1. Cell
B M Subramanya Swamy M.Sc. B.Ed.
CIE Co ordinator & Examination Officer
Kanaan Global School
Jakarta
Indonesia
swamy@kanaanglobal.sch.id

2. Introduction
• A cell is the basic unit of structure and
function in an organism
• All organisms are unicellular or multicellular
• It is a smallest living unit showing all the
characteristic of life and performing all the
vital functions

3. Animal cell

4. Structure Function
Cell Membrane Also called plasma
membrane
A thin delicate layer
made of layers of
proteins and fats
Completely surrounds
and holds in the
constituents of the cell
High surface area of the
cell provides for absorption
of nutrients and the
disposal of wastes
Differentially permeable
controlling the transport of
materials in and out of the
cell
Allow certain small
substances like glucose
water and oxygen to enter
the cell
Prevent larger molecules
like protein and starch from
leaving the cell

5. Nucleus Most prominent structure of the cell
Usually spherical in shape
Found near the centre of the animal cell
Bound by two membranes forming the
nuclear envelop
Isolates the genetic material from the
rest of cell
Nuclear pores are scattered over the
surface of this envelop
Found within the nucleus is one or more
small spherical structure called the
nucleolus which is not bound by a
membrane
Nucleoplasm is the cytoplasm like
material that fills up the nucleus .it
contains chromatin which is made up of
DNA
Involved in cell division
Controls all cellular activity
Houses the organisms genetic
material
Nuclear pores act as channels
Permitting certain molecules to
enter or leave the nucleus

6. Structure Function
Cytoplasm Jelly like substance
Fills up the cell
Suspension of various
organelles
It is here that
metabolisms takes
place

7. Organelles
Structure Functions
Vacuoles Sacs filled with cell
sap a watery
solution of sugars
salts and pigments
Some function
during digestion
eliminating excess
water entrapping
food particles or
for discharging
wastes

8. Structure Function
Mitochondria Rod shaped organelles
Structure with the inner
folded membranes
Permanent structure in the
cell
Power house of the cell
Site for aerobic respiration
which generates energy for
all the cellular activities
Inner folds carry respiratory
enzymes which help to
control respiration and the
release of energy from
glucose molecules in the cel
Involved in chemical energy
conversion during metaboli
activities of the cell

9. Ribosomes
• Translate the genetic
code into proteins.
• Found attached to the
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum or free in the
cytoplasm.
• 60% RNA and 40%
protein.

10. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Network of continuous
sacs, studded with
ribosome's.
• Manufactures, processes,
and transports proteins
for export from cell.
• Continuous with nuclear
envelope.

11. Golgi Apparatus
• Modifies proteins and
lipids made by the ER
and prepares them for
export from the cell.
• Encloses digestive
enzymes into
membranes to form
lysosomes.

12. Lysosomes
• Single membrane
bound structure.
• Contains digestive
enzymes that break
down cellular waste
and debris and
nutrients for use by
the cell.

13. Centrioles
• Found only in animal
cells.
• Self-replicating
• Made of bundles of
microtubules.
• Help in organizing cell
division.

14. Structure Function
Protoplasm Combination of all
the living parts of
the cell
Cells with
protoplasm is
regarded as living

16. Starch grains
Structure Function
Insoluble carbohydrates
Occurs as very small grains
Food source for plants

17. Cell wall
Structure Function
Rigid wall made up of a layer of cellulose Provides support and shape to the
individuals

18. vacuole
Structure function
Large compartments
Known as a sap vacuole
Filled with a fluid called cell sap
Membrane that surrounds the vacuole
called a Tonoplast
Plays a role in osmoregulation
Maintaining the shape of the cell

19. Chloroplast
Structure Function
Collection of organelles known as plastids
Plastids that store chlorophyll are known
as chloroplast
Characteristically green
Absorption of sunlight
Required to carry out photosynthesis

20. Compare and contrast plant and
animal cells
Structures Plant Animal
Cell wall Rigid cell wall made of
cellulose. It determines
the size and shape of
the cell. It also helps to
support and strengthen
the plant
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21. Structures Plants Animals
Starch grains Stores food as starch
Can be found in plastids
Excess
carbohydrate is
stored as glycogen
granules

22. Sap vacuole Large and centrally
located
It is usually filled with
cell sap
Small in size
There may be
some food
vacuole or
contractile
vacuoles present

23. Tonoplast This is the membrane that
surrounds the sap vacuole
formed by a layer of cytoplasm
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Chloroplast Found in green leaves
actually it gives the leaf the
characteristic green color
It contains chlorophyll to
trap light energy for
photosynthesis
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24. Function of the cell membrane
• The cell membrane is a thin layer of proteins
and fats around the cell
• It surrounds the living cells
• Separates one cell from another adjacent cell
• Controls and regulates the passage of
substances in and out of the cells
• Control the exchange rate of substances in
order to maintain normal conditions inside the
cell

26. Prokaryotic Cells
• Believed to be the first cells to evolve.
• Lack a membrane bound nucleus and
organelles.
• Genetic material is naked in the cytoplasm
• Ribosome are only organelle.