area becomes dead & cracks
in the center and the fibres are exposed
Some times several spots may coalesce &
produce large cankerous lesions and
in many cases they girdle the stem
15. Same as Stem rot of Jute
Factors favoring disease
development
16. Disease cycle
1- Infected seeds and crop
residues serving as
primary sources
2- Infected plant with
Cankerous lesions (cl)
On the stem
3- A portion of affected
stem showing stick in the
centre of the lesion
4- Section of stem showing
acervulus with setae and
conidia
5- Capsule & seed infection
by air-borne conidia
17. Rotation with Corchorus olitorious is
practiced as this species is immune
to anthracnose
Other control measures are same as
stem rot of Jute
Management principles
19. Symptoms
Lesions first appear as water soaked area
on lower surface of leaf
With aged, they enlarge and turn brown
to black and become frequently coated
with a sugar-like film
On cotyledons the lesions are round
to irregular
The lesions are limited by veinlets and
appear to be angular in shape
Black elongated lesions develop on young
stem, sometimes causing girdling and
death of the stem and this symptom is
often called black arm
20. Lesions first appear
as water soaked
area on leaf
Lesion enlarge
and turn brown
and become
coated with a
sugar-like film Black arm
Lesions
on ball
21. High rainfall, and humidity as well
as warm temperatures
Dampen or excess moist soil
Poor drainage system
Factors favoring disease
development
22. Using disease free seeds
Decomposition of infected plant debris
can be accomplished by ploughing
after harvest
Crop rotation with non-host for 3 to 4
years is useful for control
Seed delinted with acid
Cultivate resistant varieties
Do not cultivate or move equipment
through fields when foliage is wet
Management principles
24. Symptoms
Yellowing, wilting, defoliated plant, and
plant death are the typical symptoms
If a stem is cut lengthwise near the base,
its vascular tissues below the bark exhibit
a brownish or chocolate to blacking
discoloration through the entire stem
26. Temperature between 25-320C
Light sandy soil with acidic nature
Infested planting materials
Infested soil
Deficiency of potash and excess
of nitrogen and phosphous
Nematode (root-knot, reni form and
sting nematode) infested soil
Factors favoring disease
development
27. Avoiding crop stresses (over-irrigation
and over-application of nitrogen)
Remove and destroy infested plant
materials after harvest
Growing only resistant varieties
Weeds should be controlled
Crop rotation with nematode
resistant crops
Reduce nematode population
Management principles
29. The outstanding symptom is consist of
interveinal chlorosis or necrosis or
mottled appearance of the leaves with
yellow color
As the disease progress severe stunting
and premature defoliation occur
When the stem cut close to the ground
a dark-browning discoloration or streak
of vascular system observed
Symptoms
31. Cool air and soil temperatures
High content of nitrogen and moisture
Infested planting materials
Infested soil
Factors favoring disease
development
32. Rotation with corn, sorghum & soybean
Remove & destroy infested plant materials
after harvest
Use resistant or tolerant varieties
Careful timing and control of irrigation
and nitrogen rate
Management principles
34. Symptoms include seed decay, decay of
the seedling before emergence
Partial or complete girdling of the emerged
seedling stems and seedling root rot
Seed and seedling disease is characterized
by a soft, watery rot and damping-off
Damaged seedlings that emerge are pale,
stunted, slower growing, and sometimes die
within a few days
Symptoms
36. Planting too early in a cold
Wet seed bed
Factors favoring disease
development
37. Destroy Crop residue
Crop rotation
Lime acid soils
Plant high-quality seed
Plant in warm soil
Plant on well-prepared seedbeds
and in well-drained soils
Plant only treated seed
Management principles
38. Applying fungicide like Demosan, Baytan,
Thiram, captan, chloroneb, and Terraclor
(PCNB) @ 0.2% are effective against
Rhizoctonia but not against Pythium
Apron (metalaxyl) and Terrazole (ethazol)
@ 0.2% are effective against Pythium but
not the other fungi
Baytan @ 0.2-0.3% is the only fungicide
that retards black root rot (Thielaviopsis)