This document provides an overview of various types of environmental pollution including air, water, soil, noise, thermal, and radioactive pollution. It discusses the causes and effects of each type of pollution and potential methods for prevention and control. The key points covered are: 1. It defines pollution and categorizes it into six main types: air, water, soil, noise, thermal, and radioactive pollution. 2. For each type of pollution, it discusses sources, harmful effects, and potential approaches to prevention and control such as reducing contaminants at the source, modifying processes, and proper treatment and disposal. 3. It emphasizes the need to control pollution through approaches like proper industrial siting, waste treatment, aff

2. Dr. SURENDRAN PARAMBADATH
(M.Sc, M.Phil, M.Tech)
Formerly: Post Doctoral Research Associate,
Nano-Information Materials Research Laboratory,
Pusan National University, Busan-South Korea
Currently: Assistant Professor
Govt. Polytechnic College, Perinthalmanna

4. Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Soil Pollution
Environmental Pollution
Voice or Sound
Pollution
Thermal Pollution
Radioactive
Pollution

5. Pollution: It is defined as the
consequence of excessive discharge or
addition of unwanted constituents to
the air, water or land, which adversely
change the quality of environment.
Pollutant: The substances which will
cause pollution is called pollutant.

6. Categorization of Pollution
The subject of pollution is broadly
classified in to,
1.Air Pollution
2.Water Pollution
3.Land or soil Pollution
4.Noise pollution
5.Thermal Pollution
6.Radioactive pollution

8. Air Pollution
It is the excessive discharge of undesired foreign
substances into the atmospheric air.
1) Primary Pollutants: Theses are harmful chemical substances
that directly enter the air as a result of natural events and human
activities.
Carbon Monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxide, Sulphur
oxide, Hydrogen sulphide, Ammonia
1) Secondary Pollutants: Theses are harmful chemicals formed
in the air due to a chemical reaction between two or more
components or primary pollutants and one or more air
components.
SO2, NO2, O3, Aldehydes, Ketones etc…

9. Sources of air Pollutants
1) Chemical industries and
thermal power stations
2) Automobiles
3) Domestic and other sources.

12. Control of air pollution
A. Reduction of contaminates from the source
1 Use appropriate materials or suitably change the raw materials
2 Select proper site for industrial units, far away from residential
area,
3 Prevent or lessen, as far as possible, the smoke emitted during
combustion of fuel by, correct method, admitting correct
quantities of air, maintaining high temperature for complete
combustion and feeding the fuel continuously.
4 Use catalytic converters to eliminate pollutants from exhaust
gases before discharging in to the atmosphere.
5 Pass gases or vapors through towers packed with coke to
remove chemicals and acid fumes, while applying a counter
current of water from the top.
6 Grow more trees to increase photosynthesis rate and for better
deposition of particulates.

13. B. Reduction of contaminants by modification
1 Modifications of internal combustion engines to
reduce the amount of pollutants, with better design,
suitable catalysts in the fuel, mixing and burning
exhaust gases with more air and improving the
quality of gasoline.
2 Developing substitute fuel to lower concentration of
pollutants
3 Using alternative power sources, such as electricity,
nuclear power geothermal power and solar power for
domestic and industrial purposes.

15. The heating of the earth due to trapped radiations
is called Green House Effect or Global Warming.
Green house gases: CO2, CFC, Water vapor, Methane, Ozone,
Nitrogen Oxide etc.
Heat re-emitted by earth
and absorbed by gases Heat radiated
back to earth

17. 1 Summer will be longer and hotter. Winter will be shorter
and warmer.
2 Total amount of global rainfall will increase but some region
will receive less rainfall.
3 The number of days having intense shower and high
temperature both will increase.
4 The problem of desertification, drought and soil erosion will
become more worse.
5 Ocean will get warm up, sea level would rise flooding low
lying regions.
6 Increase in green house effect will cause cooling of the
stratosphere.
7 Tropical storms, hurricanes will be stronger and more frequent
and cause devastation
8 Tropics may become wetter, and dry subtropics drier.

18. Smoke + Fog = Smog
There are two types of smog:
1) Chemical Smog: It is formed by condensation of smoke dust
particles and fog containing SO2 from polluted air.
2) Photochemical smog: It is formed by the combustion of smoke
dust particles and fog containing the secondary air pollutants
resulting from a series of photochemical reactions between
NO, O2, H2O with hydrocarbons from exhaust, under the
influence of sunlight.

20. Harmful effect of photochemical Smog
It causes irritation to eyes, nose and throat, leading
to several chronic diseases of eyes.
The O3 and PAN composites are toxic and affect
the respiratory tract and result in coughing,
sneezing and bronchial constrictions.
It affects human comfort and health.
It damages vegetation, affect plant growth, and
reduce crop production. PAN attacks younger
leaves and causes bronzing and glazing of their
surfaces.
Ozone attacks rubber, cracks it and makes it aged.

21. Acid Rain
Acid rain means the presence of excessive acid
in rain water.
Acid rain is a mixture of the acids HNO3 and
H2SO4 dissolved in water.
The oxides (SO2 and NO2 are highly water soluble
and under humid conditions of air react with
water vapour to form H2SO4 and HNO3. These
acids combine with HCl generates acid
precipitation which is commonly known as acid
rain.

22. Harmful effect of Acid Rain
1. Causes irritation to the eyes and mucus
membrane dangerous ti living organisms as it
can destroy life.
2. Causes damage of fresh water life.
3. In mist form, it causes direct damage to plant
leaves, leaf bleaching. Collapse of leaves and
narcosis.
4. Animals consuming vegetation affected by
acid rains, lose their hunger.
5. Presence of acid accelerates the rate of
corrosion of metals, causes damage to
buildings, statues, lime stone, marbles etc.

23. Ozone Layer
Depletion of ozone and consequences
Ozone is formed by the decomposition of atmospheric oxygen
by UV radiation from the sun.
1. This may be due to natural process. The N2O in the
stratosphere can remove excited oxygen atoms required
for formation of O3.
2. Freons, ie Chlorofluoro compounds CFCl3, CFCl2 and
CFCl etc. have certain special properties and are used as
industrial solvents, refrigerants, fast food packing
materials, plastic foams etc. At stratosphere theses
undergo photolysis into chlorine atoms which act upon
ozone and destroy it.

24. Consequences of Ozone depletion
1. Most important consequence is the serious threat
to mankind resulting in skin cancer, due to
exposure to sun’s UV rays which freely reach the
earth.
2. UV rays may damage immune system which may
lead to increased viral infection.
3. UV radiations will damage marine plants, marine
animals and fish which form an important part of
human food.
4. These may damage the land’s plants and crops.
5. Excess unused freons trap the warmth of the
sun, disturb green house effect, leading to high
temperature, which could further damage crops
and by increased melting of ice, pose dangers to

25. REMEDY
1.Control the production and use of
freons which are proved to be
harmful to ozone.
2.Replace freons by compounds
having their advantageous
properties, but with a lesser
destructive effect.

28. Water pollution may be defined as any
change in the physical, chemical and
biological properties of water as well as
contamination with any foreign
substance.

30. Sources of Water Pollution
1. Faulty sewage system:

31. 2. Agriculture wastes:

32. 3. Oil Pollution:

33. 4. Industrial effluents:

34. Effect of Impurities in Water
1. Presence of disease causing bacteria result in several
water borne diseases. Typhoid fever, cholera, viral
fever, bacterial fever etc.
2. Industrial waste lead to damage of property through
corrosive attack.
3. Pollution of natural water due to organic waste, under the
influenec of bacterial action, reduce the dissolved oxygen
content in water.
4. Presence of agricultural waste such as
pesticides, weedicides, herbicides as well detergents and
disinfectants and other toxic substances kill animals and
micro organisms.
5. Polluted water affects soil fertility by killing soil
microorganisms.
6. Presence of heavy metals, like Hg, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn etc. are
toxic to animals and plants and micro organisms.
7. Suspended solid, coloring matter, floated oils and greases
make water unsuitable for use.

35. Control of Water Pollution
1.Control over unhygienic practices.
Educate peoples, Dispose waste water
properly, control usage of insecticides.
2. Industrial Waste
Dispose waste safely.
3. Heavy metal removal
Dialysis, ion exchange, reverse osmosis,
chemical precipitation, adsorption.
4. Sewage treatment
Purify properly.

36. Sewage Water Treatment
It aims the transfer of harmful compounds in the
sewage to harmless compounds, before its
ultimate disposal either on land or dilution in
water.
Three stages of this process are,
1. Primary or mechanical treatment
2. Secondary or biological treatment
3. Tertiary or advanced biological, physical and
chemical treatment.

45. Soil or Land
Pollution

46. It is the addition of certain
chemical substances in an
indefinite proportion to the soil
system as a result of which
the fertility of the soil change.

47. Impact of soil pollution
1. Improper disposal of human and animal excreta.
2. Domestic and industrial waste dumped on land.
3. Chemicals like fertilizers, pesticides applied to plants
and soil.
4. Dumping of waste from mineral and coal mining and
metal smelting on land.
5. Soil erosion due to deforestation, over
grazing, unplanned irrigation and defective agriculture
practice.
6. Removal of upper fertile layer of soil.
7. Pollution from air and fall-out from smoke stacks of
chemical works.
8. Radioactive waste discharged from hospitals, industrial
and research centers.

48. Control of Soil Pollution
1.Unwanted waste to be dumped using
sanitary land filling
2.Industrial and sewage waste to be
properly treated before disposal on land.
3.Natural soil micro-organisms to be used
to increase crop fertility rather than
using fertilizers and insecticides.
4.Forestation.
5.People should be trained regarding the
sanitation habit.
6.Avoid negligent disposal of solid waste.
7.Ban toxic chemicals and pesticides.

50. Noise Pollution
It is a kind of pollution caused by unwanted noise
at a wrong time and a wrong place naturally or
artificially, which will be uncomfortable for
health.

52. Impact of Noise Pollution
1. It affects human health, comfort and
efficiency, contract blood vessels and increase
blood pressure.
2. Cause muscles to contract, leading to nervous
break down, tension and even insanity.
3. The most immediate and acute effect is impact of
hearing or even loss of hearing.
4. It affect efficiency and behavior, can cause damage
to heart, brain etc.
5. It may be a reason for diseases like eosnophelia
etc.

54. Prevention of Noise pollution
1. Industrial Noise: Industries should be
situated far away from cities or towns.
Cover noise producing machineries with
insulators. Properly maintain
machineries
2. Community noise control: Use cotton
plugs or ear muffles.

56. Thermal Pollution

57. Thermal pollution may be
defined as addition of
undesirable heat to water,
that makes it harmful to
man, animal or aquatic
life.

59. Radioactive Pollution

65. Hazards of Nuclear Radiators
1. Pathological damage: Living organisms are
damaged by the highly penetrating radioactive
radiations.
2. Genetic Effects: Transmitted to future generations
producing abnormalities in the offsprings which
may be mild or deadly.
3. Nuclear radiations: It may reduce the effectiveness
of enzymes and cause accumulation of certain
dangerous elements in certain specific organs or
tissue.

68. The chemistry aims the use of environmentally
friendly materials for chemical or biological
transformation.

69. Green Chemistry is in Action
1.Using CO2 and a detergent for dry
cleaning instead of carcinogenic
tetrachloroethane
2.Using H2O2 for bleaching of cloths in
laundry instead of toxic chlorine.
3.Using H2O2 for bleaching paper in the
place of toxic chlorine.

70. Keep Our Nature Beautifully…..

71. Love our hereditary…………

72. Observe Our Nature More and More
It is Very Beautiful

73. Get the Speech Between
Sky and Land……

74. Find the Wild Beauty From Your
Vicinity……..

75. Get The Magic & Wonder Creation
of Nature

76. Find Beauty By Becoming Simple

77. Enjoy the painting of god