2. A variable is defined as a characteristic of the
participants or situation for a given study that
has different values in that study
Morgan et. al (2004)
Base of Research => Variable
Gender: Study 1: Variable Study 2: Constant
9. Does the instrument measure things
consistently?
Ways to establish reliability
◦ Test-retest
◦ Internal consistency for multiple measures for the
same construct
Cronbach’s alpha (Overall .70)
10. .7 = Good
.8 = Very good, strong
.9 = or greater -> Excellent
24. Instrument Development
Complete Data Collection
Coding
Check and Correct Errors
Define Variable Name
Labeling
Define Different Values
Set Missing Value (if any)
Data Entry
Apply Test-Estimate the Model/Variables