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TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
Session 3
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 Transmission media
are located below
the physical layer
 Computers use
signals to represent
data.
 Signals are
ransmitted in form
of electromagnetic
energy.
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Transmission Media and Physical Layer
Classes of transmission media
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE
CHOOSING TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
 Transmission Rate
 Cost and Ease of Installation
 Resistance to Environmental Conditions
 Distances
GUIDED MEDIAGUIDED MEDIA
Guided media, which are those that provide a
conduit from one device to another, include
twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic
cable.
TWISTED PAIR CABLE
 This cable is the most commonly used and is
cheaper than others. It is lightweight, cheap, can
be installed easily, and they support many
different types of network
Twisted Pair is of two types :
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Transmission Medium
Transmission Medium
UNSHIELDED VERSUS SHIELDED TWISTED-
PAIR CABLE
UTP and STP cables
UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP)
Adv:
• Ordinary telephone wire
• Cheapest
• Easiest to install
• It has high speed capacity
• 100 meter limit
Dis adv:
• Bandwidth is low when compared
with Coaxial Cable
• Provides less protection from
interference.
Transmission Medium
SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP)
Adv:
• Metal braid or sheathing that
reduces interference
• Easy to install
• Eliminates crosstalk
• Higher capacity than
unshielded twisted pair
• Increases the signaling rate
Disadv:
• More expensive
• Harder to handle
(thick, heavy)
• Difficult to manufacture
GUIDED MEDIA - UTP
 Applications:
 Telephone lines connecting subscribers to the
central office
 DSL lines
 LAN – 10Base-T and 100Base-T
TWISTED PAIR - APPLICATIONS
 Most common medium
 Telephone network
 Within buildings
 For local area networks (LAN)
TWISTED PAIR - PROS AND CONS
 Cheap
 Easy to work with
 Low data rate
 Short range
GUIDED MEDIA – COAXIAL
CABLE
Coaxial Cable
Transmission Medium
COAXIAL CABLE
COAXIAL CABLE
 Inner conductor is a
solid wire outer
conductor serves both
as a shield
 against noise and a
second conductor
TYPES OF COAXIAL CABLES 
 Baseband : Which is used for digital transmission. It is
mostly used for LAN’s. Baseband transmits a single
signal at a time with very high speed.
 Broadband : This uses analog transmission on standard
cable television cabling. It transmits several
simultaneous signal using different frequencies.
COAXIAL CABLE PROS
 Bandwidth is high
 Used in long distance telephone lines.
 Television distribution
 Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
 Short distance computer systems links
 Local area networks
 Data transmission without distortion.
CONS
 Single cable failure can fail the entire network.
 Difficult to install and expensive when compared
with twisted pair.
GUIDED MEDIA – COAXIAL
CABLE
 Applications:
 Analog telephone networks
 Cable TV networks
 Traditional Ethernet LAN – 10Base2, 10Base5
FIBER OPTICS
• Higher bandwidth
• Less expensive
• Immune to electrical noise
• More secure – easy to notice an attempt to
intercept signal
• Physical characterizes
– Glass or plastic fibers
– Very thin (thinner than human hair)
– Material is light
Transmission Medium
OPTICAL FIBER - PROS
• greater capacity
– data rates of hundreds of Gbps
• smaller size & weight
• lower attenuation(Reduction in signal)
• Used for both analog and digital signals.
CONS
 It is expensive.
 Difficult to install.
 Maintenance is expensive and difficult
GUIDED MEDIA – OPTICAL FIBER
CABLE
 Applications:
 Backbone networks – SONET
 Cable TV – backbone
 LAN
 100Base-FX network (Fast Ethernet)
 100Base-X
UNGUIDED MEDIA
Wireless transmission waves
BROADCAST RADIO
 Its frequency is between 10 kHz to 1GHz.
 It is simple to install and has high attenuation.
 FM radio
 UHF and VHF television
 still need line of sight
 suffers from multipath interference
 reflections from land, water, other objects
UNGUIDED MEDIA – INFRARED
 Frequencies between 300 GHz to 400 THz.
 Can not penetrate walls.
Used for short-range communication in a
closed area using line-of-sight propagation.
INFRARED
 are blocked by walls
 no licenses required
 typical uses
 TV remote control
 IRD port
MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION
 Line-of-site
 High speed
 Cost effective
 Easy to implement
 Weather can cause interference
STRAIGHT THROUGH AND
CROSSOVER WIRING
35
 Wiring within a twisted pair cable is configured as
either
 Straight through, where each wire (or pin) is attached to the
same contact point at each end
 Crossover, where transmit contacts on each end of the cable
are connected to the receive contact at the other end
STRAIGHT THROUGH WIRING
36
CROSSOVER WIRING
37
UTP STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE
 The cable that connects from the switch port to the
computer NIC port is called a straight-through cable.
38
Host or RouterHub or Switch
UTP STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE
Host or RouterHub or Switch
UTP CROSS-OVER CABLE
 The cable that connects from one switch port to another
switch port is called a crossover cable.
40
UTP CROSS-OVER CABLE
41
UTP ROLLOVER CABLE
 The cable that connects the RJ-45 adapter on the com
port of the computer to the console port of the router or
switch is called a rollover cable.
42

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Transmission Medium

  • 2. TRANSMISSION MEDIA  Transmission media are located below the physical layer  Computers use signals to represent data.  Signals are ransmitted in form of electromagnetic energy.
  • 5. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE CHOOSING TRANSMISSION MEDIUM  Transmission Rate  Cost and Ease of Installation  Resistance to Environmental Conditions  Distances
  • 6. GUIDED MEDIAGUIDED MEDIA Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.
  • 7. TWISTED PAIR CABLE  This cable is the most commonly used and is cheaper than others. It is lightweight, cheap, can be installed easily, and they support many different types of network Twisted Pair is of two types :  Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)  Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
  • 10. UNSHIELDED VERSUS SHIELDED TWISTED- PAIR CABLE UTP and STP cables
  • 11. UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP) Adv: • Ordinary telephone wire • Cheapest • Easiest to install • It has high speed capacity • 100 meter limit Dis adv: • Bandwidth is low when compared with Coaxial Cable • Provides less protection from interference.
  • 13. SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP) Adv: • Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference • Easy to install • Eliminates crosstalk • Higher capacity than unshielded twisted pair • Increases the signaling rate Disadv: • More expensive • Harder to handle (thick, heavy) • Difficult to manufacture
  • 14. GUIDED MEDIA - UTP  Applications:  Telephone lines connecting subscribers to the central office  DSL lines  LAN – 10Base-T and 100Base-T
  • 15. TWISTED PAIR - APPLICATIONS  Most common medium  Telephone network  Within buildings  For local area networks (LAN)
  • 16. TWISTED PAIR - PROS AND CONS  Cheap  Easy to work with  Low data rate  Short range
  • 17. GUIDED MEDIA – COAXIAL CABLE Coaxial Cable
  • 20. COAXIAL CABLE  Inner conductor is a solid wire outer conductor serves both as a shield  against noise and a second conductor
  • 21. TYPES OF COAXIAL CABLES   Baseband : Which is used for digital transmission. It is mostly used for LAN’s. Baseband transmits a single signal at a time with very high speed.  Broadband : This uses analog transmission on standard cable television cabling. It transmits several simultaneous signal using different frequencies.
  • 22. COAXIAL CABLE PROS  Bandwidth is high  Used in long distance telephone lines.  Television distribution  Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously  Short distance computer systems links  Local area networks  Data transmission without distortion.
  • 23. CONS  Single cable failure can fail the entire network.  Difficult to install and expensive when compared with twisted pair.
  • 24. GUIDED MEDIA – COAXIAL CABLE  Applications:  Analog telephone networks  Cable TV networks  Traditional Ethernet LAN – 10Base2, 10Base5
  • 25. FIBER OPTICS • Higher bandwidth • Less expensive • Immune to electrical noise • More secure – easy to notice an attempt to intercept signal • Physical characterizes – Glass or plastic fibers – Very thin (thinner than human hair) – Material is light
  • 27. OPTICAL FIBER - PROS • greater capacity – data rates of hundreds of Gbps • smaller size & weight • lower attenuation(Reduction in signal) • Used for both analog and digital signals.
  • 28. CONS  It is expensive.  Difficult to install.  Maintenance is expensive and difficult
  • 29. GUIDED MEDIA – OPTICAL FIBER CABLE  Applications:  Backbone networks – SONET  Cable TV – backbone  LAN  100Base-FX network (Fast Ethernet)  100Base-X
  • 31. BROADCAST RADIO  Its frequency is between 10 kHz to 1GHz.  It is simple to install and has high attenuation.  FM radio  UHF and VHF television  still need line of sight  suffers from multipath interference  reflections from land, water, other objects
  • 32. UNGUIDED MEDIA – INFRARED  Frequencies between 300 GHz to 400 THz.  Can not penetrate walls. Used for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation.
  • 33. INFRARED  are blocked by walls  no licenses required  typical uses  TV remote control  IRD port
  • 34. MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION  Line-of-site  High speed  Cost effective  Easy to implement  Weather can cause interference
  • 35. STRAIGHT THROUGH AND CROSSOVER WIRING 35  Wiring within a twisted pair cable is configured as either  Straight through, where each wire (or pin) is attached to the same contact point at each end  Crossover, where transmit contacts on each end of the cable are connected to the receive contact at the other end
  • 38. UTP STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE  The cable that connects from the switch port to the computer NIC port is called a straight-through cable. 38 Host or RouterHub or Switch
  • 39. UTP STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE Host or RouterHub or Switch
  • 40. UTP CROSS-OVER CABLE  The cable that connects from one switch port to another switch port is called a crossover cable. 40
  • 42. UTP ROLLOVER CABLE  The cable that connects the RJ-45 adapter on the com port of the computer to the console port of the router or switch is called a rollover cable. 42

Editor's Notes

  1. Coaxial cable, like twisted pair, consists of two conductors, but is constructed differently to permit it to operate over a wider range of frequencies. It consists of a hollow outer cylindrical conductor that surrounds a single inner wire conductor (Stallings DCC8e Figure 4.2b). The inner conductor is held in place by either regularly spaced insulating rings or a solid dielectric material. The outer conductor is covered with a jacket or shield. A single coaxial cable has a diameter of from 1 to 2.5 cm. Coaxial cable can be used over longer distances and support more stations on a shared line than twisted pair. Coaxial cable is a versatile transmission medium, used in a wide variety of applications, including: •Television distribution - aerial to TV & CATV systems •Long-distance telephone transmission - traditionally used for inter-exchange links, now being replaced by optical fiber/microwave/satellite •Short-run computer system links •Local area networks
  2. The following characteristics distinguish optical fiber from twisted pair or coaxial cable: •Greater capacity: The potential bandwidth, and hence data rate, of optical fiber is immense; data rates of hundreds of Gbps over tens of kilometers have been demonstrated. Compare this to the practical maximum of hundreds of Mbps over about 1 km for coaxial cable and just a few Mbps over 1 km or up to 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps over a few tens of meters for twisted pair. •Smaller size and lighter weight: Optical fibers are considerably thinner than coaxial cable or bundled twisted-pair cable. For cramped conduits in buildings and underground along public rights-of-way, the advantage of small size is considerable. The corresponding reduction in weight reduces structural support requirements. •Lower attenuation: Attenuation is significantly lower for optical fiber than for coaxial cable or twisted pair, and is constant over a wide range. •Electromagnetic isolation: Optical fiber systems are not affected by external electromagnetic fields. Thus the system is not vulnerable to interference, impulse noise, or crosstalk. By the same token, fibers do not radiate energy, so there is little interference with other equipment and there is a high degree of security from eavesdropping. In addition, fiber is inherently difficult to tap. •Greater repeater spacing: Fewer repeaters mean lower cost and fewer sources of error. The performance of optical fiber systems from this point of view has been steadily improving. Repeater spacing in the tens of kilometers for optical fiber is common, and repeater spacings of hundreds of kilometers have been demonstrated.
  3. Radio is a general term used to encompass frequencies in the range of 3 kHz to 300 GHz. We are using the informal term broadcast radio to cover the VHF and part of the UHF band: 30 MHz to 1 GHz. This range covers FM radio and UHF and VHF television. This range is also used for a number of data networking applications. The principal difference between broadcast radio and microwave is that the former is omnidirectional and the latter is directional. Thus broadcast radio does not require dish-shaped antennas, and the antennas need not be rigidly mounted to a precise alignment. The range 30 MHz to 1 GHz is an effective one for broadcast communications. Unlike the case for lower-frequency electromagnetic waves, the ionosphere is transparent to radio waves above 30 MHz. Thus transmission is limited to the line of sight, and distant transmitters will not interfere with each other due to reflection from the atmosphere. Unlike the higher frequencies of the microwave region, broadcast radio waves are less sensitive to attenuation from rainfall. A prime source of impairment for broadcast radio waves is multipath interference. Reflection from land, water, and natural or human-made objects can create multiple paths between antennas, eg ghosting on TV pictures.
  4. Infrared communications is achieved using transmitters/receivers (transceivers) that modulate noncoherent infrared light. Transceivers must be within the line of sight of each other either directly or via reflection from a light-colored surface such as the ceiling of a room. One important difference between infrared and microwave transmission is that the former does not penetrate walls. Thus the security and interference problems encountered in microwave systems are not present. Furthermore, there is no frequency allocation issue with infrared, because no licensing is required.