business model ontology breakdown by business-model-design.com

2. About Me University of Lausanne Switzerland www.hec.unil.ch BusinessModelDesign.com Switzerland/Thailand www.businessmodeldesign.com The Constellation for AIDS Competence Belgium/Thailand www.aidscompetence.com

5. Technology roadmap (and landscape) [Zurcher and Kostoff, 1997] [Rinne, 2004[ Market Product Technology time 2 What is the Business Model? How have technology & products been incorporated into different companies’ disruptive business models in order to reach markets and make a profit?

10. The Business Model Triangle of Skype Strategy Structure Technology Business Model Internet Voice over IP (VoIP) Peer-to-Peer Disrupt the voice communication market Software development in Tallinn, Estonia Business division in London Disruptive Process (Business Process Reengineering BPR) Disruptive Technology (supporting or transforming business) Understanding Environment

11. Comparing Business Models (similarities & differences) Skype’s business Model (insurgent) Telco business Model (Incumbent) 1

12. Disruption phases: Delphi Study [Christensen, 1997] [Rafii, 2002] 2 Foothold market entry Main market entry Customer attraction Customer switching Incumbent retaliation Incumbent displacement yes yes yes yes unsuccessful significant start Disruption succeeds Disruption fails minimal

13. Business Model Comparison: How? vs. vs.

14. Business Model Comparison: How? vs. vs.

15. How do we create a common understanding? Courtesy slide: Hans Akkermans Create common understanding with all stakeholders Source: Financial Times, e-procurement, Oct. 2000 create a business model ontology

16. Find a common language vs. vs.

18. Business model > evolution Occurrences of the term « business model » in business and academic journals (in Business Source Premier) compared to the NASDAQ BUZZWORD or MEANINGFUL ARTIFACT?

20. Business Models in Literature: A Place of Confusion non-conceptual use term simply refers to the way a company does business conceptual use conceptualization of business models finite number of business models a limited number of business model types exist in reality: Infinite number of business models every company has a unique business model that can be described through modelling Business models preoccupation: classification, types preoccupation: meta-models, reference models, ontologies hybrids

22. Evolution of research in business model define & classify business models list business model components describe business model elements model business model elements apply business model concept Rappa 2001 Timmers 1998 Tapscott, 2000 Linder & Cantrell 2000 Magretta 2002 Afuah & Tucci 2001 Hamel 2000 Weill & Vitale 2001 Gordijn 2002 Osterwalder & Pigneur 2002 Geerts and McCarthy, 2002 definitions & taxonomies "shopping list" of components components as building blocks reference models & ONTOLOGY applications & conceptual tools activity outcomes authors Modelling Rigour (towards a business model ontology)

23. The Business Model Ontology Value Proposition Partner Network Core Capacities Value Configuration Customer Relationship Distribution Channel Customer Segment Cost Structure Revenue Streams Success / Failure

24. The Nine Elements Compared to the Business Model Literature Revenue Model Cost Structure Partnership Capability Value Configuration Customer Relationship Distribution Channel Target Customer Value Proposition Business model ontology Stähler √ √ √ √ √ √ Weill and Vitale √ √ √ √ √ √ Petrovic, Kittl et al. √ √ √ √ √ √ Gordijn √ √ √ √ √ √ Afuah and Tucci √ √ Tapscott, Ticoll et al. √ √ √ √ √ Linder and Cantrell √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Hamel

25. Modeling Rigor Mentioning Elements Describing Elements Modeling Elements

27. Comparing Value Propositions Free VoIP Broadband Internet Users targets SkypeOut SkypeIn & voicemail Value Proposition Target Customer Core Capacity Large user base requires Interconnectivity Create VAS Handle Prepayment (CC) Listen & adapt Handle Rapid Growth

28. Comparing Value Propositions Voice Calls (in/out) Private Customer Connecting Users Data Services Value Added Services Interconnectivity Create VAS Business Customer Telco Carriers Network Traffic Wholesale Business Services Free Network Capacity SCM requires targets Value Proposition Target Customer Core Capacity Telco

29. Comparing Value Propositions (continued) (Accessories through partnerships) Devices and Accessories x Network traffic wholesales x Business solutions Skype value-added-services Value-added services SkypeOut Skype-to-Skype VoIP calls (free) Voice calls Value Proposition Skype Telco Business Model Element

31. Comparing Customer Groups Free VoIP Broadband Internet Users targets SkypeOut SkypeIn & voicemail Voice Calls (in/out) Private Customer targets Data Services Value Added Services Business Customer Telco Carriers Network Traffic Wholesale Business Services Value Proposition Target Customer SKYPE TELCO

32. Comparing Customer Groups (continued) x Telco carriers x National business customers Broadband internet users globally National private customers Customer Segment

34. Comparing Distribution & Communication Channels Skype Website Broadband Internet Users Free VoIP delivers serves Viral Marketing Accessory Vendors SkypeOut SkypeIn & Voicemail Distribution Channel Target Customer Value Proposition Software

35. Comparing Distribution & Communication Channels (continued) Phone Private Customer Voice Calls (in/out) delivers serves Retail Shops Sales Force Data Services Value Added Services Business Customer Telco Carriers Traditional Marketing Website Network Traffic Wholesale Business Services Distribution Channel Target Customer Value Proposition Telco

36. Comparing Distribution & Communication Channels (continued) Accessory Vendors x Viral marketing Traditional marketing Skype website Telco website x Sales force x Retail shops Distribution Channel

38. Comparing Relationship Mechanisms (continued) Community x Website (self-service) Website (self-service) Live instant messaging (chat) Call centre Customer Relationship

40. Comparing Core capabilities and Resources Free VoIP Large user base requires SkypeOut SkypeIn & voicemail Interconnectivity Create VAS Voice Calls (in/out) Connecting Users requires Data Services Value Added Services Interconnectivity Create VAS Network Traffic Wholesale Business Services Free Network Capacity SCM Value Proposition Core Capacity Value Proposition Core Capacity Handle Prepayment (CC) Listen & adapt Handle Rapid Growth Telco

41. x Manage Network Capacity Handle rapid growth x Listen to customers and rapidly adapt x Supply chain management (accessory) Handle credit card transactions Manage billing Interconnect with phone network Interconnect with other networks Create VAS (innovation) Create VAS Large user base x Core Capabilities and Resources

44. Comparaison of business models > value configuration > e3-value Telcos [Gordijn, 2002]

45. Comparing Value Configurations Service provisioning Service provisioning Growth of user base Customer care Software/version management Network management Value Configuration (activities)

46. Comparing Partnership Agreements Technology (developers, P2P, VoIP) Acquirers (payment processing) x Device Manufacturers/Distributors Device Manufacturers and Vendors Telco carriers Telco carriers Partnership Agreement

49. Comparing Revenue Streams SkypeOut Prepaid Other VAS Prepaid Voice income SkypeOut concerns Wholesale Network Traffic Business Solutions income VAS Website VAS income Broadband Internet Users Revenue Stream Value Proposition Revenue Stream Telco Distribution Channel Customer Group Mail/Billing Value Proposition Distribution Channel Customer Group Voice Calls (in/out) Data Services Value Added Services Network Traffic Wholesale Business Services Data Income Private Customer Business Customer Telco Carriers Internet

50. Comparing Revenue Streams (continued) (Value-added services) Value-added services x Business solutions x Wholesale network traffic Skype out Voice Revenue Stream

52. Comparing Profit and Cost Accounts (continued) Business Administration/ Development Business /Administration Development x Contract Management Software development Network maintenance Cost Structure

53. Disruption phases: Delphi Study [Christensen, 1997] [Rafii, 2002] Foothold market entry Main market entry Customer attraction Customer switching Incumbent retaliation Incumbent displacement yes yes yes yes unsuccessful significant start Disruption succeeds Disruption fails minimal

54. Skype’s disruptiveness profile … Experiment [-3] [+3]

55. Delphi Study > Skype’s Disruptiveness Profile

56. Delphi Study > Incumbent Retaliation

57. Summary of Skype’s Disruptive Business Model Elements Software development Network maintenance Cost structure Low average revenue per user (ARPU) sufficient High average revenue per user (ARPU) necessary Revenue streams Software/version management (low marginal cost/user) Network management (high marginal costs/user) Value configuration Community (listening) x Customer relationship Viral marketing (lifestyle) Traditional marketing Virtual (internet) Mainly physical Distribution & Communication Channels Global reach Limited reach Customer Segments Free VoIP Complex charging Value Proposition Free calls Telco Business Model Element

58. Visual Summary of Skype’s Disruptive Business Model Elements Telco

59. Based on other Business Model Building Blocks Because there is no network management Because it is based on existing “free” infrastructure Because it extensively uses the Internet Software development Low average revenue per user (ARPU) sufficient Software/version management (low marginal cost/user) Community (listening) Viral marketing (lifestyle) Virtual (internet) Global reach Free VoIP Free calls

60. Summary of Skype’s challenges / incumbents retaliation Staying lean while growing Known components Cost structure Creating new value added services necessary Refocusing on other established areas possible Revenue streams Quality dependency (depending on Internet connection - ISP) Owner of quality control Value configuration Serving customers/managing “light speed” customer growth Established relationships Customer relationship Scaling-up marketing Marketing machinery Distribution & Communication Channels One customer “type” Diversified customer base Customer Segments Limited offer Diversified offer Value Proposition Free calls Telco Business Model Element

61. Visual Summary of Skype’s challenges / incumbents retaliation Skype Telco

62. The Environmental Model: Other factors Value Propositions Actors Markets Issues influence influence influence adopt offer IM 3G VoIP MS & Yahoo! (IM) telco’s regulator VoIP national needs & customs global price sensibility WiFi broadband penetration regulation unknown technologies

63. Next step > profitability evaluation > e 3 value

65. Further Research

66. Other Disruptive Business Models [Osterwalder 2004, Understanding ICT-based Business Models in Developing Countries, IJITM 3(2-4)] QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Grameen Village Phones Bangladesh Chiang Mai Group Thailande/World How can ICTs improve my revenue model? Do ICTs generate any new possible revenue streams? Revenue Model How can I improve my cost structure through ICTs? Cost Structure Financial Aspects What partnerships does my business model require and how do ICTs influence these partnerships, respectively make them possible or more efficient? Partnership What kind of capabilities do I need to deliver my (ICT-based) value proposition? Capability How can ICTs make my arrangement of activities and resources for value creation more efficient? Can I link into international supply chains through ICTs? Value Configuration Infrastructure Management What kind of ICT-based mechanisms help me establish a relationship with my customers? How can ICTs improve trust and brand? Relationship Can ICTs help me increase my reach (e.g. electronic markets, cybermediaries, direct marketing, web sales etc.)? How do ICTs make my distribution channels more efficient? Distribution Channel What additional target customers can I address through the help of ICTs? Target Customer Customer Relationship In what kind of ICT-based value propositions do/could I have a competitive advantage? How can ICT improve my current value proposition? Value Proposition Product Innovation Description Building Block of Business Model Pillar

67. Interviews: Evaluating Business Model Usage ability to create a transparent big picture creation of a commonly understood language helps addressing fundamental questions [Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2004, Investigating the Use of the Business Model Concept through Interviews, ICEB, Beijing] QUALITATIVE RESEARCH green = positive answers, red = negative answers, grey = neutral answers, white = not answered q = quotes q44 - no yes Consultant 3 q43 q42 q41 q40 q39 - no yes Consultant 2 q38 q37 q36 q35 q33, q34 q32 - no yes Consultant 1 q31 q30 q29 q28 yes no no 3'315 Transport q27 yes no no 10-1200 Entertainment q26 q25 q24 q23 q22 no no yes 400 Industry q21 q20 q19 q18 yes no yes 80 Internet Industry Platform q17 q16 no no no 31 Service in Finance q15 q14 q13 q12 q11 yes no no 15 Service over Internet q10 q9 q8 q7 q6 yes no little 5 Software in the mobile industry q5 q4 q3 q2 q1 yes no little 3 Retail over Internet improving communication improving process design increasing innovation helping in the design of ISs improving strategic planning improving decision making defining indicators trial & error use of tools use of concepts employees

68. Business Model Case Studies fidelity with real world phenomena? is the business model concept applicable? appropriateness of the building block concepts? Masters Students’ Class Work & thesis QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Swiss company ZenithVie – life insurance Belgian venture established in 1999 Phone-Plus – telecommunication services reseller Swiss consultancy Adrenalink – sports marketing and management consultancy Swiss Telecom service provider founded in 1998 MNC – mobile phone services (SMS) Subsidiary of Aleance (USA) founded in 2001 NetMovies – DVD rental over the Internet Swiss bookstore founded in 1984 Ellipse – bricks & clicks book retailing Subsidiary of book retailer Librairies La Fontaine SA LeLivre –book retailing over the Internet Swiss startup founded in 2003 Factory121 – personalized Swiss watch retailing over the Internet Swiss startup founded in 2002 Logifleet – Fleet management systems provider Company information Company & industry sector 4.33 In your opinion is the business model concept useful? 4.11 Was the concept "partenariat" relevant to describe the business model you analyzed? 3.89 Was the concept "activités et compétence" relevant to describe the business model you analyzed? 3.78 Was the concept "relation-client et confiance" relevant to describe the business model you analyzed? 3.78 Was the concept "clients et canaux de distributions" relevant to describe the business model you analyzed? 4.44 Was the concept "proposition de valeur" relevant to describe the business model you analyzed? 4 How closely do the elements of the sample document cover the aspects of the business model analyzed? 3.89 Did the concepts exposed in the course "Stratégies et technologies de l'information" allow you to accurately describe the business model of the company you analyzed? average Closed interview questions rated between 1 and 5 (1 = very definitely not, 3 = to some extent, 5 = very definitely)

72. Outlook: Business Models and Interoperability PROSPECTS Vertical Interoperability Horizontal Interoperability Company A Company B Strategy Business Model Enterprise Model Systems Model Strategy Business Model Enterprise Model Systems Model goals compatible? Business logic aligned? Processes coordinated? Systems integrated?

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