Transportation Engineering presentation Topic: 1.Roadway Condition Survey 2. Traffic Volume Study

1. DEPARTMENT OF CE

2. TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY
Course Title : Transportation Engineering Sessional
II Course No : CE 452
Course Teacher : Minhajul Islam Khan
Nuzhat Azra

3. GROUP 2
Group members Student ID
ZOBAER SALEHEEN 11.01.03.100
IMRAN UDDIN MAHMUD 11.01.03.106
SIAM MOHAMMAD AZMIH 11.01.03.107
MD. KAMRUZZAMAN MAHFUZ 11.01.03.109
ZAKIRUL ISLAM 11.01.03.108
MAKSUD AL SHABIB 11.01.03.110
KAZI GOLAM MOSTOFA 11.01.03.116
MD. NAZMUL ISLAM 10.01.03.103
ABDULLAH IBNE FARUK 10.02.03.105

4. OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Scope of The Traffic Volume Study
4. Key words for volume study
5. Methodology
6. Data Presentation
7. Discussion
8. Limitation of the study
9. Recommendation

5. INTRODUCTION
• Traffic volume study is the procedure to determine mainly the volume
of traffic moving on roads on a particular section during a particular
time.
• Volumes of a day or an hour can vary greatly, depending on the
different day of the week or different time period of a day.
• Traffic Volume survey is a systematic way of collecting data which is
used for various traffic engineering purposes.

6. OBJECTIVE
 Counting is the most fundamental measurement in traffic
engineering: vehicles, passenger etc.
 Counting technique to produce estimates of volume, rate
flow, demand and capacity.
 The purposes of carrying out traffic volume count are
designing, improving traffic system, planning, management
etc.
 Traffic volume study is used in plan.

7. GENERAL OBJECTIVES
• Design Purposes
Structural and geometric design of pavements, bridge, highway facilities, side-walks,
pedestrian crossing , minimum turning path, channelization, flaring, and traffic control
devices etc.
• Improvement Purposes
To improve the roadway operating condition, examine the existing service condition, check
the need of traffic control devices etc.
• Planning Purposes
Accurate information on the amount of traffic on the roads for the planning of both road
maintenance and improvement policies.
• Dynamic Traffic Management Purposes
Up to date and continuous flow/congestion information is essential for optimizing - Traffic
signal design and thereby improving junction performance and Network productivity by
providing information to the road user.

8. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• To determine vehicle composition during survey period
• To determine service flow rate in PCU unit
• To determine Directional Distribution of traffic
• To estimate average daily traffic based on expansion factor
• To draw partial flow fluctuation curve

9. SCOPE OF THE TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY
Scope
Magnitudes,
classification, the
time and directional
split of vehicular flow
Proportions
of vehicles
Hourly, daily, yearly
and seasonal variation
of vehicular flow
Flow function of
different
approaches at a
junction

10. SOME KEY WORDS FOR VOLUME STUDY
• Volume: Volume on a road is the number of vehicles passing the measurement point
during a specified time interval.
• ADT: Average daily traffic or ADT is the average number of vehicles (two-way)
passing a specific point in a 24-hour period, normally measured throughout a year.
• AADT: Annual average daily traffic or AADT is the total volume of vehicle traffic of
a highway or road for a year divided by 365 days.
• Service flow rate: The maximum hourly rate of a roadway section during a given
period under prevailing roadway condition.
• Rate of flow: The equivalent hourly rate at which vehicles pass over a given point or
section of a lane or roadway during a time interval less than 1hr, usually 15 min.

11. • Daily Traffic Expansion Factor:
HEF =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
DEF =
𝐴𝑣𝑔. 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘
𝐴𝑣𝑔. 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
MEF =
𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇
𝐴𝐷𝑇 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

12. METHODOLOGY
Traffic
volume study
Direct
Method
Manual
Automatic
Indirect
method
Video
recording
Pass card

13. MANUAL COUNTING METHOD
Mainly 3 steps--
1. Prepare.
Determine the type of equipment to use, the field procedures to follow, and the
number of observers required.
Label and organize tally sheets. Each sheet should include information about the
location, time and date of observation, and weather conditions.
2. Select observer location .
Observers (data collectors) should be positioned where they have a clear view of
traffic and are safely away from the edge of the roadway.
3. Record observations on site.

14. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR MANUAL
COUNTING METHODS
 Tally Sheets
Recording data onto tally sheets is the
simplest means of conducting manual
counts. The data can be recorded with
a tick mark on a pre-prepared field
form. A watch or stopwatch is
necessary to measure the desired count
interval

15.  Mechanical Counting Boards
Mechanical count boards consist of
counters mounted on a board that
record each direction of travel.
Common counts include pedestrian,
bicycle, vehicle classification, and
traffic volume counts.

16. Electronic Counting Boards:
Electronic counting boards are battery-
operated, hand-held devices used in collecting
traffic count data. They are similar to
mechanical counting boards, but with some
important differences.

17. AUTOMATIC COUNTING METHOD
• In this method, vehicles are counted automatically without any human involvement.
• There are two techniques of automatic counting
 Contact system based:-
It is based on pneumatic, mechanical, magnetic or piezo -electric method.
 Contactless system based:-
It is based on electrical/optical, ultrasound/infrared radar, micro wave,
CCTV/video image processing method.

18. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR AUTOMATIC
COUNTING METHODS
Bending plate
A weight pad attached to
a metal plate embedded
in the road to measure
axel weight and speed. It
is an expensive device
and requires alteration to
the road bed.

19. Pneumatic road tube
Pneumatic road tube sensors
send a burst of air pressure
along a rubber tube when a
vehicle's tires pass over the
tube.

20. Piezo-electric sensor
A device that is placed in a groove cut
into the roadbed of the lane(s) being
counted. This electronic counter can be
used to measure weight and speed.
Piezo-electric sensor

21. Inductive loops
Inductive loop detector consists
of an oscillator, and a cable,
which allows signals to pass
from the loop to the traffic
counting device. The counting
device is activated by the
change in the magnetic field
when a vehicle passes over the
loop.

22.  Some others way
 Count Vehicles Using Hand-Held
Electronic Counter Boards
 Vehicles numbers are recorder using ultrasound,
light beam or other infrared technology.

23. INDIRECT METHOD
Video recording :
Video cameras are mounted to
record the traffic condition on
road. Traffic volumes can be
counted by viewing videotapes
recorded with a camera at a
collection site.

24. Pass card
In this system every traffic
have certain card. When
passing a certain area the
driver just use the card in
a booth. Thus the traffic
volume can be measured

25. DATA COLLECTION

26. SURVEY LOCATION

27. Survey Date 15th January 2014
Survey route Russell Square to Panthapath (near Envoy
tower and Concord Regency)
Weather condition Nice sunny day with 24°C and 62% humidity
Method Direct count with manual method
Equipment Hand Counter , Pencil , Clip Board , Data
Sheets
No. of enumerator 9

28. DATA ANALYSIS
• Vehicle Composition in Traffic Stream
• Service Flow Rate in PCU/ PCE unit
• ADT based on Expansion Factors
• Directional distribution
• Flow Fluctuation Curves

29. TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNTING DATA
Time 10.30-11.00
AM
Day Thursday
Date 22.11.2014
Direction of Flow Panthapath to Russell
Square(East to West)
Surveyor Group Group 2
Vehicle Classification Observation in 30 min
Bus 5
CNG 90
Car 300
Jeep,Microbus,Ambulance 79
Motorcycle 88
Non-Motorized Vehicles ( NMV) 329
Utility 25
Truck 0
Total 916

30. VEHICLE COMPOSITION OF TRAFFIC STREAM
36%
0%
10%
0%
33%
3%
9%
9%
Vehicle Composition
Non-Motorized Vehicles ( NMV)( 35.92% )
Bus (.55 % )
CNG( 9.83% )
Truck( 0% )
Car( 32.75% )
Utility( 2.72% )
Jeep,Microbus,Ambulance( 8.62% )
Motorcycle( 9.61% )

31. SERVICE FLOW RATE
Vehicles
Classification
Number PCU Factor Converted
Number
Bus 5 3 15
CNG 90 .5 45
Car 300 1 300
Jeep, Microbus,
Ambulance
79 1.5 118.5
Motorcycle 88 .25 22
NMV 329 .5 164.5
Utility 25 1.5 37.5
Truck 0 3 0
total 916 703
Level of Service ( LOS) Service flow rate
(PCU/hr.)
A 600
B 700
C 900
D 1200
E 1400
F >1400
From table A we can see, Traffic flow for time Duration (10.30 AM to 11.00 AM) is
703 PCU and Service Flow Rate for time Duration (10.30 AM to 11.00 AM) is 1406
PCU. Comparing our traffic flow value (PCU/hr.) with the table B we can say
that the Level of Service of our road during 10:30 AM to 11:00 PM is Level ‘F’
which means forced or breakdown flow state.
Table B: Level of Service vs. Service Flow RateTable A: Conversion of Flow Rate in PCU

32. ADT AND AADT CALCULATION
• Estimating 24-hr volume using the Hourly Expansion Factors (HEF) for
East to West (Panthapath to Russell Square) traffic flow direction we get
the ADT is 26045 PCU/day.
• Estimating 24-hr volume using the Hourly Expansion Factors (HEF) for
West to East (Russell Square to Panthapath) traffic flow direction we get
the ADT is 31494 PCU/day .
• From the both direction avg. ADT , we get the Annual Average Daily
Traffic, (AADT) is 100944 PCU/day.

33. DIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION
• The Directional distribution is defined as the percentage of heavier volume over the total
highway volume.
• This directional distribution is relevant only when designing or analyzing highways with two
or more lanes in one direction.
Direction Time PCU/hr. Average
PCU/hr.
Directional
Distribution DD
% of total traffic
volume
From Panthapath
To Russell Square
9.00 am – 9.30 am 1345
1432 45%
31.5
10.30 am – 11.00
am
1405 32.7
11.00 am – 11.30
am
1546 36
From Russell
Square to
Panthapath
9.00 am – 9.30 am 1822
1732 55%
35
10.30 am – 11.00
am
1690 32.6
11.00 am – 11.30
am
1682 32.4

34. PIE CHART OF DIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF
FLOW
45%55%
Directional Distribution of
Traffic Flow
From Panthapath to Russel Square
From Russel Square to Panthapath
According to directional distribution most
of the vehicle travel towards Panthapath,
as this road leads to the city center and
the survey was made in the work going
phase of the day, so directional
distribution was justified.

35. FLOW FLUCTUATION CURVE
• Flow Fluctuation Curve: Graph of %ADT versus Time
usually for a 24 hour period.
• 24 hour flow fluctuation curve gives
• Peak Hour Factor (PHF)
• Design Hourly Volume (DHV) = PHF x ADT

36. FLOW FLUCTUATION CURVE
1345
1405
1546
1822
1690
1682
1583.5
1548
1614
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
PCU/hr
Observation time
Flow Fluctuation Curve
From Panthapath to
Russell Square
From Russell Square to
Panthapath
Average
9.00-9.30 AM 10.30-11.00 AM 11.00-11.30 AM

37. DISCUSSION ON VEHICLE VOLUME
Vehicle composition shows that 36% of the total vehicle is NMV (Non-motorized
Vehicle). Due to the development of the nearby land (Hospital, Food Court etc.)
and increased in residential building the use of NMV for short distance has
increased. The second most vehicle composition was Private car (33% of total
vehicle composition). People from residential buildings were using private car
for their journey to work place or any other destination which has increased
the number of private car use.

38. DISCUSSION ON DIRECTIONAL
DISTRIBUTION
55% of traffic flow was towards Panthapath which indicates tidal flow
towards west-north. It was morning rush hour. And there are also some
residential area in morning they rush to commercial area like Motijheel
, Firmgate through this path. Since Panthapath has linked with the
city center, so the rush towards Panthapath is high.

39. DISCUSSION ON FLOW FLUCTUATION
To draw flow fluctuation curve, it was assumed that volume for three
continuous hours were counted, although all vehicles were counted
within one hour. Flow rates were calculated from that short count data
and plotted. The graphs we obtain do not signify anything because we
only take data for three hour. If we take 24-hr reading and then plot in
the graph we may develop a relation between the previous data and the
data we obtained.

40. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
• This volume study was practiced by un-skilled enumerators, which may lead to
some error in data collection process.
• Direct Manual method being less accurate.
• More representative results of service flow rate would be obtained if 24 hours
volume is counted and the flow-fluctuation curve would show two distinct peaks
around morning and evening rush hours.
• Expansion factors used for the calculation of ADT were developed for a rural
primary road.
• Proper enforcement of traffic regulation is not obtained.
• Data were collected for short-term (20 minute), which was not representative to
the flow characteristics of the road. If 3days continuous data were collected, that
would me much more representative than this short count of traffic volume.

41. RECOMMENDATIONS
• This road mainly served the purpose of collector road. Collector roads should be
designed for a level of service C or better. However, level of service D is
acceptable, where unusually high traffic volumes exist. But as it found from the
traffic volume survey that the level of service was “F”, even during off-peak hour.
This handicaps the serviceability of the road.
• Driver’s selection of speed and reduced ability to pass is reduced. The volume
count must contain more than one cycle to get more authentic value
• More public transport facility should be provided to support the need of
inhabitants living the residential area near the road.
• NMT should be prohibited in this road which will help to increase the Level of
Service and Travel Speed.