Quantum Computing(양자 컴퓨터) Programming을 위해서 물리학자가 아닌 프로그래머로써 알아야 할 것들을 정리해 봤습니다. 첫번째로 QC의 자료형을 이해하고 어떻게 사용할 수 있을지 정리해봤습니다.

1. Quantum Computing for
Software Engineer
(a.k.a Programmer)
Kyunam Cho {mystous@gmail.com}
Image by Michal Jarmoluk from Pixabay

2. Chaos in Quantum Computing
Copenhagen interpretation
𝜌
𝜈,
𝑇
𝑑𝜈
=
8𝜋ℎ
𝑐
3
𝜈
3
𝑑𝜈
exp
ℎ𝜈/𝑘
𝐵
𝑇
−
1
Planck
formula
−
ℏ2
2𝑚
𝛻2
Ψ 𝑟, 𝑡 + 𝑉Ψ 𝑟, 𝑡 = 𝑖ℏ
𝜕
𝜕𝑡
Ψ(𝑟, 𝑡)
Schrödinger equation
Image
by
Gerd
Altmann
from
Pixabay
Image
by
Gerd
Altmann
from
Pixabay
Heisenberg's
uncertainty
principle
Superposition
Superposition
Qubit

3. Image by kropekk_pl from Pixabay

4. I don’t talk about…
Quantum mechanics
Principle of Qubit
History about Quantum Computing
Cancel icon by Creative Design from the Noun Project

5. I don’t talk about…
Quantum mechanics
Principle of Qubit
History about Quantum Computing
Cancel icon by Creative Design from the Noun Project

6. I’m talking about
• Programming for Quantum Computing
• Which application is can be enabling on QC
• What time can we start QC programming

7. I’m talking about
• Programming for Quantum Computing
• Which application is can be enabling on QC
• What time can we start QC programming
Today

8. HW/SW Stack in Classical Computer
Image by 3mikey5000 from Pixabay
Application
Algorithm
Programming Language
Assembly Language
Machine Code
Instruction Set Architecture
Micro Architecture
Gate/Registers
Devices(Transistors)
More
Abstraction
Layer
Revisited from: https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/95327/is-it-100-ok-to-say-all-software-doesnt-need-to-know-the-system-lower-than-th

9. HW/SW Stack in Quantum Computer
Qiskit / Cirq
Quantum Gate
Devices(Quantum computer)
More
Abstraction
Layer
Image by 3mikey5000 from Pixabay

10. HW/SW Stack in Quantum Computer
Qiskit / Cirq
Quantum Gate
Devices(Quantum computer)
More
Abstraction
Layer
Image by succo from Pixabay
Superposition
Superposition
Image by 3mikey5000 from Pixabay

11. HW/SW Stack in Quantum Computer
Qiskit / Cirq
Quantum Gate
Devices(Quantum computer)
More
Abstraction
Layer
Image by Pixaline from Pixabay
Image by 3mikey5000 from Pixabay

12. More about Quantum computing programming
https://youtu.be/MqTHQKij5Kg
https://youtu.be/EuAjgGHqJ5A
https://youtu.be/MEijrZgRlRQ

13. Why Quantum Computing?
Image by Pete Linforth from Pixabay

14. • New computation resource and methodology
→ The new opportunity, Brand new market, New curious :-)
• Data handling size will be a key of computational power
→ Handling several data concurrently with a small resource
Why Quantum Computing?
Image by Pete Linforth from Pixabay

15. Let’s begin!
Image by Eric Perlin from Pixabay

16. I assume that
you are…

17. Quantum Computing Programming in One Word!
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Using basis vector
combination

18. Image by kropekk_pl from Pixabay

19. Terms Definition
Quantum Computing Classical Computing
(Current Computing)
Data Type
(Operand)
Basis vector
(Norm value 1, |ψ> = α|0> + β|1>)
Single data type
(int, bool, char, double)
Operator Linear Algebra Operator (A, Â, A†) Scala operator (+, -, *, /)
Answer The probability of the results Single Result
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

20. Image by kropekk_pl from Pixabay

21. More Detail
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Classical Computing (Current Computing)
double operand1, operand2;
double answer;
operand1 = 1.0;
operand2 = 2.0;
answer = operand1 + operand2; // answer → 3.0
answer = operand1 – operand2; // answer → -1.0
answer = operand1 * operand2; // answer → 2.0
answer = operand1 / operand2; // answer → 0.5
Data Type
Operator
Answer

22. More Detail
Quantum Computing
%matplotlib inline
# Importing standard Qiskit libraries
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, execute, Aer, IBMQ
from qiskit.visualization import *
# Construct quantum circuit
circ = QuantumCircuit(2,2)
circ.h(0)
circ.h(1)
circ.cx(0, 1)
circ.measure([0,1], [0,1])
# Select the QasmSimulator from the Aer provider
simulator = Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator')
# Execute and get counts
result = execute(circ, simulator).result()
counts = result.get_counts(circ)
Operator
Answer
Data Type
𝑞0 = 1
0
, 𝑞1 = 1
0
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

23. More Detail
Quantum Computing
%matplotlib inline
# Importing standard Qiskit libraries
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, execute, Aer, IBMQ
from qiskit.visualization import *
# Construct quantum circuit
circ = QuantumCircuit(2,2)
circ.h(0)
circ.h(1)
circ.cx(0, 1)
circ.measure([0,1], [0,1])
# Select the QasmSimulator from the Aer provider
simulator = Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator')
# Execute and get counts
result = execute(circ, simulator).result()
counts = result.get_counts(circ)
Operator
Answer
Data Type
𝑞0 = 1
0
, 𝑞1 = 1
0
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Abstraction!

24. More Detail
Quantum Computing
circ = QuantumCircuit(2,2)
circ.h(0)
circ.h(1)
circ.cx(0, 1)
circ.measure([0,1], [0,1])
𝑞0 = |0 > = 1
0
, 𝑞1 = |0 > = 1
0
(𝐻 ⊗ 𝐻) |𝑞0 > ⊗ |𝑞1 > =
1
2
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
−1 −1
−1 1
1
0
0
0
=
1
2
(|00> + |01> + |10> + |11>) = |𝑞01 >
|𝑞0 > ⊗ |𝑞1 > = | 𝑞0 > < 𝑞1| =
1
1
0
0
1
0
=
1
0
0
0
CX |𝑞01> =
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
1 0
1
2
1
1
1
1
=
1
2
1
1
1
1
= |𝑞2>
𝑃𝑟(|00>) = < 00|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4
, 𝑃𝑟(|01>) = < 01|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4
,
𝑃𝑟(|10>) = < 10|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4
, 𝑃𝑟(|11>) = < 11|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
𝐻 ⊗ 𝐻 =
1
2
1 1
1 −1
⊗
1
2
1 1
1 −1
=
1
2
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
−1 −1
−1 1

25. More Detail
Quantum Computing
circ = QuantumCircuit(2,2)
circ.h(0)
circ.h(1)
circ.cx(0, 1)
circ.measure([0,1], [0,1])
𝑞0 = |0 > = 1
0
, 𝑞1 = |0 > = 1
0
(𝐻 ⊗ 𝐻) |𝑞0 > ⊗ |𝑞1 > =
1
2
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
−1 −1
−1 1
1
0
0
0
=
1
2
(|00> + |01> + |10> + |11>) = |𝑞01 >
|𝑞0 > ⊗ |𝑞1 > = | 𝑞0 > < 𝑞1| =
1
1
0
0
1
0
=
1
0
0
0
CX |𝑞01> =
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
1 0
1
2
1
1
1
1
=
1
2
1
1
1
1
= |𝑞2>
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
𝐻 ⊗ 𝐻 =
1
2
1 1
1 −1
⊗
1
2
1 1
1 −1
=
1
2
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
−1 −1
−1 1
Answer
𝑃𝑟(|00>) = < 00|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4
, 𝑃𝑟(|01>) = < 01|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4
,
𝑃𝑟(|10>) = < 10|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4
, 𝑃𝑟(|11>) = < 11|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4

26. More Detail
Quantum Computing
circ = QuantumCircuit(2,2)
circ.h(0)
circ.h(1)
circ.cx(0, 1)
circ.measure([0,1], [0,1])
𝑞0 = |0 > = 1
0
, 𝑞1 = |0 > = 1
0
(𝐻 ⊗ 𝐻) |𝑞0 > ⊗ |𝑞1 > =
1
2
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
−1 −1
−1 1
1
0
0
0
=
1
2
(|00> + |01> + |10> + |11>) = |𝑞01 >
|𝑞0 > ⊗ |𝑞1 > = | 𝑞0 > < 𝑞1| =
1
1
0
0
1
0
=
1
0
0
0
CX |𝑞01> =
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
1 0
1
2
1
1
1
1
=
1
2
1
1
1
1
= |𝑞2>
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
𝐻 ⊗ 𝐻 =
1
2
1 1
1 −1
⊗
1
2
1 1
1 −1
=
1
2
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
1 1
1 −1
−1 −1
−1 1
Answer
𝑃𝑟(|00>) = < 00|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4
, 𝑃𝑟(|01>) = < 01|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4
,
𝑃𝑟(|10>) = < 10|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4
, 𝑃𝑟(|11>) = < 11|𝑞2 > 2
=
1
4
• The Qubit shows probability of the results
→ Results will be changed a little bit on every trying (collapse)

27. So, what is a
difference?
Image by Arek Socha from Pixabay

28. Qubit vs. Vector in native programming
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
%matplotlib inline
# Importing standard Qiskit libraries
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, execute, Aer, IBMQ
from qiskit.visualization import *
# Construct quantum circuit
circ = QuantumCircuit(2,2)
circ.h(0)
circ.h(1)
circ.cx(0, 1)
circ.measure([0,1], [0,1])
# Select the QasmSimulator from the Aer provider
simulator = Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator')
# Execute and get counts
result = execute(circ, simulator).result()
counts = result.get_counts(circ)
Quantum Computing Classical Computing (Current Computing)
Code on - https://github.com/mystous/quantumcomputing/blob/main/qubit_sim.cpp

29. Qubit vs. Vector in native programming
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
%matplotlib inline
# Importing standard Qiskit libraries
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, execute, Aer, IBMQ
from qiskit.visualization import *
# Construct quantum circuit
circ = QuantumCircuit(2,2)
circ.h(0)
circ.h(1)
circ.cx(0, 1)
circ.measure([0,1], [0,1])
# Select the QasmSimulator from the Aer provider
simulator = Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator')
# Execute and get counts
result = execute(circ, simulator).result()
counts = result.get_counts(circ)
Quantum Computing Classical Computing (Current Computing)
Code on - https://github.com/mystous/quantumcomputing/blob/main/qubit_sim.cpp

30. Qubit vs. Vector in native programming
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Quantum Computing Classical Computing (Current Computing)
‘Six states Bloch sphere.jpg’ from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Six_states_Bloch_sphere.jpg
2 Qubits
q0 q1
256 bits
q0[0]
00
q0[0]
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31. Qubit vs. Vector in native programming
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Quantum Computing Classical Computing (Current Computing)
‘Six states Bloch sphere.jpg’ from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Six_states_Bloch_sphere.jpg
2 Qubits
q0 q1
256 bits
q0[0]
00
q0[0]
01
q0[0]
02
q0[0]
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04
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Why?

32. Qubit vs. Vector in native programming
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Quantum Computing Classical Computing (Current Computing)
‘Six states Bloch sphere.jpg’ from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Six_states_Bloch_sphere.jpg
qubit
|ψ> = α|0> + β|1>
bits
(vector)
q[0]
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double q[2];

33. Qubit vs. Vector in native programming
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Quantum Computing Classical Computing
(Current Computing)
To represent all kinds of value for
2048-bytes RSA
11 Qubits 4,194,304 bits
Simple calculation, Not REAL!

34. Qubit vs. Vector in native programming
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Quantum Computing Classical Computing
(Current Computing)
To represent all kinds of value for
2048-bytes RSA
11 Qubits 4,194,304 bits
Simple calculation, Not REAL!
Unpair
comparison!

35. Qubit vs. Vector in native programming
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Quantum Computing Classical Computing
(Current Computing)
To represent all kinds of value for
2048-bytes RSA
11 Qubits 4,194,304 bits
Simple calculation, Not REAL!
We don’t compare or find every single
data usually. Instead of that, we use a
more effective algorithm!

36. Qubit vs. Vector in native programming
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Quantum Computing Classical Computing
(Current Computing)
To represent all kinds of value for
2048-bytes RSA
11 Qubits 4,194,304 bits
Simple calculation, Not REAL!
Therefore

37. Which one cost is expensive at now?
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Quantum Computing Classical Computing (Current Computing)
‘Six states Bloch sphere.jpg’ from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Six_states_Bloch_sphere.jpg
‘Ionenfalle_-_Quantencomputer.jpg’ from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Ionenfalle_-_Quantencomputer.jpg
qubit
bits
(vector)
Image by Michael Dahlenburg from Pixabay

38. So, what is a
difference?
Image by Arek Socha from Pixabay

39. Quantum Computing Programming in One Word!
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Using a brand-new algorithm
based on the probability values
of the elements of a basis vector
BQP
Bounded error, Quantum, Polynomial time

40. Quantum Algorithm
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Shor’s algorithm
S. J. Lomonaco, “A LECTURE ON SHOR’S QUANTUM FACTORING ALGORITHM VERSION 1.1,” undefined, 2000,
Accessed: Jan. 23, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-LECTURE-ON-SHOR’S-QUANTUM-FACTORING-ALGORITHM-1.1-Lomonaco/bbe14fd73a8cf5795a4a50a1a71ff31bb7e0eca3.
Quantum Computation
Classical Computation
Step 1.
To choose positive integer m.
‘gcd (m,N) ≠ 1’ m is non-trivial factor of N.
‘gcd (m,N) = 1’ move to Step 2.
Step 2. Use a QFT to find period P of ‘ma mod N’
Step 3.
If P is an odd then move to Step 1.
If is not move to Step 4.
Step 4.
‘mP/2 + 1 = 0 mod N’ move to Step 1.
If not move to Step 5.
Step 5. ‘d = gcd(N, mP/2 - 1)’ is a non-trivial factor of N.

41. Quantum Computer and Classical Computer
Image by 3mikey5000 from Pixabay
F. Ablayev et al., “Model of a Programmable Quantum Processing Device,” Dec. 2016, Accessed: Jan. 23, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.06322.
Classical Controller
Quantum Processing Unit
Init
Measure
Quantum
Memory
Quantum
Transistor
Step 2
Step 1, 3~5

42. I’m talking about
• Programming for Quantum Computing
• Which application is can be enabling on QC
• What time can we start QC programming
Today

43. Well begun is half done!
Image
by
DarkmoonArt_de
from
Pixabay

44. Next time…
What is that?
Which Framework is needed?
What kinds of trend at now?
With Shor’s algorithm

45. Caution
Ideas and suggestions which are presented in this document are
personal thought.
Those are not related with the company which the author belongs.
Image by Ryan McGuire from Pixabay

46. Copyright
• All photos and material that are used in this ppt are
copyright free version.
• Every photos and material are shown with its source
URL or CC direction.
• If there are no source URL, those photos and material
are created by myself.
• Some background images inserted by Microsoft
Powerpoint slide design idea.

47. Image by Ryan McGuire from Pixabay