Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

PHARMACOGNOSY &
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
FOR III B.PHARM STUDENTS
by
SUBASH.P M.PHARM
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
S.A RAJA PHARMACY COLLEGE,
VADAKKANKULAM-627116

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Dried jelly substances of the red algae
of Gelidium amansii.
FAMILY:- Gelidiaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Agarose & Agaropectin.
USES:-. Emulsifier, Lubricant, Culture media & Thickening agent
AGAR

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Dried exudation of stem & branches of
Acacia senegal.
FAMILY:- Leguminosae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- L-Arabinose & Arabic acid
USES:- Demulcent & Binding agent.
ACACIA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Dried gummy exudation from stem of
Astragalus gummifer.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Tragacanthin, Bassorin.
USES:- Demulcent, Suspending agent.
TRAGACANTH

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Secretion from the honey comb of Apis
indica.
FAMILY:- Apidae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Invert sugars, Enzymes,
Vitamins.
USES:- Pharmaceutical aid, Laxative.
HONEY

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried seeds of Plantago
ovate.
FAMILY:- Plantaginaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Aldobionic acid & Pentosan.
USES:- Demulcent, Treatment of Chronic constipations.
ISAPGOL

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Dilute acid extract of the Rind of
Citrus, Apple fruits etc.
FAMILY:- Rutaceae, Rosaceae
NATURE:- Viscous, colloidal & mucilaginous.
USES:- Treatment of diarrhoea, wounds & As a substitute for blood
plasma etc.
PECTIN

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from grains of Maize &
Potato.
FAMILY:-Graminae, Solanaceae
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Amylose & Amylopectin.
USES:- Pharmaceutical aid & Antidote for iodine poisoning.
STARCH

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried aqueous extract of
Acacia catechu.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Catechins, Catechol
Quercetin,Quercitin,Epicatechin,Acacatechin & Isoacacatechin
USES:- Astringent, Treatment of diarrhoea, Appetizer
BLACK CATECHU

GALL
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from pathological outgrowth
formed of twigs of the tree Quercus infectoria.
FAMILY:- Fagaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Tannic acid,Gallic acid,Ellagic
acid, Roburic acid, Syringic acid & Calcium oxalate crystals
USES:- Astringent, Hemostatic,Antidote for alkaloidal poisoning

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from fruits of Termanalia
chebula.
FAMILY:- Combretaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Gallicacid,Glucogalon,Chebula
acid.
USES:-AntisepticAstringent,Laxative,Diuretic,Stomachic.Treatment
of piles
MYROBALAN

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried aqueous extract of
leaves & shoots of Uncaria gambier.
FAMILY:- Rubiaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Tannic acid, Quercetin,
Pseudotannin catechin, Phlobatannin catachutannicacid ,Catechin &
Gambirtannin
USES:- Astringent, Anti diarrhoeal& Used in tanning industries
PALECATECHU

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the seeds of plant
Ricinus communis.
FAMILY:- Euphorbiaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Linoleic acid & Ricinoleic acid.
USES:- Used as Laxative & Used to make Biodiesel.
CASTOR OIL

SHARK LIVER OIL
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the fresh or carefully
preserved livers of the shark Hypoprion brevirostris.
FAMILY:- Carcharhinidae
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- 15000 to 30000 units per gram
of Vitamin A & Glycerides of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
USES:- Used to treatment of xerophthalmia & Nutritive.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from wool of sheep Ovis aries.
FAMILY:- Bovidae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Lanolin, Carnaubic, Myristic acid,
Cholesterol, Lanoceric & Lanopalmetic acid.
USES:- Creams and Cosmetic preparations.
WOOL FAT

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is a purified wax from honey comb
of the Apis dorsata.
FAMILY:- Apidae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Cerotic acid, Myricyl palmitate.
USES:- Pharmaceutical aid, Preparation of Polishes, Plasters.
YELLOW BEES WAX

NEEM
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the bark and stem of
Azadirachta indica.
FAMILY:- Meliaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Nimbin, Nimbidin,
Salanin,Nimbolin & Azadirachtin.
USES:- Antimicrobial, Insecticide, Repellent, Antifeedant

COD LIVER OIL
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the fresh liver of Gadus
morrhua
FAMILY:- Gadidae
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Vitamins A and D
USES:- Treatment of rickets ,TB & Nutritive

BRAN OIL
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Extracted from the hard outer brown
layer of rice husk of Oryza sativa.
FAMILY:- Poaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Fat, Protein ,Carbohydrate &
Vitamins
USES:- Antioxidant, Skin nourishment

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from partial hydrolysis of
Skin & Bones of animals.
NATURE:- Obtain as thin sheets or as strips.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Glutin, Lysine& Essential amino
acid.
USES:- Prepration of Capsules, Suppositories.
GELATIN

SPIRULINA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from Blue green algae of
Spirulina maxima
FAMILY:- Oscillatoriacea
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Vitamin B & β carotene
USES:- AntiHIV, Atherosclerosis, Catract & Antiageing

SOYA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried ripe fruits of
Glycine max.
FAMILY:- Fabaceae
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Genistein & Daizein
USES:- Reduce of breast & prostate cancer

MENTHA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from fresh leaves of Mentha
piperita.
FAMILY:- Lamiaceae/Labiatae
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Menthol,Menthone,Cineole &
limonene
USES:-Stomachic ,Carminative& Dyspepsia

Coriandrum sativum.
FAMILY:- Umbelliferae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:-Limonene,Linolol, α Pinene,
Geraniol, Camphor & cymene
USES:- Carminative, Stimulant.
CORIANDER

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried inner bark of the
tree Cinnamomum zeylanicum.
FAMILY:- Lauraceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Eugenol, Cinnamic acid &
Cinnamic aldehyde.
USES:- Flavouring agent, Germicide, Somachic & Diaphoretic.
CINNAMON

CASSIA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried stem bark of
Cinnamomum cassia.
FAMILY:- Lauraceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Cinnamic acid ,Caryophyllene,
Cinnamyl acetate, Phenylpropyl acetate, Orthocumaric aldehyde,
Coumarin, Tannic acid & Starch.
USES:- Astringent, Stomachic, Germicide, Emmenagogue &
Antiflatulent

S.NO Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicim) Cassia (Cinnamomum cassia)
1. Ceylon cinnamon Chinese cinnamon
2. 1mm thickness and different lengths 3 mm thickness and up to 40 cm length
3. Smooth & striation surface Rough & wrinkle surface
4. Yellowish brown colour Dark brown colour
5. Sweet taste & Aromatic odour Astringent & Mucilagenous taste
6. Cork and cortex very rare Cork and cortex present
7. Fibers Longer and thinner Fibers shorter and thicker
8. Starch up to 30μ Starch up to 30μ
9. Volatile oils 2% Volatile oils 4%
10. Cinnamic aldehyde 65% Cinnamic aldehyde 80%
11. Eugenol and sesquiterpene present Eugenol and sesquiterpene absent
12. Coumarin absent Coumarin present
13. Antiseptic, Carminative, Flavoring Agent
And Astringent.
Antiseptic, Carminative, Flavoring Agent
And Astringent.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried ripe fruits of Carum
carvi.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Carvone, Carvacrol, Carveol,
Dihydrocarvone & Terpene limonene
USES:-.Aromatic, Stimulant, Carminative, Stomachic & Antiflatulent
CARAWAY

Anethum graveolens.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Carvone, D-limonene, D-
carvone & Terpenes
USES:- Carminative, Stimulant, Aromatic, Stomachic &
Antiflatulent
DILL

CLOVE
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried flower buds of a
tree of Eugenia caryophyllus.
FAMILY:- Myrtaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Eugenol, Gallotannic acid,
Chromene, Eugenin & Caryophyllin.
USES:- Antiseptic, Stimulant, Carminative, Antimicrobial &
Treatment of Toothache

FENNEL
Foeniculum vulgare
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Volatile oil, Anethole, Phenolic
ester, Fenchone, β-pinene, anisic acid, Phellandrine & anisic
aldehyde
USES:- Stomachic, Aromatic, Diuretic, Carminative, Diaphoretic,
Digestive, Pectoral, Antipyretic, Antimicrobial & Antiinflammtory

NUTMEG
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from kernel of dried ripe
seeds of Myristica fragrans.
FAMILY:- Myristicaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Borneol, Clemicine,
Myristicin, Geraniol, Camphene & Dipentene
USES:- Carminative, Stimulant, Aromatic, Stomachic, Induce
abortion & Narcotic action.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried ripe seeds of
Elettaria cardamomum.
FAMILY:- Zingiberaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Terpenine, Terpineol
Terpenylacetate, Cineole & Borneol.
USES:- Aromatic, Carminative, Flavouring agent, Stimulant,
Stomachic, Expectorant, Treatment of Head ache, Diarrhoea & Cold
CARDAMOM

LEMON GRASS OIL
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the fresh areial parts of
Cymbopogon flexosus.
FAMILY:- Poaceae
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Citral, Geraniol, Linoolol,
Limonene, Dipentene, Triacontene, Tricontanol, Terpenolene & α β
pinene
USES:- Perfumery soaps and cosmetics & also used as repellant.

EUCALYPTUS
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from fresh leaves of
Eucalyptus globulus.
FAMILY:- Myrtaceae
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Eucalyptol, Cineole, p
cyemene, α pinene, Sesquiterpene, Ferrulic acid, Eucalyptin,
Hyperoside & Rutin
USES:- Stimulant, Antiseptic, Aromatic, Febrifuge,
Diuretic,Antispasmodic

SANDAL WOOD
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried outer bark
distillation of Santalum album.
FAMILY:- Santalaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:-Santalol,Santene,& αβSantalene
USES:- Carcinogenesis & Perfumery creations

PALMAROSA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from fresh leaves and tops of
Cymbopogn martini.
FAMILY:- Graminae
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:-
Myrcene, Linalool, Geraniol, Geranyl Acetate, Dipentene and
Limonene.
USES:- Stiff Joints, Bilious Complaints, Skin Disease,
and Aromatherapy

CITRONELLAL
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from steam distillation of
fresh leaves of Cympopogon nardus.
FAMILY:-Poaceae
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Geraniol, Citral, Citronellal,
Citronellol, Linalool, Borneol, Camphene, & Limonene
USES:- Insectcide, Bacteriacide & Antiseptic

SAPONINS
Parts of plants containing saponins are used as detergents
soap-like foaming they produce when shaken in aqueous solutions
1. Subterranean stem of Liquorice,
2. Root of Ginseng,
3. Tubers of Dioscorea.
Chemical tests
Foam test/Froth test
Hemolysis test

LIQUORICE
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from subterranean roots/stems
of Glycyrrihza glabra.
FAMILY:-Fabaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:-Glychrrhizinic acid,
Glycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhetic acid & Glycyrrhetinic acid
USES:- Sweetening agent, Antirhematism, Antibacterial, Antivirals
like Herpes, Shingles & Eczema

GINSENG
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots of Panax
ginseng.
FAMILY:-Araliaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Panaxadiol, Oleanolic acid,
Ginsenosides, Panaxosides & Chikusetsusaponin
USES:- Carminative, Demulcent, Expectorant, Stimulant & Raise
BP

DIOSCOREA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried rhizome of species
of Dioscorea deltoidea.
FAMILY:- Dioscoreacea.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Diosgenin, Sapogenin,
Epismilagenin, Smilagenin & Yammogenin
USES:- Used as Contraceptives & Treatment of asthma & arthritis

These are an important class of naturally occurring drugs
whose actions include both beneficial and toxic effects on the heart.
Plant glycosides with specific action on heart.
Cardio-active Glycosides
•Group of steroidal glycosides act as cardiotonic agent.
•They increase tone, excitability and contractility of cardiac muscles.
General properties of Cardiac Glycosides :
Amorphous powder
Bitter taste
Solubility in H2O
Insolubility in Organic solvents
Very toxic compounds
Odourless
CARDIO ACTIVE STEROLS

 Liebermann’s test:
• Glycoside in acetic anhydride + Few drops of conc. H2SO4
Reddish violet Green
• Test for Deoxysugars:
Keller-Kiliani’s Test:
• Glycoside in acetic anhydride containing traces of FeCl3 +
conc. H2SO4 on the wall of the tube
Acetic acid layer acquire Bluish-green colour
(Digitalis)
Acetic acid layer acquire Red colour (Squill)
TESTS FOR STEROIDS

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried leaves of Digitalis
purpurae.
FAMILY:- Scrophulariaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Digoxin, Digitoxigenin,
Glucogitaloxin.
USES:- Cardiotonic & Diuretic.
DIGITALIS

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from sliced bulb of Urginea
indica .
FAMILY:- Liliaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Hellibrigenin, Strophanthidin,
Scillaren.
USES:- Expectorant, Emetic.,Bronchodilator,Diuretic & Cardiotonic
INDIAN SQUILL

STROPANTHUS
Stropanthus kombe .
FAMILY:- Apocynaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Strophanthin, Stropanthoside,
Stropanthidin, Cymarin & Digitoxose
USES:- Diuretic & Chronic heart weakness.

ANTHRAQUINONE
Anthraquinone glycoside
•They possess anthracene or their derivatives as aglycone
•Hydrolysis of these glycoside yields aglycone which are di, tri, or
tetra hydroxy anthraquinone

1. Borntrager’s test
3ml extract
+
Dil. H2SO4
Boil & filter To cold filtrate
Add benzene / CHCl3
& shake
Separate the organic layer
Add NH3Ammonia layer turns pink / red
2. Modified Borntrager’s test
5ml extract
+
5ml of FeCl3
+
5ml of Dil. HCl.
Boil & filter To cold filtrateΔ for 5 min.
Add benzene
/ CHCl3
& shake
Separate the organic layer
Add NH3
Ammonia layer turns
pink / red
ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDE TESTS

ALOE
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried latex of leaves of
various species of Aloe ferox & Aloe perryi
FAMILY:- Liliaceae
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Barbaloin, Isobarbaloin, Aloe
Emodin
USES:- Purgative &. relief from itching and pains.

SENNA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried leaflets of Cassia
angustifolia
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Aloe emodin, Sennoside A,B,C,
& D
USES:- Laxative, Prescribed along with carminative, Increasing the
tone of smooth muscle in large intestine.

S.N
Morphology Alexandrian Senna
Cassia acutifolia
Tirunelveli senna
Cassia angustifolia
1. Appearance More broken Less broken
2. Size 2-4 cm long,
7-12mm wide
2-6cm long
7-8mm wide
3. Shape Ovate Lanceolate
4. Apex Acute with sharp spine Less Acute with sharp
spine
5. Margin, Venation Entire margine, Pinnate
venation
Entire margine, Pinnate
venation
6. Base More Asymetrical Lees Asymetrical
7. Surface covered with more short
soft hair
covered with less short
soft hair
8. Texture Thin brittle Thick flexible
9. Colour Pale greyish green Pale green
10. Odour Faint Faint
11. Taste Mucilagenous slightly
bitter
Mucilagenous slightly
bitter

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried rhizome of Rheum
palmatum.
FAMILY:- Polygonaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Catechin, Aloe-emodin, Emodin,
Chrysophanol & Rhein
USES:- Anticholestrolemic,Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Demulcent,
Diuretic, Laxative & Purgative
RHUBARB

CASCARA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried bark of Rhamnus
purshiana
FAMILY:- Rhamnaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Catechin, Aloe-emodin, Emodin,
Chrysophanol, Rhein
USES:- Appetizer , Laxative, Haemorrhoids & Liver tonic

2.Piperidine is heterocyclic amine consists of a six-
membered ring
1.Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound
consists of a six-membered ring

ARECA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried seeds of Areca
catechu
FAMILY:- Arecaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Arecaine, Arecaidine,
Arecholine , Arecholidine & Guvacoline
USES:- Stimulant, Aphrodisiac, To Treat Emmengogue & Vermifuge

LOBELIA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dreied aerial parts of
Lobelia inflata
FAMILY:- Lobeliaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Lobelidine, Lobelanidine,
Lobelanine & Isolobelanine
USES:- Expectorant, Diaphoretic, Antiasthmatic, Emetic &
combined with ointment preparation

TROPANE ALKALOIDS
Tropane is a nitrogenous bicyclic organic compound. Tropane
alkaloids occur in plants of the families Erythroxylaceae
and Solanaceae.
Vital morin test
Drug +HNO3 Dryness Residue+ 3%KOH in methanol
Purple colour to colour less liquid

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from leaves of the Atropa
belladonna.
FAMILY:- Solanaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Atropine, Hyoscyamine &
Scopalamine.
USES:- Mydratic & Antispasmodic.
BELLADONA

HYOSCYAMUS
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried leaves and
flowering tops of Hyoscymaus niger.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine &
Atropine
USES:- Antispasmodic, Hypnotic, & Mild Duiretic

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from plant Datura
stramonium.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Hyoscamine & Scopolamine.
USES:- Antispasmodic & Antisialagogue.
DATURA

COCOA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the seeds of
Theobroma cocoa.
FAMILY:- Sterculiaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Theobromine, Cocoa butter,
Polyphenol & Mucilage
USES:- Nutritive, Emollient properties & Coating pills

QUINOLINE & ISOQUINOLINE
Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the
chemical formula C9H7N. It is a colorless hygroscopic liquid with a
strong odor.
Isoquinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It is
a structural isomer of quinoline. Isoquinoline and quinoline
are benzopyridines which are composed of a benzene ring fused to
a pyridine ring

CINCHONA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried bark of the stem or
root of Cinchona calisaya
FAMILY:- Rubiaceae
CHEMICALCONSTITUENTS:-Quinine, Quinidine, Cinchoine,
Cinchonidine, Hydroquinine, Hydrochinchonidine & Cinchotannic
acid
USES:-Antimalarial, Antipyretic & Analgesic

IPECAC
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots of Cephaelis
ipecacuanha
FAMILY:- Rubiaceae
CHEMICALCONSTITUENTS:-Emetine & Cephaline
USES:-Emetic, Expectorant, Diaphoretic & amoebic dysentery

OPIUM
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried milky latex
obtained by incison from Papaver somniferum.
FAMILY:- Papaveraceae.
CHEMICALCONSTITUENTS:-Morphine, Thebaine,Codeine,
Heroin & Papaverine
USES:-Narcotic, Analgesic, Sedative & Cough Suppressant

Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with
formula C8H7N.
It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-
membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen
containing pyrrole ring.
INDOLE
•Ergot,
•Rauwolfia,
•Nuxvomica,
•Physostigmine.

ERGOT
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried sclerotium
fungus of Claviceps purpurea.
FAMILY:- Clavicipitaceae.
CHEMICALCONSTITUENTS:-
Ergometrine,Ergometrinine,Ergotamine,Ergotaminine,Ergosine,Er
gosinine,Ergocristine,ergocryptine & Ergocornine
USES:- Treatment of migraine,Vasoconstrictor, Oxytocic &
Abortifacient

RAUWOLFIA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from of dried roots of
Rauwolfia serpentina.
CHEMICALCONSTITUENTS:-
Reserpine,Rescinnamine,Rescidine,Desperidine & serpentine
USES:- Hypnotic, Sedative & Antihypertensive.

NUX-VOMICA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from of dried seeds of
Strychnos nux-vomica.
FAMILY:- Loganiaceae
CHEMICALCONSTITUENTS:- Strychnine, Brucine, Glucoside
& Loganin
USES:- Less poisonous, Appetizer, Emetic & Laxative effect

PHYSOSTIGMINE
Physostigma venenosum.
FAMILY:- Papilionaceae.
CHEMICALCONSTITUENTS:-Physostigmine,
Pyrolidineindoline & stigmasterol
USES:-Miotic effect on eye, Raise BP, & CNS Depressant.

IMIDAZOLE
Imidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound This
ring is present in important boilogical building blocks such as
histidine and histamine.
It is a white or colorless solid that is soluble in water,
producing a mildly alkaline solution.

PILOCARPUS
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from leaves of Pilocarpus
jaborandi.
FAMILY:- Rutaceae.
CHEMICALCONSTITUENTS:-Pilocarpine,
Pilosine,Pseudopilocarpine & Isopilosine.
USES:-Antagonistic to atropine,Miotic Effect on eye &Treatment of
Glaucoma

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- consists of the dried stem bark of
Holarrhena antidysentrica.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Conessine, Kurichicine &
Holarrhimine
USES:- Antidysenteric, Somachic ,Astringent &Anthelmentic,.
KURCHI

SOLASODINE
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried berries of
Solanum incanum , S. Khasianum & S. xanthocarpum
TLC:- Tolunene ,Ethylacetae, Diethylamine (7:2:1) Sprayer
Drangendroffs
USES:- Contraceptive Pills.

EPHEDRA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- consists of the dried aerial parts of
Ephedra gerardiana.
FAMILY:- Ephedraceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine
USES:- Stimulant, Antiasthma &treat hay fever

COLCHICUM
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried ripe seeds and
corms of plant Colchicum autumnale.
FAMILY:- Liliaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Colchicine, Colchicoresin,
Fixed oil, Glucose & Starch
USES:- Analgesic, Antirheumatic(gout), Cathartic, Emetic &
Treatment of Bechet’s Syndrome

A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that
consists of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines
are found in high concentration in meat and meat products,
especially internal organs such as liver and kidney. In general,
plant-based diets are low in purines.
PURINES

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried leaves of plant
Thea sinensis.
FAMILY:- Theaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Caffiene, Theobromine,
Theophyline & Tannins
USES:- Used in Beverages, CNS stimulant, Astringent & Diuretic
TEA LEAVES

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the seeds of Coffea
arabica.
FAMILY:- Rubiaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Caffeine, tannin , Fixed oil &
Chlorogenic acid
USES:- Flavouring agent , Used in Beverages, Diuretic & CNS
Stimulant.
COFFEE SEEDS

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained through distilling Pinus
longifolia, P. echinata .
FAMILY:- Pinaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Abietic acid, Pimaric acid,
Diterpene acid.
USES:- Used in making of Disinfectants, Ointments, Medicinal
plasters.
COLOPHONY

CANNABIS
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:-Obtained from dried flowering tops of
the pistillate of Cannabis indica.
FAMILY :- Canabinaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Cannabidiol, cannabidiolic
acid, Cannabidiol, Cannabinol, Tetrahydrocannabinol & Trigonelline
USES:- Sedative, Narcotic analgesic, Antispasmodic & Antianxiety

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:-Obtained from dried ripe fruits of
Capsicum annum.
FAMILY :- Solanaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Oleoresins, Carotenoids,
Ascorbic acid, Capsaicin, Capsanthin, Capsorubrin & Cryptocapsin.
USES:- Nerve stimulant, Carminative, Rubefacient &
Antirheumatism
CAPSICUM

BALSAM OF TOLU
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Resin is obtained from incision of stem
of Myroxylon balsamum.
FAMILY:- Fabaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Cinnamic Acid, Benzoic acid,
Styrene, Eugenol, Ferulic Acid, Benzyl Benzoate, Vanillin &
Triterpenoids.
USES:-Expectorant, Stimulant, Antiseptic & Flavouring agent in
medicinal syrups.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Blasmic resin obtain from Styrax
benzoin.
FAMILY:- Styraceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Cinnamic acid ,Benzoic acid,
Triterpenic acid, Sairesinolic acid, Phenylpropyl cinnamate &
Phenylehtylene.
USES:- Expectorant, Antiseptic, Protective , Carminative &
Stimulant,
BENZOIN

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is a oleo-gum resinus obtained from
the Ferula asafoetida.
FAMILY:- Apiaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Asaresinol ferulate, Ferulic acid.
USES:- Carminative , Expectorant, antispasmodic, laxative, asthma,
woophing Cough suppresant & Chronic bronchitis.
ASAFOETIDA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried rhizomes of
Curcuma longa.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Curcumin, Curcuminoids,
Turmerone, Monosesquiterpene, volatile oil, zingiberene & sabinene
USES:- Antiinflammatory, staomachic, stimulant, carminative,
Blood purifier, Coluring agent for ointments & antisnake venom
activity
TURMERIC

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is a dried powered of the rhizome
Zingiber officinale.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:-Gingerol, Gingerone &
Sesquiterpene.
USES:- Antiemetic , Aromatic , Stimulant, Carminative, Flavouring
agent.
GINGER

QUINAZOLINE
1. A hetero cyclic compound.
2. With benzene and pyrimidine rings
3. Having antimicrobial, Antiviral, Anticancer, Sedative, Analgesic,
Anticonvulsant, Antitussive & Bronchodilating activity
4. Low water solubility

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried & fresh leaves of
Adhatoda vasica.
FAMILY:- Acanthaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Vasicine &Vasicinone
USES:- Expectorant & Bronchodilator.
ADATHODA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots & rhizomes
of Gentiana lutea.
FAMILY:- Gentianceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Gentinin, Gentisin, Gentianose
& Gentiopicrin.
USES:- Bitter tonic, to treat Anorexia,Antiinflammatory,
Anthelmentic Stomachic , Febrifuge, Emmenagoue & Antiseptic.
GENTIAN

SAFFRON
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried stigma & stylepods
of Crocus sativus.
FAMILY:- Iridaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Crocin, Picrocrocin, crocetin, β-
sitosterol, Palmitoleic acid & Linoleic acid
USES: Stimulant, Stomachic, Aphrodisiac, Emmenagoue, Sedative
& spasmolytic.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots & stems of
Withania somnifera.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Anaferine, Withanolides.
USES:- Teatment of Infertility, Tranquillizer, Nervous disorder,
Anti-tumerous agent.
ASWAGANDHA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the whole plant of
Catharanthus roseus.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Lochnerine, Vincristine.
USES:- Used in treatment of Leukaemia & Used as Anti-neoplastics.
VINCA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is obtained from the seeds of trees
Gossypium herbaceum.
FAMILY:- Malvaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Cellulose, Wax, Fat & oil
USES:- Used for Surgical dressing, Filtering medium, Absorb
blood, mucus & pus , It is also prevent infection in wounds
COTTON

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried or fresh fruits of
Phyllanthus emblica.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:-.Vitamin C, Gallic acid, Ellagic
acid, Phyllembin, Phyllantidine & Phyllantine
USES:-Liver tonic, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Laxative
& Antiviral
AMLA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the dried ripe seeds
of Tribulus terrestris.
FAMILY:- Zygophyllaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Terestrosins A, B, C, D, & E,
Desgalactogonin, Desglucoanatigonin, Gitonin, F-Gitonin, Cinnamic
amide, β- sitosterol & stigmasterol.
USES:- Diuretic, Aphrodisiac.
GOKHRU

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from whole plant of
Convolvulus pluricaulis
FAMILY:- Convolvulaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Kaempferol, Kaempferol- 3- O-
glucoside, 6-Methox7-hydroxy coumarin, n-hexacosanol, n-
octacosanol, β- & ε - sitosterol
USES:- Antihypertensive, Brain tonic & Tranquillizer
SHANKHPUSPHI

BRAHMI
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from fresh or dried herbs of
Centella asiatica.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- .Triterpenoid sapponin
glycoside, Brahmoside, Braminoside, Asiaticoside, Madecassoside,
Quercetin , Stigmasterol, Thankunic & Isothankunic acid
USES:- Improve memory & Increase Keratinization

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It consists of the powered dried stem
barks of Terminalia arjuna.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Catechol, Gallocatechol,
Epicatechol, Epigallocatechol, Ellagic acid, Arjunolone, Arjungenin,
Arjuglucoside, Terminoic acid.
USES:- Diuretic, Astringent, Decrease BP & Heart rate
ARJUNA BARK

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried stem barks of
Sarca indica.
FAMILY:- Leguminoseae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:-Leucopelargonidin,
Leucocyanidin. Epicatechol,Quercetin, Gallic caid & β- sitosterol
USES:- Used in treatment of Menorrhoegia & Produces sedative
ASHOKA BARK

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from incision of the bark of
Commiphere mukul.
FAMILY:- Burseraceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Guggulsterone-z, E-
guggulsteone, β- sitosterol, Ellagic acid, Myricyl alcohol,
Allylcembrol & α- camphorene
USES:- -Inflammatory, Anti-rheumatic, Astringent, Antiseptic,
Aphrodisiac,Demulcent, Emmenagogue & Expectorant
GUGGUL

KAOLIN
BIOGICAL SOURCE:- Hydrated Aluminium silicate free from
gritty particles .It composed of granite rock (Silca-47%, Alumina -
40% & Water-13%)
NATURE:- Pink, Orange, red colour, No Odour , Treated with water
froms stiffy mass
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Anhydrous aluminium silicate,
Silicon dioxide, Iron oxide, Titanium dioxide, Aluminium oxide &
calcium oxide.
USE:- As an Adsorbent by oral preparation, Anticaking
prepaprations, Cosmetic , Insecticide & Paint preparation.

BIOGICAL SOURCE:- Clays composed very fine particles of
Hydrous magnesium calcium aluminium silicate .
NATURE:- Greenish grey or Blue colour, It is insoluble in
water,HCl & Sulphuric acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Natrolite, Albite, Serpentine,
Joaquinite.
USES:- It is used as gel in ointment & Cream, It is used as a
suspending and emulsifying agent
BENTONITE

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried fruits of Emblica
officinalis.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Vitamin C, Minerals,
Aminoacid, Gallic acid, Phyllembein, Ellagic acid, Phyllantidine,
Phyllantine, Tannin & Sugar
USES:-Diuretic, cooling, Refrigerant,Antioxidant, Antibacterial,
Antifungal, Antiviral,Antidysentry,Bilousness, Mixture of Triphala
churna & Chavanprash lehya
AMLA

SHATAVARI
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried tuberous roots of
Asparagus racemosus.
FAMILY:- Liliaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Satavarin I- IV, Sarsapogenin,
Asparagamine A,Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, Stigmasterol,Furostanolic
& Spirostanolic saponin.
USES:-Antispasmodic, Aphrodisiac, Demulcent, Diuretic,
Galactagogue, Threatened miscarriage, Antidysentry, Treatment of
joints stiffness & Infertility

TYLOPHORA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots & leaves of
Tylophora indica.
FAMILY:- Ascelpidaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Phenanthroindolizidine,
Tylophorine, Tylophorinine, Tylophorinidine, Septicine, Phytosterol,
wax, Resin, Pigment, Tannin, Glucose, Calcium ,Potassium chloride,
α amyrin, and flavonoids like Quercetin, Kaempferol & Tyloindane
USES:- Bronchial asthma, Rheumatism , Dermatitis,
Antiinflammatory, Antibacterial, Expectorant & Diaphoretic

BHILAWA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from tree of Semecarpus
anacardium.
FAMILY:- Anacardiaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Bhilawanol, Catechol,
Nicotinic acid, Riboflavin, Thiamine Amentoflavone,
Anacarduflavone, Galluflavone, & Essential amino acid
USES:- Astringent, Aborifacient, Asthma, Epilepsy, Psoriasis,
Antibacterial, Cardiotonic, & Causes painful blisters

KALIJIRI
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Consist of seeds Nigella sativa.
FAMILY:- Rananculaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Nigellimine, Nigillidin,
Nigillicin, thymoquinone, Dithymoquinone, Citronellol, carvacrol
& Carvone
USES:- Used to treat allergies, Cough, Cold, Fever, Flu, Asthma,
Emphysema, Antihypertensive & Hypolipedemic activity

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried rhizomes of
Alpinia officinarum.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- Alpinin, Phlobaphenes.
USES:- Carminative, Anti-rheumatic.
RASNA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from roots and leaves of
Boerhavia diffusa.
FAMILY:- Nyctaginaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Punarnavoside, Rotenoids.
USES:-Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory.
PUNARNAVA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the fruit of Tribulus
terrestris.
FAMILY:- Zygophyceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Hecogenin, Neotigogenin.
USES:- Diuretic, Aphrodisiac.
GOKHRU

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried plant
of Evolvulus alsinoides.
FAMILY:- Convolvulaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Betaine, Evolvine.
USES:- Antiphlogistic, Anthemintic.
SHANKHPUSPHI

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It consists of the powered dried
barks of Terminalia arjuna.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Magnesium salts, Pyrocatechol
tannins.
USES:- Diuretic, Astringent.
ARJUNA BARK POWDER

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried stem bark of
Sarca indica.
FAMILY:- Leguminoceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Heamatoxylin & Ketosterol.
USES:- Astringent , Used in treatment of Menorrhoegia &
Leucorrhoea.
ASHOKA BARK

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from stem bark of
Commiphere wightii.
FAMILY:- Burseraceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Guggulsterone-z & E-
guggulsteone.
USES:- -Inflammatory, Anti-rheumatic.
GUGGUL

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is blackish-brown
exudation,obtained from steep roots found in himalayas.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Triterpenes, Humic acid, Fulvic
acid.
USES:- Dilation of cell walls, Acts as catalyst in assimilations
of vitamins.
SHILAJIT

A)-Auxin: Cell elongation"↑ stem +↓ root" varies with low and high
concentration.
B)-Gibberllin: cell enlargements.
C)-Cytokinin: cell division.
D)-Ethylene: Induce growth response + fruit ripening.
E)-Abcisic acid : Growth inhibitor
PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR

TAXOL
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the dried seeds of Taxus
brevefolia.
FAMILY:- Taxaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Paclitaxel.
USES:- Used in treatment of Breast, Ovarian & Lung Cancer.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the whole plant of
Catharanthus roseus.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Ajmaline, Ajmalicine, Serpentine
Vincristine, Vinblastin, Tetrahydroalstonine,Catharanthine,
Monoterpene & Sesqueiterpene
USES:- Used in treatment of Leukaemia & Used as Anti-neoplastics.
VINCA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots and rhizomes
of the plants of Podophyllum peltatum.
FAMILY:- Berberidaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Podophyllotoxin,
Desmethylpodophyllotoxin, Desoxypodophyllotoxin,
Podophyllotoxone, α-β peltatin, Quercetin & Starch.
USES:- Used as Anticancer agent & Treatment of Lung & Testicular
cancer.
PODOPHYLLUM

PHYLLANTHUS
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from fresh aerial parts of
Phyllanthus niruri.
FAMILY:- Phyllanthaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Lignans, Amarin, Gernanin,
Corilagin & Rutin..
USES:- Prevents kidney stone formation and antihepatitis B activity..

GYMNEMA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried aerial parts of
Gymnema sylvestre.
FAMILY:- Asclepiadaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Gymnemic acid,
Triterpenoids,Saponins, Oleanane, Dammarene , Tartaric Acid,
Formic Acid, Butyric Acid & Inositol alkaloids
USES:- Stimulating digestion, Treat Diabetes, snake bite antidote ,As
a laxative & diuretic effect.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is obtained from the seeds of the
plants of Gossypium herbaceum.
FAMILY:- Malvaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Gossypol , Polysaccharides &
Cellulose.
USES:- Used for Surgical dressing, Filtering medium.
COTTON

SILK
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the cocoons spun by the
larvae of Bombyx mori.
FAMILY:- Moraceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Fibroin, Aminoacid, Glycine &
Alanine
USES:- Filtering medium & Used for Surgical dressing for Suture
and Ligature,

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from wool fleece sheep of
Ovis aries linn.,
FAMILY:- Bovidae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Cholesterol, Lanoceric,
Lanopalmetic.
USES:- Wool fat uses :Creams and Cosmetic preparations.
Wool Sheet uses :Bed Sores & foot care
WOOL

NYLON
SOURCE:- Polymer of adipic acid & hexamethylene diamine.
DESCRIPTION:-It is dull or lustrous, white in colour.
CHEMICAL TESTS:-Fibre soluble in warm HCl & It forms a hard
bead on ignition.
USES:-Preparation of sutures & ligatures, sieves & fabrics

RAYON
Cellulose
sodium hydroxide
sodium cellulosate
carbon disulphide
sodium cellulose xanthate
Pass through sodium sulphate & H S O
Uses:-Preparation of surgical dressings & fabric
Viscous Rayon
2 4

SODIUM ALGIANTE
Biological source:- Salt of alginic acid obtained from brown algae of
Laminaria species of Laminaria digitata.
Family:- Laminariaceae.
Chemical constituents:-Carbohydrate-sodium salt of alginic acid.
polyuronide composed of 1-4 linkage residues of D-mannuronic acid
and L-guluoronic acids.
Uses:-Gelling agent, As a emulsifier,Used In dermatological
preparations, In dental preparations.In adhesive paste. In textile
industry. In food industry & In cosmetics preparations

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained by evaporating an aqueous
extract made from Bones & Skins of animals like Ovies aries.
FAMILY:- Bovidae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Glutin, Glycine, Alanine, Valine,
Leucine, Isoleucine, Cystine, Cysteine, Methionine, Tyrosine,
Aspartic acid, Gluatmic acid, Arginine, Lysine & Histidine
USES:- Prepration of Capsules, Suppositories.
GELATINGELATIN

Animal Skin
Liming
Water wash
Homogenisation
Foaming
Convection drying
GELATIN SPONGE PREPARATION
Gelatin Sponge
GELATIN SPONGE

CELLULOSE
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained naturally from structural
element of higher-plant-cell walls.
PREPARATION:-Higher plant cell walls
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- D-glucose units
USES:- Production of Films, Textiles & Various Types Plastic
Materials.
Treated with NaOH/NaHSO
Lignin
Bleaching with Chlorine
Cellulose

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained naturally from Sleatite/Soap
stone.
NATURE:- White to grey colour, No Odour , No Taste, Soluble in
dilute acid, Insoluble in water.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Hydrated magnesium silicate,
Nickel, Iron, & Aluminium
USES:- * Pharmaceutical aid, As Lubricant in preprations of pills,
Dusting Powder for coating pills & Filtration for cloudy liquids
TALC

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