New community participation

Community participaion

Community
participation
1/5/2012 community participation 1

LESSON PLAN
Speaker: Dr. S.Sudharshini
Topic: COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Date: 27– 09 – 2011
Day: Tuesday
Time: 02.00 p.m.
Duration: 75 minutes
Method: Socratic Method of Lecture
Audience: Post Graduates And Faculty,
Institute Of Community Medicine,MMC, Chennai.
A-V-Aids: LCD projector
Evaluation: Concurrent and Terminal
1/5/2012 2

OBJECTIVES
• At the end of the session the audience should
be able to:
– Define community participation
– List the core features of community participation
– List the advantages and disadvantages of
community participation.
– List the stages of community participation.
– List and describe the steps involved in
community participation.
– List and describe Participatory Rural Appraisal
1/5/2012
technique. community participation 3

Session overview
SUB HEADINGS Time break up
(in minutes)

Introduction 8
Definition 8
CORE FEATURES 4
ADVANTAGES OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION. 4

STAGES,DEGREE &LADDER OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION. 6

DISADVANTAGES OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION. 2

COMMUNITY ACTION CYCLE 12
PRA AND ITS TECHNIQUES 15
Community participation in health
1/5/2012 community participation 15 4

MALARIA INCIDENCE IN INDIA

NMCP 1953-56

NMEP-1958 UMS MPO-PFCP EMCP-RBM NVBDCP

Source: NVBDCP, New Delhi, India

Introduction
• Development intervention approaches in INDIA over
the past 60 years have been very much a ‘supply
oriented one way traffic’.
• The limitations of the approaches which we had been
following include:
• A top down approach
• Target oriented
• Non involvement of the people
• Vertically controlled sectoral approach without any horizontal
coordination at the micro level.
• The dominant development thinking oriented towards greater
inputs (supply) than what people demanded.
• Near total absence of self confidence and even self respect.
• Lack of appreciation and promotion of indigenous technical
knowledge and resources.
• The ever growing recipient attitude.

THE MAIN CHALLENGE
• Dislodge the strong dependency culture.
• Help them regain their self image and self
respect
• Create in them a strong sense of public
consciousness to care about and to stand as
the sentinel on the community
infrastructure.
• Prepare and transform them to realize the
need for community led initiatives.

Key to the challenge
• The basic logic for the success of any
intervention in development and work
depends on the confidence built and the
power given to people to decide and take
community initiatives. Consensus is its key.
• The primary factor for promoting consensus
and instilling confidence is participation.


What is a Community
A Community is a set of people living together
with common interest”

We all live in a community. There are different
things that bind us together. Let us try to
identify them.
 Occupation
 Language
 Territory
 Beliefs
 Values
 Religion
 Culture


What is participation?

•Oxford dictionary
defines participation
as
“to have a share in ”
or “ to take part in”.

Definition of community participation
• A process by which individuals and families
assume responsibility of their own health
and develop their capacity to contribute to
development .
• Enables them to become agents for their own
development instead of being passive
beneficiaries of development aid.

Definition

• a process by which people are enabled to
become actively and genuinely involved in
defining the issues of concern to them, in
making decisions about factors that affect
their lives, in formulating and implementing
policies, in planning, developing and
delivering services and in taking action to
achieve change’ (WHO, 2002, p.10).


A more detailed definition of
community participation

Evaluati
Mobilisi
Implem ng and
Shaping Planning ng and
monitor
enting
training
ing


CORE FEATURES OF PARTICIPATION
• It is a voluntary involvement of the people
• The people who participate influence and
share control over development
initiatives, decisions and resources.
• It is a process of involvement of people in
different stages of the programme.
• The ultimate aim is to improve the well being
of the people who participate.


Participatory development and
participation in development
Participatory development Participation in development

A top down participation in the Bottom up participation in the
sense that the management of sense that the local people have
the project defines where, full control over the processes
when and how much the and the project provides for
people can participate. necessary flexibility.

It1/5/2012
is introduced within the Entails genuine efforts to engage
community participation 15

PARTICIPATION AS A MEAN AND AS
AN END
Participation as a mean Participation as an end

It implies use of participation to It attempts to empower people to
achieve some predetermined goal or participate in their own
objective development more meaningfully.

An attempt to utilise the existing An attempt to ensure increased role
resource to achieve the objective of of people in development initiative.
programmes or project

Emphasis is on achieving the objective The focus is on improving the ability
and not on the act of participation of the people to participate.
itself.

WHY COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION IS
IMPORTANT?


“As an individual I could do
nothing. As a group we could
find a way to solve each other’s
problems”.


WHY PARTICIPATION MATTERS???
• Providing an open forum for the community to discuss its problems and find
indigenous solutions which may be efficient and economical.

• Making people aware of their needs.

• Results in better decisions

• People are more likely to implement the decisions that they made themselves
rather than the decisions imposed on them.

• Motivation is frequently enhanced by setting up of goals during the participatory
decision making process.

WHY PARTICIPATION MATTERS???
• Participation improves communication and cooperation.

• Identification and development of the local resources, thereby
generating self reliance among the community.

• To develop local leaders who can further educate and mobilise the
people in the area.

• People may learn new skills through participation; leadership
potential may be identified and developed.

• Higher achievement at a lower cost.


Stages of participation
• Community receives benefits from the service but
Level I. contributes nothing

• Some personnel, financial or material contribution from the
Level II community ,but not involved in decision making.

• Community participates in lower level decision making
Level III

• Participation goes beyond lower level decision making to
Level IV monitoring and policy making

• program is entirely run by the community ,except for some
Level V external financial and technical assistance.

DEGREES OF COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION

Collective action
Co-learning

Cooperation

Consultation

Compliance

Co-option


DEGREES OF COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION
• Co-option
• Token involvement of local people
• Representatives are chosen, but have no real input or
power
• Compliance
• Tasks are assigned, with INCENTIVES
• Outsiders decide agenda and direct the process
• Consultation
• Local opinions are asked
• Outsiders analyze and decide on a course of action.


• Cooperation
• Local people work together with outsiders to
determine priorities
• Responsibility remains with outsiders for directing the
process
• Co-learning
• Local people and outsiders share their knowledge to
create new understanding
• Local people and outsiders work together to form
action plans with outsiders facilitation


Original Arnstein's
Citizen control ladder of participation
Delegated power
Degree of
partnership
citizen power
placation
consultation
Degree of
tokenism
informing
therapy Non
manipulation participation

DISADVANTAGES OF COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION
• Participation does not occur automatically. It is a process. It
involves time. Hence it may lead to delayed start of a project.

• In a bottom-up participation process, we have to move along the
path decided by the local people. This entails an increased
requirement of material as well as human resources.

• Participation leads to decentralization of power. People at the top
should be ready and willing to share power with the people.

• Participation sometimes develop dependency syndrome.

• Participation can result in shifting of the burden into the poor.


Community Action Cycle

Explore the common issue
& Set priorities

Prepare to mobilize Organize the community
Plan together
For action

Prepare to scale up Evaluate together Act together

How can you build community
participation
community mobilization
• A process whereby a group of people become
aware of a shared concern or common need
and decide to take action in order to create
shared benefits. (Joint United Nations Programmed on HIV/AIDS)

Role of Community Mobiliser
A mobiliser is a person who mobilizes, i.e. gets things
moving. Social animator. A Catalyst
• Bringing People Together
• Building Trust
• Encouraging Participation
• Facilitating Discussion and Decision-making
• Helping Things to Run Smoothly .
• Facilitation in community mobilization process


Some Qualities
• Good communication skills
• Good facilitation skills
• Good listener
• Committed
• Decision maker
• Active
• Negotiation skills
• Honest
• Known to culture and values of society
• Well dressed
• Catalyst
• Conflict resolution.
• Management skills

Community diagnosis
• What are the main problems?
• What are the underlying causes?
• What are the resources available?
• Focus is identification of basic health needs
or health problems of the community (felt
need) and the factors contributing to it.

Action plan
• Steps taken to meet the health needs of the
community based on the resources available
and the wishes of the people (felt need).

Participatory Rural Appraisal

• PRA is “a family of approaches and methods
to enable local (rural or urban) people to
express, share, enhance, and analyze their
knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and
to act.” (Mascarenhas et al., 1991)

PRA
• Participatory Rural Appraisal is a methodology for
interacting with villagers/community,
understanding them and learning from them.
• It shifts the initiative from outsider to villager.
• PRA seeks to empower. It empowers the weak, the
powerless and the marginalised, by enabling them
to anlyse, discuss and deliberate on their condition.
• Believes in flexibility in choosing methods.
• Reversal of learning.

PRA Techniques / Tools
• Village mapping
• Transect walks
• Mobility mapping
• Seasonal Diagram
• Matrix scoring and ranking
• Trend analysis
• Venn Diagram
• Daily activity Chart
• Force Field Analysis
• Causal Impact Diagram
• All undertaken by local people.

Participatory mapping/modelling
• using local materials, villagers draw or model
current or historical conditions. This
technique is used to show water
sheds, forests, farms, houses, hospital or
dispensary distance, wealth
ranking, household assets, land use
patterns, health and welfare conditions and
distribution of various resources.


Transect Walks/Group Walk
• The researcher and key informant conduct a
walking tour through the areas of interest to
observe, to listen, to identify different zones
or conditions, ask relevant questions to
identify solutions


MOBILITY MAPPING
• A map drawn by the people to explore the
movement pattern of an individual,a group
or a community.


Seasonal calendar
• Diagram drawn by villagers with locally
available materials
• Depicting Local language months, seasons
• Festivals/ social events, crops grown
• Occupation / income generation
• Periods of plenty/ scarcity
• Common diseases

Daily Activity chart
• Daily Activity Clock illustrates the different kinds of
activities carried out in one day.
• Time management - Effective utilisation of time
• To look at relative work-loads in different groups.
• How is his or her time spent?
• Whether the leisure time is spent usefully ?
• Period of relaxation, recreation, physical activity, Personal care, rest.
• Income generation, productive work, community work
• Whether women spend more time in collecting water and
firewood?

Venn diagram
• To know the individual and institutional linkages
and relationships with the community.
• Visual depiction of key institutions, organisations
and individuals active in the
community, responsible for taking decisions.
• Degree of contact between them in decision-making
• Size of circle – importance
• Degree of overlap – Degree of contact

FLOW DIAGRAMS
CAUSAL AND IMPACT DIAGRAMS
• To identify the causal factors of health
problems
• The various impacts of diseases, as perceived
by the villagers.
• This also acts a planning and evaluation tool.


Trend analysis
• Attempts to study people’s account of the
past of how things that were closer to them
have changed at different points of time.
• A useful tool for monitoring and evaluating a
project.


Pair wise ranking
• Compares pairs of elements, such as the
preference for needs, problems, etc.
• Leads to analysis of the decision making
rationale.
item A B C D score rank

A _ A C A 2 2

B _ C B 1 3

C _ C 3 1

D 1/5/2012
_
community participation
0 4 57

Impact / Matrix ranking and scoring
• To rank the problems in the community
based on the intensity, the need for
immediate or late action.
• Helps to prioritise the problems and needs.
Effectiv Easy Trust Friendly Timely Total rank
e accessibili approach help score
service ty

Panchaya 35 35 30 45 15 160 1
t

School 20 30 30 10 30 120 2

Force field analysis
• Developed by Kurt Lewin Kurt Lewin

• Technique to visually identify and analyse
forces affecting a problem situation so as to
plan a positive change.

Interviewing and dialogues
• Semi structured interview
• Focus group discussion
• Direct observation


PROCESS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
IN HEALTH PROGRAMMES
Analysis of the needs and requirements of the people
in the community

Designing the primary health program to meet the
needs of the people with the involvement of the
people.

Educating the people through formal and informal
channels to make them aware of the program and
utilizing the resources available with them

Kindling and generating interest among people to
keep up the momentum through the provision of
resources not available locally.

Leaving the program to the care of the people with
aided guidance

Providing aided guidance to handover
the programme to the people

Occasional follow up to sort out any
problem

Birth of a permanent community
managed PHC

Birth of a healthy society

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
• How much does the community know about the
programme?

• How much do they know about the organization carrying out
the programme?

• How often do they come face to face with the programme
personnel?

• What responsibilities do they carry out on behalf of the
programme?

• What kinds of difficulties do they find in undertaking these
responsibilities?

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
• How satisfied are they with the involvement
in the programme and why?
• Do they have any suggestions to improve
their participation in the programme?
• Are all sections of the community equally
involved in the programme?
• If there is a differential advantage to some
group, why does it happen and who gets the
preferential advantage?

OBSTACLES TO COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION
• Absence of confidence and ability of people in the
machinery of health administration.

• Unequal domination of power relations in favour of rich
and to the disadvantage of the poorer sections of the
society.

• Inaccessible services in right quantity and quality

• Rigid bureacratic set up impeding the people to
participate.

• Legal hurdles

OBSTACLES TO COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION
• Inadequate understanding of local talent, abilities and resources.

• Absence of identity with the community among people.

• People’s dependence on GOVERNMENT and not on their self

• Heterogenity of interests

• Resistance to empower people

• Resistance on the part of certain segment of population to participate

• Sustained efforts missing


Guiding principles to resolve the
obstacles
• Channelizing the NGO’s to promote health plans
• Effective training of Health personnel in
Appropriate technology
• Responsive administration
• Openness in the sense of having wide contact with the
people
• A sense of justice, fair play and impartiality in dealing with
men and matters.
• Sensitivity and responsiveness to the urges, feeling and
aspirations of the common man.
• Securing the honour and dignity of the human being
,however humble s/he might be.
• easy accessibilty.
• Honesty and integrity in thought and action.

Guiding principles to resolve the
obstacles
• Effective public relations
• Spread of awareness about the health activities of
the government with the expectations and aspirations
of the people.
• Speedy redressal of public grievances through a
systematic and well thought out mechanism.
• Sound health system
• Empowerment of the poor
• Developing social networks


The Primary Health Care Movement towards
Health for All by 2000AD Alma Ata, 1977

The International Conference on Primary Health Care calls for urgent
action by all governments, all health and development workers, and the
world community to protect and promote the health of all the people of
1/5/2012world by the year 2000. community participation
the 69

Alma atta declaration
• The Alma Ata Declaration defined PHC as “essential
health care based on practical, scientifically sound,
and socially acceptable methods and technology
• made universally accessible to individuals and
families in the community
• through their full participation and
• at a cost that the community and country can afford
to maintain at every stage of their development
• in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination”
(WHO, Alma Ata Declaration VI, 1978, p.1).


• Emphasis from
“Health care for the
people”

“Health care by the people”

concept of primary health care


COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN INDIA
• The establishment of primary health units at
the village level to bring the service as close
to the people as possible, cooperation of the
people in the health programme, and
adequate medical care for all individuals,
irrespective of their ability to pay for it, were
included in the Bhore Report.


COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN INDIA
• the Community Development Programme
launched in 1952, the setting up of one
Primary Health Centre (PHC) per Block was
accepted by the Central Council of Health in
1953 .


THE SHRIVASTAVA COMMITTEE: The
employment of paraprofessional or semi-
professional workers from the community
itself as a link between the Sub-Centers and
the community to provide simple services
was one proposal.
they opted for the Community Health Worker
scheme to meet the insufficiency of doctors.


• The state of National Emergency under
Congress rule from 1975 to 1977 with its
forcible campaign to control population
growth was shortly replaced by community-
oriented approaches of the Bharatiya Janata
Party (BJP) government.


THE COMMUNITY HEALTH
VOLUNTEER SCHEME
THE NATIONAL PLANNING COMMITTEE 1946. It was
planned to train young men from the villages for 9
month in simple curative care and hygiene for
primary health service at the village level.
Program was withdrawn in 1951 .
voluntary agencies which picked up the idea in the
1960ies and 1970ies, and used auxiliary personnel for
the delivery of primary health care.
Successes from the voluntary sector in India received
international recognition and together with the China
example of “barefoot” doctors served as role models
for the Indian government


THE COMMUNITY HEALTH
VOLUNTEER SCHEME
• the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government
came to power in 1977, it adopted the approach
but changed the length of training to 3 month.
Additionally, it was planned to add one doctor
per Primary Health Centre for training purposes.
• The implementation progress was slow and
further delayed by the reelection of Congress in
1980
• The new government renamed the programme
in Community Health Volunteers (CHV)

SELECTION OF CHV
• The community used to select one of its own members as
the community health volunteer or the VHW.
• The most common procedure adopted for selection of
VHGs was that Village Panchayats (village self-government
councils) recommended two or three names to the
primary health centre .
• A final decision made by a committee consisting of
Medical Officer, Block Development Officer and the
elected chairperson of the Block Panchayat Committee.
• Although the selection was to be made in an open
meeting of the total village council, in practice, most
often, only a few important village leaders were involved
in the selection.


PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY CHVS
• in 1981, the central government had decided to reduce its contribution
from 100 to 50 percent of the costs of the scheme and asked the State
Government to meet the remainder.

• Later, following the conviction that women should be employed as VHGs,
the central government decided to fund the scheme fully once again.

• All this led to employment considerations becoming more important to
VHGs than social service and ultimately they were demanding for higher
remuneration.

• One of the main issues enveloping the VHGs was their
'medicalization'.Trained for three months, they focused on providing
curative services, to the neglect of preventive and promotive tasks.

• The VHGs began to perceive themselves as village medical practitioners,
often even demanding further training for this purpose.

• Poor role definition

THE INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT
SERVICE SCHEME,1975
The programme is community-based.

A local woman is selected and trained for three month to become
the Anganwadi worker.

She then works in the village covering a population of 1000.

In the Anganwadi centre (childcare centre) she prepares and
distributes food, maintains growth charts, weighs children and
gives non-formal education to the beneficiaries.

The Anganwadi also cooperates with the Primary Health Centre staff
for health check up, immunization and referral.

THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY
ICDS
• Communication with the health staff of Primary
Health Centres was weak.

• The programme was more perceived as a
feeding scheme by the communities and
demand for health services did not increase.

• The educational efforts fell short to increase
health knowledge of mothers, thus, prevention
of malnourishment was not achieved.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN
NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE
PROGRAM- MAHILA SWASTHYA
SANGHS
• CONSTITUTED IN 1990-1991
• CONSISTS OF 15 WOMEN , 10 representing the varied
social segments in the community
• five functionaries involved in women's welfare
activities at village level such as the Adult Education
Instructor, Anganwadi Worker, Primary School
Teacher, Mahila Mukhya Sevika and the Dai. Auxiliary
Nurse Midwife(ANM) is the Member-Convenor.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN
NRHM


VILLAGE HEALTH AND SANITATION
COMMITTEE (VHSC)
This committee would be formed at the level of the
revenue village (more than one such villages may come
under a single Gram Panchayat).
• COMPOSITION
The Village Health Committee would consist of:
» Gram Panchayat members from the village
» ASHA, Anganwadi Sevika, ANM
» SHG leader, village representative of any Community
based organisation working in the village, user group
representative
• CHAIRPERSON the Panchayat member (preferably woman or SC or ST
candidate.)
• CONVENOR ASHA if not Anganwadi Sevika
• TRAINING The members would be given orientation training to
equip them to provide leadership as well as plan and
monitor the health activities at the village level.

SOME ROLES OF THE VHSC
 Create Public Awareness about the essentials of health programmes,
with focus on People’s knowledge of entitlements to enable their
involvement in the monitoring

 Discuss and develop a Village Health Plan based on an assessment of the
village situation and priorities identified by the village community.

 Analyze key issues and problems related to village level health and
nutrition activities, give feedback on these to relevant functionaries and
officials. Present an annual health report of the village in the Gram
Sabha.

 Participatory Rapid Assessment to ascertain the major health problems
and health related issues in the village. Mapping will be done through
participatory methods with involvement of all strata of people. The
health mapping exercise shall provide quantitative and qualitative data
to understand the health profile of the village.

ROLES OF VHSC
 Maintenance of a village health register and health information
board/calendar: The health register and board will have information
about mandated services, along with services actually rendered to all
pregnant women, new born and infants, people suffering from chronic
diseases etc. Similarly dates of visit and activities expected to be
performed during each visits by health functionaries may be displayed
and monitored by means of a Village health calendar

 Ensure that the ANM and MPW visit the village on the fixed days and
perform the stipulated activity;oversee the work of village health and
nutrition functionaries like ANM, MPW and AWW

PHC Monitoring and Planning
Committee
• This Committee monitors the functioning of Sub-centres operating under
jurisdiction of the PHC and develops PHC health plan after consolidating
the village health plans.
Composition
• 30% members from PRI (from the PHC coverage area;2 or more
sarpanchs of which at least one is a woman)

• 20% members non-official representatives from VHSC, (under the
jurisdiction of the PHC, with annual rotation to enable representation
from all the villages)

• 20% members representatives from NGOs / CBOs and People’s
organizations working on Community health and health rights in the area
covered by the PHC

• 30% members representatives of the Health and Nutrition Care
providers, including the Medical Officer – Primary Health Centre and at
least one ANM working in the PHC area
• CHAIRPERSON: Panchayat Samiti member,
• EXECUTIVE CHAIRPERSON: Medical officer of the PHC,

BLOCK MONITORING AND PLANNING
COMMITTEE
• This Committee monitors the progress made at the PHC level health facilities in
the block, including CHC and develops annual action plan for the Block after
consolidating PHS level health plans.
• COMPOSITION
• 30% - representatives of the Block Panchayat Samiti (Adhyaksha/Adhyakshika or
members with at least one woman)
• 20% - non-official representatives from the PHC health committees in the
block, with annual rotation to enable representation from all PHCs over time
• 20% - from NGOs/CBOs and People’s organizations working on Community
health and health rights in the block, and involved in facilitating monitoring of
health services
• 20% - officials such as the BMO, the BDO, selected MO’s from PHCs of the block
• 10% - CHC level Rogi Kalyan Samiti
• CHAIRPERSON: Block Panchayat Samiti representative,
• EXECUTIVE CHAIRPERSON: Block medical officer,
• SECRETARY: NGO / CBO representatives

ROGI KALYAN SAMITI (RKS) /PATIENT WELFARE
COMMITTEE/HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT
COMMITTEE (HMC) .
This initiative is taken to bring in the community ownership in running of rural
hospitals and health centres, which will in turn make them accountable and
responsible.
• BROAD OBJECTIVES OF RKS
• Ensure compliance to minimal standard for facility and hospital care

• Ensure accountability of the public health providers to the community

• Upgrade and modernize the health services provided by the hospital

• Supervise the implementation of National Health Program

• Set up a Grievance Mechanism System

• at PHC and CHC will have the mandate to undertake and supervise improvement
and maintenance of physical infrastructure. RKS would also develop annual plans to
reach the IPHS standards.*

• RKS would be a registered society.
• It may consists of following members
 Group of users i.e. people from community
Panchayati Raj representatives
 NGOs
 Health professionals
• According to IPHS, it is mandatory for every
CHC to have “Rogi Kalyan Samiti” to ensure
accountability.

MICROFILARIA RATE IN INDIA

NFCP 1955 NHP ELIMINATION-2015
NVBDCP

MDA

Source: NVBDCP, New Delhi, India

INDIA’S COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
LAW: THE MODEL NAGARA RAJ
BILL, 2008
• The Model Nagara Raj Bill, 2008 (hereinafter ‘the Bill’) is India’s first
community participation legislation and creates a new tier of decision making
in each municipality called the Area Sabha.

• The Bill is a mandatory reform under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission (JNNURM), which means that the various states in India
must enact a community participation law to be eligible for funds under the
JNNURM program.

• This is crucial because the Bill has the potential to empower people by
ensuring regular citizen participation in decision-making that affects the
conditions of their lives.

REFERENCES
1. Participatory rural appraisal ,principles, methods and application ,N.Narayanaswamy,200
2. Primary health care management,chapter 3, community participation ,pg 76-101.
3. Community participation in local health and sustainable development Approaches and
techniques European Sustainable Development and Health Series: 4
4. Training Manual On Community Participation, Ms. Bismita Dass
5. Community Participation, How People Power Brings Sustainable Benefits to Communities
J. Norman Reid USDA Rural Development Office of Community Development June 2000
6. Developing a Good Practice Guide to Community Participation, Community Participation
Project ,March 2008, Inner City Organisations Network/North West Inner City Network
7. National Rural Health Mission, A Promise of Better Healthcare Service for the Poor, A
summary of Community Entitlements and Mechanisms for Community Participation and
Ownership For Community Leaders Prepared for Community Monitoring of NRHM - First
Phase
8. E:community participationcommunity participationIndia’s Community Participation Law
The Model Nagara Raj Bill, 2008 Critical Twenties.htm


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