Dr. Steven Kizior, a dentist with many years of experience, opened his current private practice in 2005. He serves the Raleigh, North Carolina, area. Studies support the connection between periodontal disease and heart disease, although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established. Research shows that inflammation from gum disease may lead to or worsen heart issues. Patients who demonstrate a high level of risk for infective endocarditis may need to use antibiotics before undergoing invasive dental work. Heart and dental specialists can best determine whether a patient’s particular condition bears risk. Other studies have connected periodontal disease with strokes. In one study, a disproportionately higher number of patients who had acute cerebrovascular ischemia were likely to have an oral infection. Despite the absence of proof of a causal relationship, professional organizations such as the American Heart Association and the American Academy of Periodontology support the connection of periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease.